MIS 330 Ch 9 Review, MIS 330 Ch 11 Review, MIS 330 Ch 12 Review, MIS SAD Final, MIS Data synchronization and dictionaries, Systems Design & Analysis: User Interface Design (CH 9), Systems Analysis and Design Chapter 9, Systems Analysis and Design Cha...
unnormalized
A table design that contains a repeating group
Documentation
-User: manuals, training, tutorials, help (msdn for c#) - System: specs, DFDs, ERDs, Feasibility, Project Plan
Chapter 10
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Describe the basic process of user interface design
1. Identify use cases that describe commonly used patterns of actions that users will perform 2. Develop the interface structure diagram 3. Develop interface standards 4. Create prototype 5. Evaluate the prototypes and make changes as needed
Data dictionary contents
1. descriptions of the meaning of (1) data stores and (2) data flows shown in DFDs 2.descriptions of the compositions of aggregate packets of data > break out complex packets (customer address) into (3) data elements (state, city, zip)
3 data structures
1. sequence 2. selection 3. repetition (iteration)
loosely coupled
Modules that are independent
Change management planning often receives less attention than conversion planning. Why?
Conversion planning is obvious and concrete activity needed to move a system from testing to production. Change management is often subtle and requires some recognition of the importance of interpersonal issues and may be viewed as a waste of time since employees should just do as instructed.
backup
Copying data at prescribed intervals, or continuously
A type of relational database that is used extensively in data warehousing is:
Multidimensional databases
How does the multidimensional database store data?
Multidimensional databases store data using several dimensions. Data may be aggregated and/or detailed, depending upon the access needs of the users.
avoidance
Eliminates risk by adding protective safeguards
production environment
Environment for the actual system operation
A reference document is designed so the user can learn how to perform a specific computer application function.
False
A structure chart is a high-level diagram showing the organization and interactions of the different pieces of code within the program.
False
A test plan is often a short document (1 to 2 pages) that has one to two sentences about each test to be performed during the testing part of the implementation phase.
False
A tool bar is a list of commands at the top of the screen that are always present on the interface and may drop down immediately below another menu and disappear after one use.
False
Because project teams rely more on packaged software, program design is no longer needed.
False
Enhancements suggested by users to make the system easier to use are given higher priority than bug fixes.
False
Even if there were flaws in the analysis and design phases, those can easily be overcome in the implementation phase.
False
Guidelines for aesthetics require that as much information as possible be squeezed onto a page or a screen with a minimum of white space; this will make the form or report pleasing to the eye and extremely functional.
False
System documentation consists of user's manuals, training manuals, and on-line help systems.
False
Using a piggy bank icon on interactive forms to represent the 'save' operation is a reasonable choice.
False
Using the word ìclientî repeatedly, instead of interchanging it with the word ìcustomerî is an example of the interface design principle for minimal user effort.
False
When writing documentation, all commands contain two parts, an index and an action.
False
Which is NOT a type of database file?
Federal database
nonkey field
Field that is neither a primary key nor a candidate key
baseline
Formal reference point that measures system characteristics at a specific time
simulation
Full-scale test, which is a dress rehearsal for users and IT support staff
Explain the purpose and contents of interface objects
Fundamental building blocks fo the system. Object names should be based on the most understandable terms
Which is NOT a step in Lewin's model for managing organization change
Program
mitigation
Reduces the impact of a risk by careful planning and preparation
exporting
Sending data in an acceptable format from an old system to a new system
Purpose and contents of interface icons
Pictures that are used to represent objects
A(n) _____ is a mock-up or simulation of a computer screen, form, or report. A. interface design prototype B. interface standard design C. interface structure diagram D. interface template E. use scenario
interface template
metaData
data dictionary plus definitions of externals
schema
The complete definition of a database
Provide support
o Assistance in using the system
Security Testing
o Assures that security functions are handled properly
Performance Testing
o Assures that the system works under high volumes of activity (e.g., simultaneous users, peak transaction volume)
White-Box Testing
o Looks inside the module at actual code
Interactive evaluation
The prototype has been created as an HTML or language prototype and the users can actually interact with the interface as if they were using the system
What is the purpose of normalization?
The purpose of normalization is to optimize the data storage design for storage efficiency. Normalization helps ensure that data redundancy and null values are kept to a minimum.
What are the two dimensions in which to optimize a relational database?
The two dimensions in which to optimize a relational database are for storage efficiency and for speed of access.
2. Null values
Threaten data integrity because they are difficult to interpret
Minicomputer typically costs hundreds of thousands of dollars while a mainframe costs millions of dollars.
True
Sometimes a project manager can help programmers acquire additional skills through training or through working with more skilled programmers who serve as mentors.
True
The most common source of a change request is from the operations group that identifies bugs in the system.
True
The most commonly used approach to delivering training for a new system is computer-based training.
True
audit fields
Special fields within data records that provide additional security information
The three key postimplementation activities are system support, system maintenance, and project assessment.
True
The three major steps to the conversion plan before commencement of operations are to install hardware, install software, and convert data; usually these steps must be done sequentially at any one location.
True
o Data access logic:
the processing required to access stored data.
The "cloud" can be defined as
the set of hardware, networks, storage, devices, and interfaces that combine to deliver aspects of computing as a service
Repository
-Project dictionary plus diagrams plus all project documentation, analysis findings, code, reusable code libraries -Term typically associated with documentation generated by a CASE tool
repository
-Project dictionary plus diagrams plus all project documentation, analysis findings, code, reusable code libraries -Term typically associated with documentation generated by a CASE tool
Programming
-Resources -Coordination -Schedule
data element
-basic unit or piece of data -cannot be further decomposed
Testing
-test plan -test cases -test types
Chapter 11
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Chapter 12
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Chapter 13
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2 forms of selection data structure
1. Exclusive: one and only one Notation: [ ] Example: type_of_travel = [ coach | business_class | first_class ] 2. Inclusive: one or more Notation: < > Example: major = < accounting | finance | MIS | marketing >
candidate key
A field that could serve as a primary key
Steps in Change Management
1. Revise management policies 2. Assess costs and benefits models of potential adopters 3. Motivate adoption 4. Enable people to adopt
Change requests typically come from five sources:
1. most common is problem reports from the operations group that identifies bugs in the system that must be fixed. 2. enhancements to the systems from users. 3. other system development projects 4. those that occur when underlying software or networks change. 5. Senior management. (driven by changes in the organization's strategy)
Three Data Structures
1. sequence 2. selection 3. repetition (Iteration)
control module
A higher-level module that directs lower-level modules
How can the object approach improve the systems development process?
A major consequence of the object approach is that a complex system can be factored into smaller, more manageable, independent components. These components should be highly reusable, and so should simplify systems development efforts. It may be easier for end users to discuss the system as a collection of objects, or logical units, rather than a set of data and a set of processes.
During a change management process the potential adopters that would readily accept a new system are normally _____%. A) 5-10 B) 20-30 C) 40-50 D) 50-60 E) 60-70
20-30
Explain how a test case relates to a test plan.
A test is a particular aspect of the system that needs to be evaluated. The test plan outlines all of the tests that need to be performed on the system. Test cases are the sample data that will be run through or entered into the system. A test will state its objective, list the test cases that will check the desired feature or function, and define the expected results. Actual test results will also be recorded on the test.
What is the primary goal of unit testing?
A unit test checks a single program or program module to ensure that it performs the function designated in the program specification.
mnemonic code
Abbreviation code that uses a combination of letters that are easy to remember
scalability
Ability for a system to easily be expanded, modified, or downsized
All but one of the following should be avoided in a message. Which one is it?
Acknowledgement of a delay
Explain the purpose and contents of interface actions
Actions specify the navigation and command language style and the grammar of the system
Bridget is managing a systems development project. The programmers have gotten farther and farther behind in the schedule. One thing she should NOT do is:
Add more programmers to the development team
When changing a logical DFD into a physical DFD, it might be necessary to ________.
Add system-related data stores, data flows and processes
Why is an association class used for a class diagram? Give an example of an association class that may be found in a class diagram that captures students and the courses that they have taken.
A relationship itself may have associated properties. An association class can be formed that has its own attributes and methods in this circumstance.
Describe the five types of documentation navigation controls?
A table of contents organizes the information in a logical form. An index provides access to the help topics through keywords listed in the index. Test search allows the user to search for any topics that match the text entered by the user. An intelligent agent can be used to assist the user in the search. Links can be established that permit the user to jump between related topics.
Which of the following could be an actor found on a use-case diagram? Why?
Ms. Mary Smith - no, an actor is a role, not an individual Supplier - yes Customer - yes Internet customer - yes Mr. John Seals - no, an actor is a role, not an individual Data-entry clerk - no, an actor is external to the system; clerks are likely to be within the system Database administrator- no, an actor is external to the system
Cultural/Political Requirements
Multilingual Customization Making Unstated Norms Explicit Legal
Scalability refers to the _____. A) easy increase or decrease of the storage and processing capabilities of the computer B) fact that there is no central point of failure in the system C) deployment of middleware in the system D) support of many different types of clients and servers E) ease of decreasing the cost of the infrastructure during economic downturn
easy increase or decrease of the storage and processing capabilities of the computer
files
electronic lists of data that have been optimized
Regular meetings of a systems project team _____. A) encourage communication B) is not a simple approach C) reduce communication D) reduce discussion E) should not be held unless necessary
encourage communication
Cloud Computing
everything from computing power to computing infrastructure, applications, business processes to personal collaboration can be delivered as a service wherever and whenever needed.
Aggregations
figures out "how much did we do in sales today"
Sandbox environment
for developers/programmers. An isolated computing environment that works and looks just like the real business environment. This is important bc you don't want testing being done where people are trying to run the business.
Phased Conversion location style
implementation process that introduces components of the new system in stages, until the entire new system is operational. (ex: start with all the colorado locations, and if it works, then do all the other locations) (Low Risk, Hi resources, High time, Med cost)
Pilot Conversion location style
implementation process that introduces the new system in one part of the organization on a trial basis; when new system is working properly, it is introduced in other parts of the organization. (Med Risk, Med resources, Med time, Med cost)
Rich client -
involves processing on the mobile device using its resources. Presentation logic, business logic, and data access logic on the client side.
Implementation
is the development of all parts of the system: the software itself, documentation, and new operating procedures.
The user interface design principle that places an emphasis on the intuitive flow of the interface (i.e. left to right and top to bottom) to minimize the user's movements is _____. A) aesthetics B) consistency C) content awareness D) layout E) user experience
layout
Four types of databases that are likely to be encountered during a project:
legacy, relational, object, and multidimensional. Legacy- use older and sometimes outdated technology and are rarely used to develop new technology. Relational- most popular kind of database for app dev. today. (based on collections of tables that are related to each other through common fields known as foreign keys) Object- contain data and processes that are represented by object classes, and relationships btw object classes are shown by encapsulating one object class within another and are mainly used for multimedia applications (graphics, video & sound) Multidimensional- popular with the increase in data warehousing. it stores pre-calculated quantitative information (totals, averages) at the intersection of dimensions (time, salesperson, product) to support appl that require data to be sliced and diced.
o Thin client -
little application logic on the client side; most shifted to server side
o Unfreezing --
loosening up peoples' habits and norms
A server can be a(n) _____. A) mainframe B) mainframe, minicomputer, or microcomputer C) microcomputer D) minicomputer E) low-end personal computer
mainframe, minicomputer, or microcomputer
Which of the following is the most costly aspect of the installation process? A) change management B) conversion C) maintenance D) training E) analysis
maintenance
Transitioning to new systems involves
managing change from pre-existing norms and habits.
n-Tiered Client Server Architecture
o Adds "specialized" servers - one for Web-related business logic; one for application logic; one for database tasks
Three-Tiered Client-Server Architecture
o Adds "specialized" servers - one for application logic; one for database tasks
Simultaneous conversion
o All locations are converted at the same time
Whole system conversion
o All modules converted in one step
Documentation Testing
o Analysts check the accuracy of documentation
Assess the project
o Analyze what was done well o Discover what activities need improvement in the future
The three primary hardware components:
o Client computers: o Servers: o Network: Connects the computers
Software systems can be divided into four basic functions:
o Data storage. o Data access logic: o Application logic: o Presentation logic:
Hardware and software specification
o Describes the hardware/software components in detail to aid those responsible for purchasing those products.
To minimize cost...
o Direct conversion style o Pilot or phased conversion location o Conversion of whole system
Riskiest conversion strategy:
o Direct conversion style o Simultaneous conversion location o Conversion of whole system
To minimize time...
o Direct conversion style o Simultaneous conversion location o Conversion of whole system
System interface testing
o Ensures data transfer between systems
Use-scenario testing
o Ensures that each use scenario works correctly
Requirements Testing
o Ensures that integration did not cause new errors
Black Box Testing
o Focuses on whether the unit meets requirements stated in specification
Parallel conversion
o For a time both old and new systems are used. The old is abandoned when the new is proven fully capable.
Online support
o Frequently asked questions (FAQ)
1. Generally, the best way to optimize data storage for efficiency is:
Normalization
What do you think are three common mistakes that novice analysts make in output design?
Not doing these things: Understand report usage, manage info load, and minimizing bias
Sequence of data elements
Notation: + Read as 'and' Example: Name = first_name + middle_name + last_name
Contrast the items in the following sets of terms: - Object; class; instance; entity relationship diagram (ERD) entity - Property; method; attribute - State; behavior - Superclass; subclass - Concrete class; abstract class - Method; message - Encapsulation; inheritance; polymorphism - Static binding; dynamic binding
Object; class; instance; entity relationship diagram (ERD) entity An object is a person, place, event, or thing about which we want to capture information. It is very similar to an ERD entity; however, an object can exhibit behaviors while an entity does not. A class is a general template that is used to define and create specific instances, or objects. An instance is a specific occurrence of an object. Property; method; attribute Objects have characteristics about which we want to capture data. These characteristics are referred to as properties or attributes. Methods are actions that an object can perform. The fact that objects can exhibit behaviors that are described by methods is a major distinction between an ERD entity and an object. State; behavior The state of an object is defined by the value of its properties and its relationship with other objects at a particular point in time. An object's behavior is described by the things that the object can do. Superclass; subclass A class is a category of objects that we create, and classes are organized into a hierarchy. Superclasses are the broader, general classes at the top of the hierarchy. Subclasses are the more specific classes at the bottom of the hierarchy. Concrete class; abstract class If a class has specific instances that occur for it, then the class is referred to as a concrete class. If a class serves as a more general template for other more specific classes and has no instances that occur for it, than that class is referred to as an abstract class. Method; message A method is a function or operation that an object can perform. Messages are the information that is passed o an object to trigger a method. Encapsulation; inheritance; polymorphism Encapsulation means that the internal data and processes of an object are concealed from the outside. Inheritance refers to the fact that subclasses of objects inherit properties and methods from the superclasses above them. This simplifies the specification of an object's properties and methods. Polymorphism refers to the fact that the same message or specified behavior can be carried out differently for different object classes. Static binding; dynamic binding Static (also known as early) binding means that a reference to an object is explicitly bound to a specific type of object before runtime. Dynamic (also known as late) binding means that a reference to specific type of object is deferred until runtime.
Types of System Support
On-demand training at time of user need Online support Help desk o Phone service for known issues o Level 1 Support - Broad knowledge o Unresolved issues passed to Level 2 Support - specialists in the application system
What three kinds of events can lead to state transitions on a behavioral state machine diagram?
One event can be some condition becoming true; another could be the receipt of a message from an object, and another could be the passage of a period of time.
What are the two kinds of labels that a class diagram can have for each association? When is each kind of label used?
One kind of label is the name of the relationship, and the label describes exactly how the two classes are related to each other. The other type of label describes the role that the classes play in the relationship. Here, a + is placed before the label to indicate the role played in the relationship. Use whichever type of label best fits the business situation being described in the model.
Develop strategies to motivate adoption
o Informational o Political o Potential adopters generally are ▪ 20-30% Ready adopters ▪ 20-30% Resistant adopters ▪ 40-60% Reluctant adopters Strategies should focus on supporting and encouraging ready adopters and helping them win over the reluctant adopters. 'Ignore' the resistant adopters
System Documentation
o Intended to help programmers and analysts understand and maintain the system after it is installed
User Documentation
o Intended to help users operate the system
Phased conversion
o Locations are converted in sets
tightly coupled
One module is linked to internal logic contained in another module
Are there any limitations to online documentation? Explain.
One problem is simply that many users are unfamiliar with seeking information online. We have all been exposed to paper manuals, and they are more familiar to many users. Also, online documentation is not portable. It is not possible to take an online help system home and review it before using a system as one could with a procedure manual or tutorial.
What are the commonly used sources of documentation topics? Which is the most important? Why?
One source is the set of commands and menus in the user interface. A second source is the use cases for the system that outline commonly performed tasks. A third source are the important terms associated with the system. The most important source is probably the use cases for the system, since these define how to perform needed functions with the system.
Pilot conversion
o One or more locations are converted to work out bugs before extending to other locations
Longest time conversion strategy:
o Parallel conversion style o Phased conversion location o Conversion of modules
To minimize risk...
o Parallel conversion style o Pilot conversion location o Conversion by modules
Highest cost conversion strategy:
o Parallel conversion style o Simultaneous conversion location o Conversion of modules
Cost
o Parallel requires paying for two systems for a period of time o Simultaneous requires more staff to support all locations
Time
o Parallel, phased, and modular require more time
Alpha Testing
o Performed by users to assure they accept the system; frequently repeats earlier tests
Help desk
o Phone service for known issues o Level 1 Support o Unresolved issues passed to Level 2 Support
Architecture design
o Plans for how the system will be distributed across computers and what hardware and software will be used for each computer.
Provide maintenance
o Repair or fix discovered bugs or errors o Add minor enhancements to provide added value
Risk
o Seriousness of consequences of remaining bugs
What do we do if things go very wrong during conversion?
o Technical glitches may occur during the transition o Is the old system still available? o If not, how do we keep the business running? o Can manual procedures be used for a short time?
Stub testing
o Tests control structures before all modules are written
User interface testing
o Tests each interface function
Unit testing
o Tests each module - Does it performs its function?
Data flow testing
o Tests each process in a step-by-step fashion
Usability Testing
o Tests how easy and error-free the system is in use
Integration testing
o Tests the interaction of modules - do they work together?
System testing
o Tests to assure that the software works well as part of the overall system
Acceptance testing
o Tests to assure that the system serves organizational needs
What are the reasons underlying the popularity of online documentation?
Online documentation is popular for several reasons. First, it is often easier to find information using the search index. Second, it is possible to present help information in multiple formats, increasing its utility to the end users. Third, presenting information while interacting with the computer permits novel ways of presenting the information to be employed. Fourth, the cost of distributing online documentation is considerably less than printing and distributing paper manuals.
tutorial
Online interactive lesson that presents material and provides dialog with users
Compare and contrast batch processing and online processing
Online processing is most commonly used when it is important to have real-time information about the business. EX: When you reserve an airline seat Batch processing is where all inputs collected over time are gathered together and entered into the system one time in a batch. EX: Hourly payrolls
Compare and contrast two major ways of providing system support
Online support such as reference documentation and help screens, special websites with FAQs Help desks to provide human response
Explain the three principles in the design of inputs
Online versus batch processing: online processing, each input item is entered into the system individually. Batch processing, inputs collected, gathered together and entered into the system at one time Capture data at the source: Capture data in an electronic format at its original source or as close to the original source as possible Minimize keystrokes: keystrokes cost time and money
Direct conversion
o The new system instantly replaces the old
Be prepared for the worst case scenario!
o Think about the consequences of being unable to operate normally...lost sales, unhappy customers... could we stay afloat?
Identify Lewin's three step model of organizational change
o Unfreezing o Moving o Refreezing
When would you use electronic reports rather than paper reports?
PAPER: Easy to use and accessible in most situations. Highly portable at least in short reports. ELECTRONIC: Produced on demand and allow users to search for certain words
Discuss the roles users play in testing.
Users are instrumental in acceptance testing. As this is the first time the users experience the functionality of the system, it is hoped that the system has undergone an in depth systems testing to ensure that the end product is of the highest quality possible and that attention has been paid to usability of the system product. While the new product may meet all the business requirements, if it does not pass acceptance testing by the users, then the system might very well be considered a failure.
security token
Physical device that authenticates a legitimate user
Conversion Location
Pilot conversion Phased conversion Simultaneous conversion
Formal usability testing
Users interacting with the interface without any guidance from the project team
Walkthrough evaluation
Users see the interface at a meeting presentation, and they are "Walked-through- the parts of the interface.
Content Awareness
Users should always be aware of where they are in the system and what information is being displayed
Sources of Documentation Topics
Users' business tasks (what they need to do) The commands and menus in the user interface Definitions of terms
software reengineering
Uses analytical techniques to identify quality and performance improvements
Beta Testing
o Uses real data, not test data. Actual users monitor for errors or needed improvements.
What is white space and why is it important?
White space refers to areas on an interface that are intentionally left blank. Some white space is necessary to help the users find things on the interface
Compare and contrast modular conversion and whole system conversion
Whole system - entire system is installed at one time Modular conversion - various components of the system are installed gradually over time
Conversion Modules
Whole system conversion Modular conversion
Project Assessment is Important for continued project improvement
o Were cost estimates accurate? o Did expected benefits actually materialize? o Was this project really worth doing?
Modular conversion
o When modules are loosely associated, they can be converted one at a time
f real-time information is required by the information system, then the appropriate input processing mechanism is _____. A. back room processing B. batch processing C. off-line processing D. on-line processing E. real-time processing
on-line processing
Four cultural dimensions relevant to user interface design
Power distance, uncertainty avoidance, individualism vs collectivism, masculinity vs femininity
offsiting
Practice of storing backup media away from the main business location
Elements of a Migration Plan
Preparing the Business Preparing the technology Preparing the people
Three basic principles of navigation design
Prevent mistakes. Mistakes can be reduced by labeling commands and actions appropriately and by limiting choices Simplify recovery from mistakes. System should make it as easy as possible to correct user mistakes Use consistent grammar order
encryption
Prevents unauthorized access to data by converting it to unreadable characters
integrity
Prevents unauthorized users from creating, modifying, or deleting information
customer
Primary user who is in constant communication with the development team
Major sources of change requests
Problems reports from the operations group System users who submit ideas for minor changes and enhancements Systems development project may have an effect on a system Senior management who may trigger change requests to tailor the system to the business
change control
Process for controlling changes in system requirements during development
partitioning
Process of breaking down a system into subsystems
Volumetrics
Process of estimating the amount of data that the hardware will need to support. Is used for determining how much space is needed for database. Record Size x Overhead = _______ (add this to orig. record size)
desk checking
Process of reviewing program code to spot logic errors
version control
Process of tracking system releases
software engineering
Process that stresses solid design, accurate documentation, and careful testing
What is context sensitive help? Does your word processor have context-sensitive help?
Provides information that is dependent on what the user was doing when the help was requested. Word processors do not have
hot site
Provides the best insurance against major business interruptions
Relationship between real use cases and use scenarios?
Real use cases are derived from the essential use cases, use scenarios, and WNDs
audit log files
Record details of all accesses and changes to a file or database
clickstream storage
Records how users interact with a Web site
The fundamental part of the user interface that provides information from the system to the user is the _____ mechanism. A) input B) interface C) layout D) navigation E) output
output
Types of User Documentation
Reference documents Procedures manuals . Tutorials
Distinguish between these types of user documentation: reference documents, procedures manuals, and tutorials.
Reference documents are the help system that explains how to perform a specific task or function. Procedures manuals describe how to accomplish a particular business task with the system, often involving several steps. Tutorials are training systems that teach the user how to use the system.
What is referential integrity and how is it implemented in a relational database?
Referential integrity refers to the need to make sure that the values linking the table together through the primary and foreign keys are valid and correctly synchronized. For example, if a customer is placing an order, we need to have information on the customer in the customer table. The RDBMS will check to see if there is a record for that customer in the Customer table before it will let an order be entered. Checking for known required relationships helps assure referential integrity.
What is the most popular kind of database today? Provide three examples of products that are based on this database technology.
Relational databases are most popular today due to their ease of use and conceptual simplicity. Examples of relational DBMSs on the market include MS Access, Oracle, DB2, Sybase, Informix, and MS SQL Server.
▪ 40-60%
Reluctant adopters
patches
Replacement code used by system developers
condition
Represented on a structure chart by a line with a diamond on one end
flowchart
Represents logical rules and interaction graphically using a series of symbols
System Testing
Requirements Testing Usability Testing Security Testing Performance Testing Documentation Testing
Why do people resist change? Explain the basic model for understanding why people accept and resist change
Resistance to change is a typical response to an externally imposed need to change. People will evaluate the potential value of the new system, and will also asses their perceptions of the expected costs and benefits of transitioning from the status quo to the new situation
▪ 20-30%
Resistant adopters
library module
Reusable code that can be invoked from points in a structure chart
design walkthrough
Reviews an interface with a cross-section of people who will use the new system
Preparing the people
Revise management policies Assess costs and benefits Motivation adoption Conduct training
Mobile Application Architecture
Rich client Thin Web-based client Rich Internet application
Key Factors in Selecting a Conversion Strategy
Risk Cost Time
Preparing the Business
Select a conversion strategy Prepare a business contingency plan
Under what conditions is heuristic evaluation justified
Situations where the interface is well understood. It would be dangerous to use this technique if there was uncertainty about what should appear in the interface or how it should function
Explain the three categories of adopters you are likely to encounter in any change management initiative
Small group who are ready adopters. Similar sized group will be resistant adopters. The remaining larger group are reluctant adopters
pretexting
Social engineering used to obtain personal information under false pretenses
middleware
Software that integrates different applications and allows them to exchange data
The conversion style that recommends operating the new system along side the old system for a trial period is known as _____. A) direct B) parallel C) phased D) pilot E) simultaneous
parallel
The potential adopter(s) are the
people who must change.
Why is it important to perform an interface evaluation before the system is built?
Because we need to do as much as we can to improve the interface design prior to implementation
Juan is designing a user interface for the data-entry clerks in the marketing department. In an interview with the department manager, Juan has learned that the department has frequent turnover and that there is very little money for training. What two interface design principles would you recommend Juan emphasize in his design? A) aesthetics and consistency B) aesthetics and layout C) content awareness and aesthetics D) content awareness and minimal user effort E) user experience and consistency
user experience and consistency
The computing architecture in which the server performs practically all of the work is known as _____. A) client connection based architecture B) client-based architecture C) client-server architecture D) server-based architecture E) middleware architecture
server-based architecture
o Political -
uses organizational power to motivate change
Parallel Conversion strategy style
using both old and new systems until it is evident that the new system performs correctly. (Low risk, high Resources, Hi potential/time , Hi Cost)
Interface Metaphor
shopping cart/relating it to a real environment, something that users can catch on to really fast
A(n) _____ is a navigation control for on-line documentation that provides access into topics using important keyword. A) formal language B) simple language C) technical language D) all of the above E) none of the above
simple language
DBMS "Database Management System"
software that creates and manipulates these databases. A software system that is used to create, maintain, and provide controlled access to user databases.
What is one primary problem with server-based computing architectures? A) As more users place heavier demands on the server, it is expensive to increase server capacity. B) Client terminals are no longer made by hardware vendors. C) It is difficult to maintain security in the server-based environment. D) Servers are no longer made by hardware vendors. E) Servers cannot be manufactured quickly by vendors.
As more users place heavier demands on the server, it is expensive to increase server capacity.
Heuristic evaluation
Assessing the interface based on a checklist of design principles. Users are not involved in the process
Objective of Architecture Design
Assign the software components of the information system to the hardware devices of the system in the most advantageous way. The major architectural components of any system are the software and the hardware.
Project Manager's Tasks During Programming
Assigning the programmers Coordinating the activities Managing the schedule
permissions
Associated with different users as means of establishing their levels of access
sniffing
Attack in which network traffic is intercepted/scanned for valuable information
exploit
Attack that takes advantage of a vulnerability
common field
Attribute that appears in more than one entity
Tim and Sara need to provide conversion advice to the IAM-POOR company when it converts the concrete manufacturing and mixing computer system. IAM-POOR is looking for a low cost conversion strategy. What conversion modules and style should they recommend? A) modular and phased B) pilot and direct C) pilot and parallel D) whole system and direct E) whole system and parallel
whole system and direct
A(n) _____ shows how all the screens, forms and reports are related, and how the user moves from one to another. A. data flow diagram B. interface standard design C. window navigation diagram D. storyboard E. use scenario
window navigation diagram
Native app -
written to run on specific device with specific operating system.
o Level 1 Support -
Broad knowledge
A whole-system conversion, in which the entire system is installed at one time, is the least common because it is complex and the hardest to understand.
False
An advantage of server-based architecture is that they never become overloaded and are always able to process user demands in a timely way.
False
An index is a navigation control for on-line documentation that provides the ability to search through the topics with user generated text.
False
Analysts must assume that users have read the manual, have attended the training classes, and have external help nearby.
False
Analysts often set out to introduce bias into the design of a report by sorting the information alphabetically or chronologically.
False
Assume that your network has a server and three clients, this network is an example of a four-tiered architecture.
False
Beta testing is part of performance testing.
False
Brian wants an e-commerce system to be able to do a lot of rapid processing - like search for particular keywords in documents; return the price of an item; update quantities in the shopping cart. He is probably building an Expert System.
False
Direct conversion is the conversion style where both systems (as-is and to-be) are used simultaneously.
False
Documentation should be written in long paragraphs so that users get large amounts of detail quickly.
False
If you use state-of-the-art technology, you can significantly decrease the project's time and cost estimates because the newer technologies are much faster and more efficient than older ones.
False
Implementation is the development of all parts of the system, including the software development, documentation creation, and new operating procedures generation.
False
In order for managers to receive all the information needed to support the task for which it was designed, the report should provide all the information available on the subject and allow the managers to select that which they wish to use.
False
Integration tests focus on one unit, program, or class that performs a specific function.
False
Interfaces should be designed primarily for the inexperienced users who are usually most concerned with ease of use; experienced users will be able to quickly pass over the simpler aspects of the new system.
False
It is critical in change management to understand that the real costs and benefits are far more important than the perceived costs and benefits, because people act on what is true, not on what they believe to be true.
False
Juan uses the term 'patient' on an appointment form, but uses the word 'client' on the payment entry screen. This violates the consistency principle of user interface design.
False
Legacy databases and systems are one of seven factors in the hardware and software specification document
False
Management has several tools for structuring organization work processes. Establishing standard operating procedures (SOPs) involves establishing behavioral norms and how processes are actually performed.
False
Most systems are not built to use the existing infrastructure in the organization, so the current infrastructure rarely restricts the choice of architecture.
False
Most user interface designers follow the minimal user effort principle by permitting users to go from the main menu of the system to the information or action need in no more than five mouse clicks or five keystrokes.
False
Novice and expert users are both usually most concerned with "ease of use" of a new system.
False
One of the goals of the data storage design activity in the Design Phase of the SDLC is to revise logical use cases into physical use cases.
False
One of the most common causes for schedule problems is scope creep
False
Online support, the most common form of on-demand training, includes the documentation and help screens built into the system, as well as separate Web sites that provide answers to frequently asked questions.
False
Performance testing (examining the ability of the system to perform under high loads) is an example of integration testing
False
Revisions to the management policies and factors that motivate the adoption of the new system are part of the conversion plan.
False
Senior management has established the priority for the new system as ìthe highest security and control at any cost.î The systems analyst should recommend a client-based computing architecture.
False
Server-based computing requires a high degree of coordination among many components, and the chances of security holes or control problems are much greater than with client-server computing.
False
Speed requirements, which are one kind of performance requirements, attempt to predict how many total and simultaneous users the system will need to support.
False
System review attempts to understand whether the implementation of the system resulted in the costs and benefits identified during project initiation.
False
Terms for the index and search engine can come from technical terms the analyst used in creating the system.
False
The Human-Machine boundary is part of the Human-Computer Interface into usability systems.
False
The advantage of direct manipulation is that it permits the user to enter extensive data by keystroke and allows the user to size objects within three keystrokes.
False
The authors mention that the greatest problem facing experienced designers is using colors and fonts appropriately.
False
The client-server architecture was originally developed to control and secure data, and it is much easier to administer because all data are stored in a single location.
False
The first step in the user interface design process is ìinterface design prototyping.
False
The four approaches to unit testing are user interface testing, use scenario testing, data flow testing, and system interface testing; most projects use all four approaches.
False
The function that provides the processing required to query a database and other logic related to the data management layer is called presentation logic.
False
The general structure used in most on-line documentation for documents, procedures manuals, or tutorials is called documentation items.
False
The goal of the input mechanism is to present information to users so they can accurately understand it with the least effort, usually by understanding how reports will be used and designing them to minimize information overload and bias.
False
The goal of the output mechanism is to simply and easily capture accurate information for the system, typically by using on-line or batch processing, capturing data at the source, and minimizing keystrokes.
False
The guideline for crafting documentation that when followed permits the user to quickly scan text to find the information needed is ìuse e-prime styleî.
False
The ideal computer system permits users to enter invalid data into the system. This data is later inexpensively identified and someone is notified to resolve the information problem.
False
The interface standards, the basic design elements that are common across the individual screens, forms, and reports within the system, must be identical for different parts of the system, hence the name ìstandards.î
False
The larger the number of programmers assigned to a programming team, the shorter the time will be for programming to be completed.
False
The major problem with a server-based architecture is that all data on the server must travel to the client for processing.
False
The operations group takes care of system maintenance.
False
The operations group takes care of system support.
False
The postimplementation activities performed during the refreeze process are system support, project assessment, and change management.
False
The programming process of a new systems project is considered completed prior to testing.
False
The project manager is the person who wants the change that a new system brings in an organization.
False
The simultaneous direct conversion to SAP to replace all of your legacy systems would result in high risk while requiring an enormous amount of time.
False
The technical process during which the new system replaces the old system is called installation.
False
User interfaces are defined in the nonfunctional requirements during the analysis phases of the SDLC.
False
When an organization chooses to convert the separate and distinct modules of a system one module at a time, the organization is using pilot conversion approach.
False
Whole system conversion is the conversion location where the separate and distinct modules of the entire system are installed at one time in three or more phases.
False
With batch processing (sometimes called transaction processing), each input item is entered into the system individually, usually at the same time as the event or transaction prompting the input.
False
secondary key
Field or combination of fields that can be used to access or retrieve records
How are a file and a database different from each other?
Files are essentially an electronic list of information that is formatted for a particular transaction. Any programs that are written must be developed to work with the file exactly as it is laid out. If there is a need to combine data in a new way, a new file must be created (usually by extracting data from other files) and a program written to work specifically with that new file. Databases, on the other hand, are made up of a collection of data sets that are related to each other in some way. Database management system software creates these data groupings. The DBMS provides access to the data and can usually provide access to any desired subset of data. It is not necessary to write new programs to build a new file in order to retrieve data from the database in a new way.
Which is NOT a user interface design principle?
Four click rule
data structure
Framework for organizing, storing, and managing data
How can you prevent mistakes?
Labeling commands and actions appropriately and by limiting choices
syntax errors
Language grammar errors
Describe the four types of navigation controls
Languages: command languages sometimes provide greater flexibilty than other approaches because the user can combine language elements in ways not predetermined by developers Menus: menu presents the user with a list of choices. Easier to learn Direct manipulation: user enters commands by working directly with interface objects
o Servers:
Larger multi-user computers used to store software and data.
Explain three important user interface design principles
Layout - the interface should be a series of areas on the screen that are used consistently for different purposes Minimize effort - interface should be simple to use Aesthetics - interfaces should look inviting and be easy to use
Describe several fundamental user interface design principles
Layout, Content Awareness, Aesthetics, User Experience, Consistency, Minimize User Effort
Do lifelines always continue down the entire page of a sequence diagram? Explain.
Lifelines can be terminated on a sequence diagram if at some point in the use case the object ceases to exist. This is shown by placing an X at the end of the lifeline.
Operational Requirements Technical Environment
Special hardware, software, and network requirements imposed by business requirements
patch
Specially written software module that provides temporary repairs
data structure
Specific arrangement of data elements that define one occurrence of a data flow or a data store -Not arbitrary
data structure
Specific arrangement of data elements that define one occurrence of a data flow or a data store Not arbitrary
Cultural/Political Requirements Customization
Specification of what aspects of the system can be changed by local users
table design
Specifies fields and identifies the primary key in a particular table or file
release plan
Specifies when user stories will be implemented and the timing of the releases
Performance Requirements
Speed Capacity Availability and Reliability
Three cultural dimensions that are relevant to user interface design
Speed of messages, context, and time
What are the cultural issues of which developers should be aware?
Speed of messages, context, time, power distance, uncertainty avoidance
What are the three key roles in any change management initiative?
Sponsor - person or organizational unit that wants the change Change agent - person or group who leads the change effort Potential adopter - person or group who must actually do the changing
Are states always depicted using rounded rectangles on a behavioral state machine diagram? Explain.
States are denoted with rounded rectangles except for the initial state, which is shown by a filled-in circle, and the final state, which is shown by a circle surrounding a filled-in circle.
firewall
Main line of defense between a local network, or intranet, and the Internet
quality assurance
Main objective is to avoid problems or identify them as soon as possible
Why is it important to keep your social media sites synced?
Makes your job of maintaining the different sites easier and allows your customers to have a consistent experience
Do you think that UML will become more popular than the traditional structured techniques discussed previously? Why or why not?
It is most likely that tools from UML will be integrated gradually into mainstream SDLC practice, rather than one set of tools becoming more popular than others. The practice of developing systems will continually evolve, and good, effective ideas will be essential to maintaining an effective practice of systems development.
In our experience, documentation is often left to the very end of projects. Why do you think this happens? How could it be avoided?
It may be that documentation is viewed as less "important" than other aspects of system development; consequently, it gets left to the very end of the project. Also, some analysts may be uncomfortable with the writing that must be done to produce documentation, so it is avoided as long as possible. To avoid a mad rush to churn out documentation at the end, the team should develop notes on documentation topics throughout the project. These notes can then be assembled into polished documentation.
Name five types of files and describe the primary purpose of each type.
Master files store the business's or application's core data. The data in a master file is considered fairly permanent, does not change much, and is usually retained for long periods. Look-up files contain reference information that is used primarily during validation processing. A list of valid code values for a field might be referred to during data entry to ensure that a valid code was entered. Transaction files contain information that will be used to update a master file. These files are usually temporary in nature; they are used to collect transactions, the transactions update the master file, and then the transaction files are archived. Audit files are used to help trace changes made to files. An image of a record before and after a change may be written to an audit file so that the change is documented. History files serve as archives for older information that is rarely used. These files can be accessed if necessary, but are usually stored on tape to remove the little-used data from the active data storage areas.
cohesion
Measures a module's scope and processing characteristics
Compare and contrast four types of menus
Menu bar: gives list of commands at the top of screen and is always displayed on the screen Drop-down menu: menu that drops down immediately below another menu and disappears after one use Pop-up menu: pops up, floats over screen, and then disappears after one use Tab menu: multipage menu with one tab for each page that pops up and floats over the screen and continues to remain on the screen until it is closed
Why are menus the most commonly used navigation control?
Menus are easier to learn than languages. Clicking on an item with a pointing device or pressing a key that matches the menu choice takes very little effort.
Describe the metadata associated with the physical ERD.
Metadata included in the physical ERD includes information regarding attributes such as data type, field size, format, default values, primary keys, and foreign keys.
incremental backup
Method that only includes recent files that have never been backed up
queue length
Metric that measures the number of requests pending for a service
busy
Metric that measures the time that a given resource is unavailable
end user DBMS
Microsoft Access- small-scale databases that are used to enhance personal productivity
Project Dictionary
Definitions and descriptions of all elements of a project including information regarding processes and data stores
project dictionary
Definitions and descriptions of all elements of a project including information regarding processes and data stores
data dictionary
Definitions, descriptions and structure of all data elements, data flows and data stores for a project
Describe several techniques that can improve performance of a database.
Denormalization adds selected fields back to tables in a data model. This adds a little redundancy, but improves the data access speed. Clustering involves physically placing records together so that like records are stored close to each other. Indexing creates small, quickly searchable tables that contain values from the table and indicate where in the table those values can be found. Finally, proper estimation of the data set size is important to assure that adequate hardware is obtained for the system.
Types of Documentation
Documentation provides information to make the system easier to use and repair. System Documentation User Documentation
log
Documents all events, including dates, times, and other specific information
Guidelines for Crafting Documentation Topics
Don't omit any step because you "assume" the user knows how to do that step Use the active voice with direct instructions Use consistent terms Use simple, friendly language Use parallel grammatical structure Use steps correctly (as actions) Use short paragraphs
Compare and contrast the three types of interface design prototypes
Storyboards are really just pictures or drawings of the interface and how the system flows from one interface to another. HTML prototypes are web pages that show the fundamental parts of the system. Language prototypes create models of the interface in the actual language that will be used to implement the system
Categories of Testing
Stub testing Unit testing Integration testing System testing Acceptance testing
Post-implementation activities include:
Support: providing assistance in the use of the new system Maintenance: continuing the refine and improve the system Project Assessment: analyzing the project to understand what activities were done well- and should be repeated-and what activities need improvement in future projects.
_____ documentation is designed to help programmers and systems analysts understand the application software and maintain it after the system is installed. A) Acceptance B) Integration C) Navigation D) System E) User
System
Security Requirements
System Value Estimates Access Control Encryption and Authentication Virus Control
The two fundamental documentation types are:
System documentation and User documentation
Explain the difference between user documentation and system documentation.
System documentation is created for the system developers, in order to document what was done during the development process, and to help them maintain the system after its installation. User documentation is designed specifically for the system users to help them work successfully with the system.
_____ is the test that is performed to ensure that all classes work together without error and meet the business requirements for usability, security, and performance. A) Acceptance testing B) Beta testing C) Integration testing D) System testing E) Unit testing
System testing
Compare and contrast system testing and acceptance testing.
System testing evaluates the entire system, not only to verify that it runs without error or breakdown, but also that it fulfills the business requirements of the system. Acceptance testing is performed with the system users to confirm that the system is complete, that it meets the needs of the business area, and that it is acceptable to the users.
How can a system be designed to be used by experienced and first time users?
Systems should be set up so that the commonly used functions can be accessed quickly, pleasing the experienced users. To assist the novice users, guidance should be readily available, perhaps through the "show me" functions.
social engineering
Tactic involving use of social interaction to gain access to a computer system
Operational Requirements
Technical Environment System Integration Portability Maintainability
Designing the Architecture
Technical environment requirements, driven by business requirements, often define the application architecture. If not, other nonfunctional requirements become important.
What are the major components of a migration plan?
Technical plan - discusses how the new technology will be implemented in the organization. Organizational plan - helps the users adjust to and adopt the new system
pseudocode
Technique for representing program logic that is similar to structured English
tuple
Term that is also referred to as a record
How are the test cases developed for integration tests?
Test cases are designed to check the entire user interface; check the use cases developed earlier to verify their functioning; check the performances of all the processes outlined on the physical DFDs; and check the system interfaces outlined on the physical DFDs.
How are the test cases developed for unit tests?
Test cases come from the program specification. Based upon the description of what the program is supposed to do, test cases can be developed that verify that the program actually does those things.
Testing Philosophy
Testing helps ensure that the system performs as outlined in the specifications. It is dangerous to test early modules without an overall testing plan It may be difficult to reproduce sequence of events causing an error Testing must be done systematically and results documented carefully
integration testing
Testing two or more programs that depend on each other
Describe five types of input:
Text: text box is used to enter text Numbers: number box used to enter numbers Selection boxes: enables the user to select a value from a predefined list Different types of selection boxes: check boxes, radio buttons
How is a class diagram different from an ERD?
The class diagram is very similar to the ERD, but it shows classes which include both behaviors and states, while the ERD entities only show attributes (data).
Discuss why testing is so essential to the development of a new system.
The cost associated with finding and fixing a major software bug after a system has been implemented is very high. Therefore, thorough testing of the system is imperative. It is not enough to have written a program; it also needs to be tested completely to verify it performs as specified.
Why is it important to understand the initial and projected size of a database during the design phase?
The design team needs to be sure that the hardware that is specified for the system is adequate to support the size of the database. If inadequate hardware is chosen, the performance of the system will be poor regardless of the 'tuning' techniques that are applied.
Operational Requirements Portability
The extent to which the system will need to operate in other environments
Operational Requirements System Integration
The extent to which the system will operate with other systems
What are the differences between the logical and physical ERDs?
The logical ERD represents the data required by the application, and presents a 'business view' of the data without including implementation details. The physical ERD includes all elements of a logical ERD, but includes implementation details which aid in describing characteristics of the system and presenting a 'systems view' of the new system.
How can different parts of the interface be consistent?
The navigation controls can be consistent. Terminology can be consistent through the interface. Content portion of the screen that contains forms and reports should also present consistently designed reports and forms
How is the object approach different from the data and process approaches to systems development?
The object approach seeks to combine data and processes that are related to each other into self-contained units called objects. The traditional development approach separates the data from the processes that use the data, which some feel is a more cumbersome way of looking at the system.
In our experience, few organizations perform as thorough testing as they should. Why do you think this happens? How could it be avoided?
The problem may be due to the fact that the team is up against a deadline and does not have enough time to perform thorough testing. When in a hurry, the testing tends to be ad hoc rather than carefully planned. As a result, errors can be easily overlooked. As the systems analysts complete work on program specifications, they should immediately begin developing test plans, so that complete and thorough testing is structured for the programmers as they complete the programming tasks.
Compare and contrast pilot conversion, phased conversion, and simultaneous conversion
These terms refer to how the organizational locations are transitioned from the old system to the new system. Pilot conversion - one location or part of the organization is converted first Phased conversion - system is installed sequentially at different locations Simultaneous conversion - all locations are converted at the same time
Which is NOT true of Structure Charts when designing programs?
They are generally implemented with control flags that pass from the control modules to the subordinate modules
One of the mistakes of system development is:
Thinking that programming is the focal point of systems development
Why should you consider the storage formats that already exist in an organization when deciding upon a storage format for a new system?
This factor is important because the project team needs to be aware of the existing base of technical skills that are available to work with the data storage format. If a data storage format is chosen that is new to the organization, then the team must allocate training and learning time into the project schedule.
A heuristic evaluation involves members of the project team individually working through the interface design prototype to examine each interface to see that it satisfies each design principle on a formal checklist.
True
A server in the server-based architecture performs application logic, data access logic, data storage, and presentation logic.
True
A significant drawback of a printed report is the inability of the information to be further manipulated (i.e., sorted).
True
A tutorial will teach people how to use a major component of the system by providing a step-by-step or sequence of entries.
True
A use scenario is an outline of the steps that the users perform to accomplish some part of their work.
True
Acceptance testing is done in two stages: alpha testing, where users test the system using made-up data, and beta testing, where users begin to use the system with real data but are carefully monitored for errors.
True
Access control requirements state who can access data and what type of CRUD data access is permitted to each individual who has access to data.
True
All parts of the interface, whether navigation, input, or output, should provide as much content awareness as possible, but it is particularly important for forms or reports that are used quickly or irregularly.
True
Alpha and beta tests are part of systems testing
True
Although TJ did a lot of work normalizing the database so that it is in third normal form (3NF), he may want to 'denormalize' it so that access might be faster.
True
An audit control / audit logfile might be a system related process, data flow and data store that would be added when creating physical DFDs.
True
Applications are of little use without the data that they support.
True
Because (a) preexisting code needs to be understood, organized, and pieced together; and (b) it is still common for the project team to have to write some code and adapt packages to the business environment, it is therefore good for analysts to fully understand program design.
True
Capturing data at the source is highly recommended.
True
Change management is the process of helping people to adopt and adapt to the to-be system and its accompanying work processes without undue stress.
True
Changing the logical data model into a physical data model is one of the activities of data storage design.
True
Client-based systems are ill equipped to meet operational, performance, security, and cultural/political requirements.
True
Client-server architectures strive to balance the processing between the client and the server by having both perform some of the application functions.
True
Companies seldom build networks to connect distant locations by buying land and laying cable or sending up their own satellites; they usually lease services provided by large telecommunications firms, such as AT&T, Sprint, and Verizon.
True
Consistency is probably the single most important factor in making a screen simple to use.
True
Direct conversion, where the new system is turned on and the old system is immediately turned off, is the simplest and most straightforward method, but it is also the most risky because any problems with the new system may seriously disrupt the organization.
True
Frequently, as people get used to certain ways of doing things, they view their job in terms of those processes rather than in terms of the business goals of serving customers.
True
If cost is a critical issue, you should assign the best, most expensive personnel to the implementation phase; never assign entry-level personnel in an attempt to save costs.
True
In a deployment diagram, a communication path represents a communication link between the nodes of the physical architecture, and communication paths may be stereotyped.
True
In a deployment diagram, an artifact is a piece of the information system that is to be deployed onto the physical architecture.
True
In a deployment diagram, typically a node is labeled with a stereotype, with the stereotype representing the type of node (e.g., web server, database server, mobile device).
True
In order to prepare computer systems for global communication, discrete multilingual systems contain separate parts that are written in multiple languages and must have each language reinstalled before it can be used.
True
Input design means designing the screens used to enter the information, as well as any forms on which users write or type information (e.g., time cards, expense claims).
True
Interaction testing is one type of integration testing. In interaction testing, the entire system starts as a set of stubs, and each class is added in turn and tested.
True
Knowing that sometimes things happen due to technical problems when implementing a new system is a great reason to have a business contingency plan.
True
Library modules are encouraged as their reusability can save programmers from rewriting the same piece of code over and over.
True
Maintainability and access control requirements are better met by the server-based architectures than the client-server architectures.
True
Messages are the way in which the system responds to a user and informs him or her of the status of the interaction; they should be clear, concise, complete, grammatically correct, free of unfamiliar jargon, and avoid confusing negatives.
True
Messages should require the user to acknowledge them, rather than being displayed for a few seconds and then disappearing, with the exception of delay in processing messages, which should disappear once the delay has passed.
True
Moving users from the as-is business processes and computer programs to the to-be business processes and programs is called conversion.
True
Omar has designed a paper form using 'sans serif' fonts and for his screen (or web) forms he has used 'serif' fonts. . He is exercising good user interface design practices.
True
One of the activities when considering post-implementation activities of a new system is to include systems maintenance.
True
Online documentation will probably be the dominant form of user documentation in the near future.
True
Paper-based user documentation is simpler to use because it is more familiar to users, is easier to flip through to gain a general understanding of its organization and topics, and can be used far away from the computer itself.
True
Parallel conversion is less risky than direct conversion because it has a greater chance of detecting bugs that have gone undiscovered in testing; pilot conversion is less risky than either phased or simultaneous conversion because if bugs do occur, they occur in only pilot test locations.
True
Part of the migration / transition plan should include helping people adopt the new system.
True
People assigned to a help desk have very broad computer skills and are able to respond to a wide range of problems.
True
Probably the single most important factor in making a system simple to use is consistency because it enables users to predict what will happen; once they can interact with one part of the system, they will know how to interact with the rest.
True
Programming can be the greatest single component of any information systems development project in terms of time and cost.
True
Project assessment is not usually performed, yet it can be an important component of organizational learning.
True
Project assessment is part of post-implementation.
True
Project teams are usually more concerned with how an existing infrastructure needs to be changed or improved to support the requirements that were identified during analysis, as opposed to how to design and build an infrastructure from scratch.
True
Research suggests that in an ideal world, any one menu should contain no more than eight items, and it should take no more than two mouse clicks or keystrokes from any menu to perform an action (three from the main menu starting a system).
True
Senior management has established the priority for the new system as ìuser friendly, and quickly and inexpensively expandable to all part of the organization.î The systems analyst should recommend a client-server based computing architecture.
True
Simultaneous conversion has a higher cost than pilot and phased conversion because more staff are required to support all of the locations.
True
System documentation is intended to help programmers and systems analysts understand the application software and enable them to build it or maintain it after the system is installed.
True
The 'transform structure' on a structure chart has a control module that calls several subordinate modules, after which something happens.
True
The change from ìSelect the text you want to copy. Pressing the copy button will copy the marked text to the new location.î to ìSelect the text you want to copy. Pressing the copy button will copy the selected text to the new location.î is an application of the guideline ìuse consistent termsî for crafting documentation?
True
The conversion approach that converts all locations at the same time is simultaneous conversion.
True
The conversion location in which one or more locations are selected to test the conversion to the new system prior to full implementation is known as pilot conversion.
True
The final phase of the Systems Development Life Cycle (SDLC) is Implementation.
True
The function that provides the logic related to the problem domain layer is called application logic.
True
The function that provides the processing logic required by the human computer interaction layer is called presentation logic.
True
The goal of acceptance testing is to confirm that the system is complete, meets the business needs that prompted the system to be developed, and is acceptable to the users.
True
The goal of the navigation system is to make the system as simple as possible to use; a good navigation component is one the user never really notices because it functions the way the user expects.
True
The hardware and software specification is a document that describes what hardware and software are needed to support the application.
True
The interface standard that describes the general appearance of all the screens in the information system and the paper-based forms and reports that are used/developed by the system is the interface templates.
True
The main problem with the parallel conversion method, where the new system is operated side by side with the old system, is the added expense of operating two systems that perform the same function.
True
The most popular kind of database for applications development today is the relational database.
True
The number one reason for project failure during implementation is testing in which the programmers and analysts test the system without formal test plans.
True
The project team review focuses on the way in which the project team carried out the project activities.
True
The purpose of the network model is to convey the complexity of the system, to show how the system's components will fit together, and to help the project team develop the hardware and software specification.
True
The sponsor, the change agent, and the potential adopters are the actors found in the change management process.
True
The three fundamental parts of the system interface are the navigation mechanism, the input mechanism, and the output mechanism, all of which are closely intertwined.
True
The three key roles in any major organizational change are the sponsor of the change, the change agent, and the potential adopter or target of the change.
True
The type of documentation designed to describe how to perform business tasks is known as procedures manuals.
True
The type of navigation control for topics that organizes the information into a logical form (as though the users were to read the material from start to finish) is known as table of contents.
True
The use of screen and frame titles, well-defined areas on reports and forms, and good field labels apply to the interface design principle of content awareness.
True
When all of the modules of a system are installed at one time, an organization is using whole system conversion.
True
When selecting a training method the analyst should consider the cost to develop the training program, the cost to deliver the training program, the reach, and the impact.
True
With the client-based architecture the clients are personal computers on a local area network and the server computer is a server on the same network.
True
ìThe system should be operational on a 24/7 basis for the users.î This is an example of the availability and reliability requirements.
True
coding
Turning program logic into specific instructions that a system can execute
Type of documentation teaches people how to use major components of the system (like an introduction to the basic operations of the system):
Tutorials
The process of refining the system to make sure that it continues to meet business and organizational needs is called _____. A) change management B) project assessment C) system maintenance D) system review E) system support
system maintenance
psuedocode
talking the same language as programmers, without using syntax
A migration plan contains two major elements. They are _____. A) challenging and motivation B) change and assessment C) conversion and testing D) supportive and maintenance E) technical and organizational
technical and organizational
Which of the following statements is true about testing object-oriented systems? A) testing can be minimized since we are reusing parts of systems that have been tested before B) testing should be designed to prove there are no errors in the system C) testing is more important than it was in systems developed before object-oriented development D) encapsulation makes testing easier E) most testing techniques have been developed to support object-oriented development
testing is more important than it was in systems developed before object-oriented development
Three principles in the design of outputs
Understand report usage: understand how reports are used Manage information load: reports only need to provide what users decide they need in order to perform their jobs Minimize bias: entries that appear first in a list may receive more attention than those later in the list
What are the three basic steps in managing organizational change?
Unfreeze - preparing people to break out of their current way of doing things Move - transition from the old to the new way of doing things Refreeze - establish the new system as the way things are done
Relationship between use cases and scenarios?
Use case is major process that system will perform that benefits an actor in some way and is labeled using a descriptive verb-noun phrase. Scenario is an outline of the steps that the users perform to accomplish some part of their work. One path through an essential use case
What are use scenarios and why are they important?
Use cases describe how users interact with the system. These use cases will be valuable in ensuring that the interface permits the users to enact these use cases quickly and smoothly
Managing the Schedule
Use initial time estimates as a baseline Revise time estimates as construction proceeds Fight against scope creep Monitor "minor" slippage Create risk assessment and track changing risks Fight the temptation to lower quality to meet unreasonable schedule demands
✓Lack of code control
Use source code library to keep programmers from changing the same code at the same time
key fields
Used during system design to organize, access, and maintain data structures
HW/SW Specification Purpose
Used if new hardware or software must be purchased Communicates project needs Actual acquisition of hardware and software may be done by a purchasing department -- especially in larger firms.
recovery procedures
Used to restore a file or database to its state at the time of its last backup
port
Used to route incoming traffic to the correct application on a computer
Creating user manuals, training manuals, and online help system are related to:
User documentation
Integration Testing
User interface testing Use-scenario testing Data flow testing System interface testing
Server-Based Architecture
Zero-client used today in virtual desktop infrastructure (VDI)
User sign-off following Acceptance Testing indicates
the system is ready to be placed into production
o Informational -
aims to convince adopters that change is better
A network model will depict _____. A) clients B) network equipment C) external networks D) servers E) all of the above
all of the above
Which of the following is the most important principle of input design? A. capture input electronically as close to the source as possible B. minimize keystrokes C. never use on-line processing D. use batch processing when appropriate E. use on-line processing when appropriate
capture input electronically as close to the source as possible
The person charged with actually planning and implementing the change necessary to support the implementation of a new system is known as a _____. A) change agent B) potential adopter C) project manager D) project sponsor E) systems analyst
change agent
Explain how to design the user interface standards
the basic elements that are common across individual screens, forms, and reports within the application
Which of the following conversion options is the most risk-filled?
the direct conversion style
o Presentation logic:
the display of information to the user and the acceptance of the user's commands
oMoving --
transition from old to new systems
Ethan is considering the replacement of the existing network for his organization. He has projected organizational growth at 50% per year for the next five years. With this growth, many new employees will surely be hired and trained. He has received a large amount of money from a small business grant for the initial development. The architecture Ethan should select is _____. A) server-based B) client-based C) client-server D) network-based E) client-network server
client-server
The most important factor associated with successful change is a(n) _____. A) clear plan for change B) compelling personal reason to change C) committed business sponsor D) demonstrated support by top management E) management directive
compelling personal reason to change
Install hardware, install software, and convert data are the three steps found in the _____. A) change management process B) conversion plan C) direct conversion activity D) file and database conversion E) purchase or rent process
conversion plan
Simultaneous Conversion
converting all locations at the same time. High risk, high cost, short time. (Hi Risk, Low resources, Low time, Med cost)
Advantages of Cloud Computing
Elasticity Cloud customers can obtain cloud resources in a straightforward fashion. Cloud services typically have standardized APIs (application program interfaces). Customers are billed for resources as they are used
How can you keep your customers engaged with your social media sites?
Enable your customers to share the content you have created. Add buttons for customers to easily email their friend's content from your site
_____ allow hiding everything in a system behind a visible interface, making testing difficult. A) Encapsulation and information hiding B) Polymorphism and dynamic binding C) Inheritance D) Reuse E) Object-oriented development processes
Encapsulation and information hiding
data structure occurrences
Entry (flow) corresponds to one occurrence (de-normalized instance) of a data structure -Data stores contain multiple occurrences (de-normalized instances) of a structure, e.g., customer information for each customer
data structure occurrences
Entry (flow) corresponds to one occurrence (de-normalized instance) of a data structure Data stores contain multiple occurrences (de-normalized instances) of a structure, e.g., customer information for each customer
test environment
Environment used by analysts and programmers to develop and maintain programs
Describe five types of messages
Error message: something not permitted Confirmation message: confirmation message asks the user if he or she is sure of performing this operation Acknowledgement message: successfully completed Delay message: informs the user that computer is working properly when requested action is delayed Help message: provides additional info
How do an essential use case and real use case differ?
Essential only describes minimum essential issues necessary to understand the required functionality. Real use case will go further and describe a specific set of steps
A server in the client-server architecture performs which of the following application functions? A) application logic and data storage B) application logic and presentation logic C) data access logic and presentation logic D) data access logic and data storage E) data storage logic and presentation logic
data access logic and presentation logic
MetaData
data dictionary plus definitions of externals
The application function that allows data to be stored and retrieved is called _____. A) application logic B) data access logic C) data storage D) presentation logic E) network logic
data storage
Interface ttemplate
defines general appearance on every screen/leads to content awareness
Purpose and contents of interface template
defines the general appearance of all screens
data dictionary
definitions, descriptions and structure of all data elements, data flows and data stores for a project
In user interface design, use scenarios will _____. A) describe all possible paths through the system B) describe the most frequent paths taken through the use cases C) provide the designer with detailed descriptions of the interface design elements D) repeat the content of the system's data models E) repeat the content of the system's process models
describe the most frequent paths taken through the use cases
Cross-platform frameworks -
develop in web-based technologies and use framework to deploy to multiple devices.
What are the two 'conversion styles' to use on a project?
direct and parallel
The Deliver-Fast Internet system must be implemented quickly if this new company is to survive. Which conversion style and modules would you recommend? A) direct and modular B) direct and whole system C) parallel and whole system D) simultaneous and direct E) simultaneous and whole system
direct and whole system
Adding "Tiers" in the Architecture ADVANTAGES
▪ Modular business logic components are shareable across applications ▪ Separating the processing among multiple servers makes it possible to balance the server loads efficiently.
Adding "Tiers" in the Architecture DISADVANTAGES
▪ More tiers place a higher load on the network. ▪ More difficult to implement since the servers must communicate effectively
o Organizational aspects
▪ Training users on the system ▪ Motivating employees to use the new system to aid in their work
Avoid Classic Mistakes
✓Research-oriented development ✓Using "low-cost" personnel ✓Lack of code control ✓Inadequate testing
Security Requirements System Value Estimates
Estimated business value of the system and its data
Understanding Resistance to Change
Even changes that benefit an organization do not necessarily benefit each individual Adapting to new work processes requires effort, for which there may be no additional compensation
Training
Every new system requires new skills New skills may involve use of the technology itself New skills may be needed to handle the changed business processes
Typically, the first step in the user interface design process is:
Examine DFDs and use cases to develop use scenarios
System Review
Examine the extent to which the costs and benefits of the system are realized Use this information to help in more accurately estimating costs and benefits for future projects
The conversion strategy that will require the least amount of time is _____. A) direct conversion of the entire system at all locations simultaneously B) direct conversion of the system by modules throughout locations in phases C) parallel conversion of the entire system at all locations simultaneously D) parallel conversion of the system by modules at all locations simultaneous E) All are about the same in terms of time
direct conversion of the entire system at all locations simultaneously
Moving files by dragging and dropping is an example of _____ navigation controls. A. command language B. direct manipulation C. menu D. natural language E. UNIX
direct manipulation
Assigning Programmers
Minimize the number of programmers o Match programming tasks with programmer capabilities o When skills are deficient, apply mentoring and training
Novice users prefer _____ while expert users prefer _____. A. ease of use, ease of learning B. ease of use, good layout C. consistency, ease of learning D. ease of learning, ease of use E. ease of learning, consistency
ease of learning, ease of use
The Programmer Paradox
More is not always better than less! After the "right" number of people are assigned to a programming task, adding more people slows down rather than speeds up completion of the project. Projects requiring a large team should be broken into a series of independent, smaller parts.
Explain the differences between object-action order and action-object order
Most commands require the user to specify an object, and the action to be performed on that object. The interface can require the user to first choose the object and then the action (object action order) or first choose the action and then the object (action-object order)
Comparing Architecture Options
Most systems are built to use the existing infrastructure in the organization, so often the current infrastructure restricts the choice of architecture. Each of the architectures discussed has its strengths and weaknesses. Client-server architectures are strongly favored on the basis of the cost of infrastructure. Cloud computing deserves consideration today.
Interface Objects
content awareness
Tutorials
(how to use system components)
✓Research-oriented development
If you use state-of-the art technology, lengthen planned time
metrics
Performance measurements
response time
Overall time between a request for system activity and delivery of the response
Procedures manuals
(perform business tasks - includes manual procedures)
Reference documents
(perform system functions).
Sequence data structure
-sequence of data elements Notation: + Read as 'and' EX: Name = firstName + middleName + LastName
Discuss how to design the user interface structure
-defines the basic components of the interface and how they work together to provide functionality to users -Boxes denote screens & Lines show movement from one to another -Different from DFD in having no standard rules or format
How do we represent Data Structures?
-every inflow and outflow from the context diagram - "high-level" structure of the flow -meanings of each part of the high-level structure until we are at the atomic level -every inflow has a form design, every outflow has a report design -preserve order of data elements depicted in ordering of data elements in your dictionary -alphabetize all dictionary entries once done with definitions
Repetition Data Structure
-repetition of an individual data element or of a group of data elements Notation: { } Forms: unlimited repetition {item} Exactly N n^{items} One to N 1^n^{items} Optional 0^N{items}
Selection Data Structure
-selection of one or more data elements from a set of data elements -Exclusive or Inclusive 1. EXCLUSIVE OR [ ] -one and only one ex: typeTravel = [coach | business | first] 2. INCLUSIVE OR < > -one or more ex: major = < accounting | finance | MIS | marketing >
The three fundamental parts to a user interface design are:
1. Navigation Mechanism 2. Input mechanism, 3. Output mechanism
Sources of Change Requests
1. Problem reports from the operations group 2. Requests for enhancements from users 3. Requests from other systems development projects 4. Change requests from senior management
The three key roles in any major organization change are:
1. Project sponsor is the person or organizational unit that wants the change. 2. Change agent is the person or group who leads the change effort. 3. Potential adopter is the person or group who must actually do the changing.
Give two examples of the extends associations on a use-case diagram. Give two examples for the includes association.
A complex use case may be extended when some of its complex steps are extracted into their own use case. The extends use case can be invoked only from the use case it extends. An example might be obtaining and updating customer information in the process of taking an order; another example might be producing a picking ticket for the distribution department after an order is accepted. In other situations, it may be discovered that the same common steps are performed in several different use cases. Here it makes sense to extract these common tasks into a separate use case that can be referenced by any user case that needs it. Examples include calculating an amount due which could be needed in several places throughout the system, and sending a notification to a customer.
▪ 20-30%
Ready adopters
Name three ways that null values in a database can be interpreted. Why is this problematic?
A null value in a field can indicate that there should not be a value in the field (i.e., blank is correct). It can also mean that an error was made, and a value that should have been entered was incorrectly omitted. It can also indicate that a value for the field has been deleted, which may or may not be correct. The difficulty in really knowing why the null exists is the major problem with nulls.
What are the key issues in deciding between using perfectly normalized databases and denormalized databases?
A perfectly normalized database is optimized for storage efficiency, minimizing wasted storage space. This data storage design is not as useful when data must be frequently queried, since the data is spread across many tables that must be joined in processing the query. Access speed will degrade in these circumstances. Therefore, if the data is going to be accessed frequently, it may be valuable to denormalize the design to reduce the number of joins that must be processed in a query.
entity
A person, place, thing, or event for which data is collected and maintained
Describe the purpose of the primary and foreign keys.
A primary key serves as the unique identifier for each record to be stored in a table, and one is required for identified for each table. A foreign key is one in which an attribute in one table is the primary key in another. Identifying foreign keys is important in enforcing referential integrity.
combination key
A primary key that is based on multiple non-unique fields
How is a problem report different from a change request?
A problem report documents a problem that has been encountered with the system that cannot be immediately resolved. Change request - used to inform the system maintenance that an unresolvable problem has been discovered that probably requires a system fix
enterprise DBMS
A product that processes large organizational workgroup databases. These products support many users, perhaps thousands, and many different database applications. Such DBMS products support 24/7 operations and can manage databases that span dozens of different magnetic disks with hundreds of gigabytes or more of data. (Ex: IBM's DB2, Microsoft's SQL Server, and Oracle's Oracle are examples of enterprise DBMS products,)
user story
A short, simple requirements definition
attribute
A single characteristic or fact about an entity
Security Requirements Encryption and Authentication
Defines what data will be encrypted where and whether authentication will be needed for user access
structured walkthrough
Formal type of desk checking
If the project manager feels that programming is falling behind schedule, should more programmers be added to the project? Why or why not?
Adding programmers does not shorten the project time, and can actually increase it due to the increased communication and coordination that must take place on the programming team. When the team members have to spend time coordinating their work with others, they are not spending time programming, and their productivity diminishes. [The first chapter footnote notes Frederick P. Brooks Jr.'s The Mythical Man Month book, that provides a very apt exposition of this very problem.]
adaptive maintenance
Adds enhancements to an operational system and makes the system easier to use
Advances in Architecture Configurations
Advances in hardware, software, and networking have given rise to a number of new architecture options. o Virtualization o Cloud computing
Give two examples of aggregation associations and generalization associations. How is each type of association depicted on a class diagram?
Aggregation associations are used when classes actually comprise other classes. A solid diamond is placed nearest the class representing the aggregation, and lines are drawn to the classes that serve as its parts. A counseling staff may be made up of psychiatrists, psychologists, and counselors. Generalization associations show that a subclass inherits from a superclass. This is shown with a solid line from the subclass to the superclass and a hollow arrow pointing at the superclass. A label is attached to the relationship that denotes why an object would fall into one or another subclass. A superclass of University Employee might have subclasses of faculty, staff, clerical, and administrator.
remote control software
Allows IT staff to take over a workstation and provide support
query language
Allows a user to specify a task without specifying how it will be accomplished
Acceptance Testing
Alpha Testing Beta Testing User sign-off following Acceptance Testing
User Experience
Although ease of use and ease of learning often lead to similar design decisions, there is sometimes a trade-off between the two
✓Inadequate testing
Always allocate sufficient time for formal testing
What is the difference between an end-user database and an enterprise database? Provide an example of each one.
An end-user database is one that is designed to run on a PC and is used to create personal database applications. An end-user in sales might develop a Microsoft Access database, for example, to keep track of current and prospective client contacts. An enterprise database is one that is capable of handling huge volumes of information for the entire organization. Applications that serve the entire enterprise can be built upon these enterprise databases. These databases are fast, high capacity, but also complex. Oracle is a vendor of enterprise database management systems.
associative entity
An entity that is the event or transaction linking two other entities
What is an index, and how can it improve the performance of a system?
An index is a small, quickly searchable table that contains values from the table and indicates where in the table those values can be found. System performance is improved with an index because it is no longer necessary to search the entire table for the desired values. The small index table can be quickly searched to reveal exactly where the desired values are stored.
What do you think are three common mistakes that novice analysts make in navigation design?
Analysts usually think that users have read the manual, attended proper training classes, and have external help readily available
tunnel
Secure network connection that is established once authentication is complete
service
Application that monitors, or listens on, a particular port
differential backup
Backs up only the files that are new or changed since the last full backup
Describe four devices that can be used for source data automation
Bar codes: automatically scan products and enter that data Optical character recognition: read printed numbers and text Magnetic stripe readers: read info encoded on a stripe of magnetic material similar to a diskette Smart cards: contain microprocessors similar to credit card sized calculators
data element
Basic unit or piece of data Cannot be further decomposed
Unit Testing
Black Box Testing White-Box Testing
Compare and contrast black box-testing and white-box testing.
Black box testing checks the performance of a program or program module by starting with a particular input and generating an output. By knowing what the output should be from that particular input (based upon program specifications), the program can be assessed. White box testing evaluates the actual code in the program or program module. Review of the source code can reveal problems or incorrect assumptions that need to be corrected, particularly when the logic is complex.
parallel operation
Both an old system and new system operating fully for a specified period
Compare and contrast direct conversion and parallel conversion
Both focus on the way in which users are switched over to the new system. Direct is abrupt change. Parallel -- new system is turned on, but old system is used simultaneously for a time
Plans to handle potential business disruption due to technical problems during conversion are covered in the:
Business Contingency Plan
test plan
Can simulate various levels of emergencies and record the responses
What do you think are three common mistakes that novice analysts make in input design?
Capture data at the source, minimize keystrokes, input validation. Not doing these things...
information center
Centralized resource staffed by IT professionals who provide users with support
What is meant by change control? How is it helpful to the programming effort?
Change control is the act of coordinating a program as it changes throughout the construction process. One technique associated with change control is a program log, which has programmers indicating 'signing out' module of code to work on, then 'signing in' modules of code when complete. This aids not only in understanding where in the construction process a module lies, but also in ensuring that duplicate effort is not being made, that code is complete before testing, etc.
phased operation
Changeover method that allows a new system to be implemented in stages
perfective maintenance
Changes an operational system to make it more efficient or maintainable
Explain the process of user interface design
Circle Use (Scenario Development) -> Interface Structure Design -> Interface Standards Design -> Interface Design Prototyping -> Interface evaluation -> Start at use again
Types of Training
Classroom One-on-one Computer-based
Compare and contrast three basic approaches to training
Classroom training - number of people are trained simultaneously with one instructor One-on-one training. This puts one trainer with one student at a time Computer based training - uses a CD or web-based training program delivered to students as needed
Client-Server Architectures
Client-server architectures balance the processing between client devices and one or more server devices. Generally, clients are responsible for the presentation logic, and the server(s) are responsible for the data access logic and data storage. Application logic location varies depending on the C-S configuration chosen.
derivation code
Code that combines data from different item attributes or characteristics
cipher code
Code that uses a keyword to encode a number
Describe how the object approach supports the program design concepts of cohesion and coupling that were presented in Chapter 10.
Cohesion is supported in the object approach because each object contains data and behaviors that are specific to it. The only thing the object knows about is the data it includes and the behaviors it can perform. Coupling is supported in the object module because the objects are highly independent from each other. The only interaction between objects occurs in the form of messages passed between objects which may trigger methods, or behaviors.
3. Which is not an element of a CRUD matrix?
Combine or join
foreign key
Common field that can be used to establish a relationship between two tables
soft skills
Communications, interpersonal, and perceptive abilities
Five types of input validation methods
Completeness check: ensures all required data have been entered Range check: only numbers between correct values Consistency check: combination of all data is valid Format check: numeric fields should not permit users to type text data, etc Database check: data are compared against information in the database
Two reasons we would use data files:
Complexity and Cost
o Cloud computing:
Computing resources obtained as a service
procedural security
Concerned with managerial policies and controls that ensure secure operations
o Network:
Connects the computers
Consistency
Consistency in interface design enables users to predict what will happen before they preform a function
Why is consistency in design important? Why can too much consistency cause problems?
Consistency means that all parts of the same system work in the same way. This enables the users to predict what will happen because a function in one part of the system works the same way in other parts of the system Problem with too much is that sometimes the users don't differentiate forms or reports that look very similar to each other
test plan
Consists of detailed procedures that specify how and when testing will be performed
module
Consists of related program code organized into small units
table
Contains information about people, places, things, or events
operations documentation
Contains information needed for processing and distributing output
Security Requirements Virus Control
Controls to limit viruses
As analysts move from logical design to physical design, one of the actions they will do is:
Create physical DFDs
normalization
Creates table designs by assigning specific fields or attributes to each table
o Virtualization:
Creation of a virtual device or resource.
Which of the following is the general term for the middleware between the clients and servers? A) DOC B) OMG C) CORBA D) DCOM E) COM+
DOC
byte
Data storage that is comprised of 8 bits
logical storage
Data that a user can view, understand, and access regardless of how it is stored
binary digit
Data that has only two possible values: 1 and 0
subschema
Defines portions of a database that a specific system or user needs to access
What is a window navigation diagram and why is it used?
Defines the basic structure of the interface. The diagram helps depict the basic components of the interface and how they work together to provide the users needed functionality
Describe three situations that can be good candidates for denormalization.
Denormalization is performed to speed up data access. Redundancy is added back into tables in order to reduce the number of joins that are required to produce the desired information. In a normalized Order table, the customer name will not be included; however it may be added back in to the Order table to improve processing speed. This represents a situation in which some parent entity attributes are included in the child entity. Similarly, a lookup table of zip codes and states may be set up in the normalized data model, but could be added back in to the physical model design. Another situation is where a table of product codes lists the description and price. These may also be added back into the physical model to improve application performance. Lookup tables are common candidates for denormalization. Finally, 1:1 relationships may be good candidates for denormalization, since the information may be accessed together frequently.
Give three examples of derived attributes that may exist on a class diagram. How would they be denoted on the model?
Derived attributes are attributes that are calculated or derived, are shown with a / before the attribute name. Examples include /age (derived from birthdate and current date; /extended_price (calculated as quantity * price); /amount_due (calculated as current_amount + prior_balance).
attributes
Describe the characteristics of objects in a class
permissions
Describe the rights a user has to a particular file or directory on a server
product baseline
Describes a system at the beginning of system operation
system documentation
Describes a system's functions and how they are implemented
documentation
Describes an information system and helps the users who must interact with it
coupling
Describes the degree of interdependence among modules
program documentation
Describes the inputs, outputs, and processing logic for all program modules
cardinality
Describes the numeric relationship between two entities
Program design is part of which SDLC phase?
Design
The data storage design activity is done in which phase of the Systems Development Life Cycle?
Design
Five types of outputs
Detailed report: detailed information about all items requested Summary report: summary information about the items Turn around document: both inputs and outputs on a report Graphs: really? Exception report: detailed information about certain specific items
In program design, which is NOT an activity done by analysts?
Develop the database schema
What is NOT normally part of transitioning to a new system?
Developing the user interface screens
modular design
Development approach that is similar to constructing a leveled set of DFDs
keystroke logger
Device that can record everything that is typed into a keyboard
corrective maintenance
Diagnoses and corrects errors in an operational system
Conversion Styles
Direct conversion Parallel conversion
Under what circumstances would you use a drop down menu versus a tab menu?
Drop down menu can be used if the user is new or inexperienced. Tab menu is used more often when the user needs to change several settings in order to perform several related commands
On test plans:
Each individual test has a specific objective and describes a set of very specific test cases to examine
Project Team Review
Each member prepares 2-3 page document regarding her or his actions during the project Focus on improvement not penalties Excellent behaviors are acknowledged and diffused to others Team leader summarizes and distributes lessons learned
This report is a good choice when users want to identify something that went wrong.
Exception report
Operational Requirements Maintainability
Expected business changes to which the system should be able to adapt
Why is capturing data at the source important?
Expensive if duplicates exist. Second, increases processing time. Third, increases cost and probability of error
Key factors in designing an error message
Explain the problems, explain the corrective action, suggest probable causes for error, provide ability to get more information, provide error number
Cultural/Political Requirements Making Unstated Norms Explicit
Explicitly stating assumptions that differ from country to country
Performance Requirements Availability and Reliability
Extent to which the system will be available to the users and the permissible failure rate due to errors
A menu bar is often a second-level menu that pops up, floats over the screen, and disappears after one use.
False
A node in a deployment diagram typically indicates a server, a client or a separate network. A node never represents an individual network device since that is a very low level of abstraction for a deployment diagram.
False
What are the two most important factors in determining the type of data storage format that should be adopted for a system? Why are these factors so important?
First, evaluate the type of data that will be stored. Relational databases are the standard for simple data such as numbers, text, and dates. If the data is more complex (video, images, or audio), then object databases may be required. If the data needs to be aggregated, then multidimensional databases are recommended. The second factor is the type of system being developed. Transaction processing systems require rapid update and retrieval capability, and will best be constructed using files, relational databases, or object databases. Decision support types of applications require rapid access to data in ad hoc ways. These types of systems are best implemented using relational or multidimensional databases. These two factors are very important because you must select a data storage format that is suitable for the data the system will include and the uses planned for that data.
Describe the steps used to create a sequence diagram.
First, identify the classes that interact with each other during the use case scenario. List these across the top of the diagram. Next, add arrows to represent the messages being passed from object to object. Label the arrows with descriptive terms and include any parameters that are passed as a part of the message. Draw lifelines under each class, and terminate those that cease to exist within the use case by placing an X at its end. Draw narrow rectangles down the lifeline to show when the classes are sending and receiving messages.
Describe the steps in creating a use-case diagram.
First, identify the use cases. Each of the system's major functions is identified, and a scenario description of each function is created. The system boundary is drawn, and the use cases are placed within the boundary. Actors representing external roles or systems should be placed outside the system boundary. Finally, associations are added which establish links between the actors and the use-cases with which they interact.
How should you design what items to include in your training plan?
Focus on helping the users to accomplish their jobs Focus on the system as it exists in its organizational context of getting day to day business done Keep the emphasis on what the user needs to do
database programmer
Focuses on creating and supporting large-scale database systems
What are some of the multilingual issues that you may face when developing for a global audience?
Getting good translations from the original language to the new language, screen space, and reading direction
This report is a good choice when users want to compare data.
Graphs
pilot site
Group that uses a new system first
network interface
Hardware and software that allows a computer to interact with a network
The most efficient tables (in terms of storage efficiency) in relational database management systems:
Have no redundant data
Why are interface standards important?
Help define the basic, common design elements in the system. These standards help ensure consistency throughout the system
Name two types of legacy databases and the main problems associated with each type.
Hierarchical databases use hierarchies, or inverted trees, to represent relationships. The main problem with this database model is that it cannot be used efficiently to represent non-hierarchical associations. Network databases avoid this problem, but require a considerable amount of programming effort. Programs must be written to follow the database structure, and if the database structure changes, then complex programming must be done to change the application programs as well.
Producing Documentation
High quality documentation takes about 3 hours per page or 2 hours per screen. The task should not be left to the end of the project. Time required to develop and test user documentation should be built into project plan. On-line documentation is predominant today
What to Train
IT specialists tend to focus training around system features Should focus on helping users accomplish their tasks Use scenarios provide an outline for common activities and a basis to plan training
✓Using "low-cost" personnel
If using a significant number of entry level personnel, lengthen planned time
Under what circumstances would you use an image map versus a simple list menu?
Image map is used only when the graphic image adds meaning to the menu. List menu is second level menu after the menu bar and performs action or leads to another cascading drop down menu
risk
Impact of an attack multiplied by likelihood of a vulnerability being exploited
fault management
Includes monitoring a system for signs of trouble and logging system failures
malware
Includes worms, Trojan horses, keystroke loggers, and spyware
hardening
Increases security by removing unnecessary accounts, services, and features
Project Assessment
Important for continued project improvement Especially important for junior personnel to improve quickly
loop
Indicates that one or more modules are repeated
database administrator
Individual who manages and supports a database management system
Two basic strategies to motivating adoption:
Informational strategy- to convince potential adopters that the change is for the better. (works best when more benefits than costs) Political strategy- organizational power, not information, is used to motivate change. (this is used when the cost-benefit set of the target adopters has more costs than benefits)
Why do we prototype the user interface design?
It helps the users and programmers understand how the systems will perform
o Client computers:
Input-output devices employed by users (e.g., PCs, laptops, handheld and mobile devices, smart phones)
Preparing the technology
Install hardware Install software Convert data
data warehouse
Integrated collection of data that can include seemingly unrelated information
_____ is the type of test performed to assess whether a set of classes that must work together do so without an error. A) Acceptance testing B) Beta testing C) Integration testing D) System testing E) Unit testing
Integration testing
What is the primary goal of integration testing?
Integration testing evaluates whether a set of modules or programs work together successfully. The span of an integration test is more broad than unit testing, but not as broad as system testing.
Aesthetics
Interfaces should be functional and inviting to users through careful use of white space, colors, and fonts
What is the difference between interfile and intrafile clustering? Why are they used?
Interfile clustering physically orders records within a table in some meaningful way, such as by primary key value. Interfile clustering identifies records for separate tables that are typically retrieved together and physically stores them together.
threat
Internal or external entity that could endanger an asset
Webinar
Internet-based training session that provides an interactive experience
relational model
Introduced in the 1970s and sometimes referred to as DBMS design
pilot operation
Involves implementing a complete new system at a selected location of a company
physical storage
Involves reading and writing binary data to physical media
recovery
Involves restoring data and restarting the system after an interruption
parallel programming
Involves two programmers working on the same task on the same computer
Program Design ___________________.
Is done by analysts and then the design is passed on to programmers to code
Why is project assessment important?
It enables the team and the IS organization to learn from its experience, and hopefully improve future systems development projects with the benefit of that experience
Security Requirements Access Control
Limitations on who can access what data
data mining
Looks for meaningful data patterns and relationships among data
Under what circumstances should densities be low? High?
Low densities are preferred by infrequent or novice users of an interface High densities can be acceptable to experienced users of the interface, because they are highly familiar with the information on the interface.
Selecting an Architecture Design
Lower costs often used to justify choice of client-server Recommended selection process: o Expand nonfunctional requirement details o Base architecture selection on the detailed nonfunctional requirements ▪ Operational, ▪ Performance, ▪ Security, and ▪ Cultural/political
subordinate modules
Lower-level modules that are directed by a higher-level module
Mobile Application Options
Native app Cross-platform frameworks Mobile Web app
Which of the following ways of enabling users to communicate with the system is most commonly used? A) Command languages B) Direct manipulation C) Menus D) Natural languages E) All of the above are about the same
Natural languages
Interface actions
Navigation and command action style/ ease of use
Three fundamental parts of most user interfaces?
Navigation mechanism - the way user gives instructions to the system and tells it what to do Input mechanism - the way in which the system captures information Output mechanism - system provides info to the user or other systems
Revising Management Policies
No computer system will be successfully adopted unless management policies support its adoption Management tools for supporting adoption o Standard operating procedures (SOPs) o Measurements and rewards o Resource allocation
What are some of the non-functional requirements that can influence the design of the human-computer interaction layer?
Operational, performance, security, cultural and political issues
Role of the operations group in the SDLC?
Operations group takes the system that the development team has created and makes it work for the organization on a daily basis
Three major elements of management policies that need to be considered when implementing a new system?
Organization's standard operating procedures Defining measurements and rewards Resource allocation
With regard to social media, what is the difference between "push" and "pull" approaches to interacting with customers?
PULL: user must come to you. PUSH: You put the information out to the user
Discuss the issues the project manager must consider when assigning programming tasks to programmers.
Project managers must consider the complexity of the modules being programmed against the programmers available, as well as the programmer's expertise and experience. Ideally, a project manager will be able to assign experienced programmers to the more complex modules, and the less experienced programmers to the less complex modules. If the programmer's skill and expertise are not a good match for the project, the project manager may suggest additional training or mentoring to increase the programmer's skill level.
Describe the typical way that project managers organize the programmers' work storage areas. Why is this approach useful?
Project managers often set up three distinct areas in which programmers work. Each of these can be a directory on a server, a separate server, or different physical locations, which all the programmers have access to. The three areas are the development area, the testing area, and the production area. The development area is limited to files created during the development process. Once the files or programs are complete, they are moved to the testing area. This area is used to test the code. Often, code is moved from development, to test, then back to development when and if problems are identified. Once all errors have been corrected, the program then moves to the production area.
How is project team review different from system review?
Project team review - summarizes performance by the team members. Purpose is to help the team members better understand what was done well. System review - looks back at projected costs and benefits for the system, assesses whether these costs and benefits have been achieved following implementation
confidentiality
Protects information from unauthorized disclosure and safeguards privacy
security
Protects the system, and keeps it safe, free from danger, and reliable
Institutionalizing the System
Provide support Provide maintenance Assess the project
Explain the purpose and contents of interface metaphors
Provides a concept from the real world that helps the user understand the system and how it works. If a user understands
online documentation
Provides immediate Help when users have questions or encounter problems
The acronym for the standard language used to access data in relational databases is:
SQL
Benefits of Client-Server
Scalable Can support different types of clients and servers through middleware. The presentation logic, the application logic, and the data processing logic can be independent. If a server fails, only the applications requiring that server are affected - highly reliable.
Six challenges you face when developing mobile applications?
Screens are tiny Screens come in different sizes Keypads are tiny People use mobile devices in multiple different environments Some screens provide haptic feedback, some don't Users are easily distracted from their devices
Value of Online Documentation
Searching is simplified. Information can be presented in multiple formats . New methods of interacting with documentation are possible (e.g., tool tips, animated demos, narrated demos). Less costly than paper documentation.
Virtualization
Server virtualization involves partitioning a physical server into smaller virtual servers. Storage virtualization involves combining multiple network storage devices into what appears to be single storage unit.
logical record
Set of field values that describes a single person, place, thing, or event
sequence code
Set of letters or numbers assigned in a specific order
code
Set of letters or numbers that represents a data item
repeating group
Set of one or more fields that can occur any number of times in a single record
record
Set of related fields that describes one instance, or occurrence, of an entity
referential integrity
Set of rules that avoids data inconsistency and quality problems
transference
Shifts the risk to another asset or party
control couple
Shows a message, which one module sends to another
data couple
Shows data that one module passes to another
structure chart
Shows the program modules and the relationships among them
Interface Icons
Simple pictures whose meaning clears up after using it multiple times
Some experts argue that object-oriented techniques are simpler for novices to understand and use than are DFDs and ERDs. Do you agree? Why or why not?
The OO techniques are perhaps a more realistic way of thinking about a system. Most people do not naturally think of data and processes as being separate from each other. They naturally occur together, and so this is a natural way of thinking about them. Most developers who have been trained in the structured techniques have to 'break' their old ways of thinking about systems, but once that is done, have little trouble working in the OO world.
What is Unified Modeling Language (UML)? How does it support the object approach to systems development?
The UML is the Unified Modeling Language, which was created to provide a common vocabulary of object-based terms and diagramming techniques. The UML is broad enough to support the work that must be done in an entire systems development project. UML has been accepted as a standard object-oriented development language.
Compare and contrast the rational unified process (RUP) with UML.
The Unified Modeling Language (UML) provides a common vocabulary of objectbased terms and diagramming techniques. UML is NOT a methodology, as it does not mandate how to apply the diagramming techniques. Rational unified process is a methodology developed by Rational Software Corp. that defines how to apply the Unified Modeling Language throughout a systems development process. Rational unified process is a rapid application development approach.
Describe the type of class that is best represented by a behavioral state machine diagram. Give two examples of classes that would be good candidates for behavioral state machine diagrams.
The best classes to represent on a statechart are classes that are very dynamic and complex, and changeable over a period of time. A charge account can be active, paid up, past due, suspended, and closed.
What is the biggest strength of the object database? Describe two of its weaknesses.
The biggest strength of object databases is the reusability of objects. This accelerates system development and helps keep costs manageable. Object databases are also very suitable to store complex data (e.g., graphics, video, and sound). Two weaknesses of object databases and the lack of experienced developers and the steep learning curve associated with OODBMSs.
Describe the two steps to data storage design.
The first step is to select the appropriate format for the data storage. There are several different methods of storing data (files, relational data bases, multidimensional databases, object-oriented databases) and the analyst should select the one that will provide the best approach to storing the system data. Second, the data storage must be designed to optimize its processing efficiency, which involves considering how the data will be used, and making the appropriate design decisions.
Describe the way in which the RUP is implemented on a systems project.
The first step of the rational unified process is building use cases for the system. Next, analysts develop analysis diagrams, which are gradually modified into design diagrams with physical implementation details added.
Why is content awareness important?
The interface makes the user aware of the information delivered through the interface with the least amount of user effort. If the user is constantly aware of where he is and what he is seeing, satisfaction will be high
Layout
The interface should be a series of areas on the screen that are used consistently for different purposes
Minimize User Effort
The interface should be simple to use
Cultural/Political Requirements Multilingual
The language(s) the system users will need
Cultural/Political Requirements Legal
The laws and regulations that impose system requirements
Describe the five approaches to systems testing.
The purpose of requirements testing is to determine whether the original business requirements have been met. The purpose of usability testing is to determine how convenient the system is to use from a user standpoint. The purpose of security testing is to test disaster recovery processes and unauthorized access processes. The purpose of performance testing is to examine the system's ability to perform under high loads. The purpose of documentation testing is to determine the accuracy of the current documentation.
Describe the four approaches to integration testing.
The purpose of the user interface testing is to have the user test each interface function. The purpose of the use scenario testing is to have the tester test each use scenario. The purpose of the data flow testing is to have the tester test each process using a step-by-step method. The purpose of the system interface testing is to test the exchange of data among systems.
Describe the main building blocks for the sequence diagram and how they are represented on the model.
The sequence diagram includes classes, shown by rectangles at the top of the diagram; lifelines showing the life of an object during a use case, denoted by a vertical dotted line extending below the class; a focus of control shows when an object is 'active,' sending or receiving messages, and is shown as a long narrow rectangle placed over top of a lifeline; and messages, shown as a directional arrow between objects, labeled with the message description and parameters.
Give examples of a static model and a dynamic model in UML. How are the two kinds of models different?
The sequence diagram is a dynamic model that shows an explicit sequence of messages that are passed between classes in a defined interaction. A class diagram is a static model that shows the classes and the relationships among classes that remain constant in the system over time. Dynamic models show change, while static models are unchanging.
Describe what should be considered when estimating the size of a database.
The size of the database will be based on the amount of raw data expected, the growth rate of raw data that is expected, and the overhead requirements of the DBMS.
What are Krug's three design principles?
The user should never have to think about how to navigate the user interface. "Don't make me think. The number of clicks that a user must perform to complete the task is somewhat irrelevant. Minimize the number of words on the screen
What are the commonly used sources of documentation navigation controls? Which is the most important? Why?
The table of contents is developed directly from the logical structure of the documentation topics. Index terms can come from the user interface commands and functions, the major concepts (entities) of the system, the business tasks performed by the system user, and synonyms or alternate terms for the above.
What is the difference between alpha testing and beta testing.
The term 'alpha testing' is the preliminary stage of acceptance testing in which the users work with and test the system using /dummy' data. In the 'beta testing' stage of acceptance testing, the users begin to use the system with 'live' data, but are closely monitored for errors and problems.
absolute date
The total number of days from a specific base date
How is the use-case diagram similar to the context and Level 0 data flow diagrams (DFDs)? How is it different?
The use-case diagram is similar in the sense that it shows the actors who interact with the system (similar to external entities) and it shows the major system functions. It does not show any information flowing between system functions and the system's environment nor does it show any stored data in the system.
How can you employ the use-case report to develop a use-case diagram?
The use-case report describes in detail one of the system's major functions. Each of these reports is represented on the use case diagram.
Client-Server Tiers
There are many ways in which the application logic can be partitioned between the client side and the server side. The arrangement in Figure 8-1 is called two-tiered architecture
Consider a process called "validate credit history," which is used to validate the credit history for customers who want to take out a loan. Explain how it can be an example of an includes association on a use case diagram. Describe how it is an example of an extends association. As an analyst, how would you know which interpretation is correct?
This process can be an includes association on a use case diagram if it is used or referenced, by several use cases on the diagram. It can also be an example of an extends association if it extends, or is added to the functionality of another use case.
Performance Requirements Speed
Time within which the system must perform its function
Performance Requirements Capacity
Total and peak number of users and the volume of data expected
Lewin's Change Management Model
Unfreeze- first stage of change involves preparing the organization to accept that change is necessary, which involves break down the existing status quo before you can build up a new way of operating. Change- the change stage is where people begin to resolve their uncertainty and look for new ways to do things. People start to believe and act in ways that support the new direction. Refreeze- the organization is ready to refreeze when the changes are taking shape and people have embraced the new ways of working, The outward signs of the refreeze are a stable organization chart, consistent job descriptions, and so on. The refreeze stage also needs to help people and the organization internalize or institutionalize the changes. This means making sure that the changes are used all the time; and that they are incorporated into everyday business. With a new sense of stability, employees feel confident and comfortable with the new ways of working.
primary key
Uniquely and minimally identifies a particular member of an entity
Which is NOT a consideration when designing programs in the program design step?
Use COBOL for pseudocoding
cardinality notation
Uses special symbols to represent the relationship between entities
how important is the proper use of color when developing websites for a global audience?
Very important. The same color can mean totally opposite things in different cultures.
What do you think are three common mistakes made by novice systems analysts during programming and testing?
While an analyst usually has little to do with the actual programming, they may certainly assist project managers in understanding the potential pitfalls in this phase: • Using low-cost personnel, which usually results in lower production or a low quality of work • Failing to control changes in code, either allowing scope creep, or not organizing the work through the development process • Failing to take the time to plan and conduct testing in terms of unit, integration, system, and acceptance
podcast
Web-based broadcast that allows a user to download multimedia files
Coordinating Activities
Weekly (hopefully brief) meetings Create and follow standards Organize programmers' work areas o Development area o Testing area o Production area Implement change control mechanisms Use program log to monitor program changes
Migration Planning
What activities will be performed when and by whom o Technical aspects o Organizational aspects
Business Contingency Plan
What do we do if things go very wrong during conversion? Be prepared for the worst case scenario!
Some experts agree that change management is more important than any other part of the SDLC. Agree or no? Explain
Without appropriate change management, there is significant risk of employees not using or inappropriately using an expensive new tool
applications programmer
Works on new systems development and maintenance
A higher-level component that contains the logic for performing other modules and the components that it calls and controls is called a _____.
control module
Laura sorts the information on all of her reports into alphabetical order, which makes it very hard to notice the X, Y, or Z. By sorting the information in this way Laura has introduced _____ into the manager's decision process. A) bias B) information availability C) information overload D) real-time reporting E) report usage
bias
The user interface design principle that places an emphasis on the user's ability to always know where he/she is in the system and what information is being displayed is _____. A) aesthetics B) consistency C) content awareness D) layout E) user experience
content awareness
Thin Web-based client -
business and data access logic on the server side; always connected to server.
The sponsor is the
business person who initiated the request for the new system
In a parallel conversion:
both the old and new systems are run for a period of time
Mobile Web app -
browser-based; platform independent. Most limited user experience.
Rich Internet application -
browser-based; uses some technologies on client device to provide a rich user interface (e.g., Flash)
A(n) _____ check ensures that combinations of data are valid, for example, does the zip code of an address correspond to the correct state name. A. completeness B. consistency C. database D. format E. range
consistency
_____ assures the interface will act as the users expect, while _____ assures it will look pleasing. A) layout, aesthetics B) aesthetics, consistency C) consistency, aesthetics D) consistency, layout E) aesthetics, layout
consistency, aesthetics
As an addition to a regular report, a(n) _____ report may help the user understand the change in comparison values over time or show proportions that are relative to the whole. A. detailed B. graph C. media D. summary E. turnaround
graph
When training users from a collectivistic culture it makes sense to use _____. A) online support (OLS) B) frequently asked questions (FAQ) C) on-demand training (ODT) D) group-based training E) computer-based training (CBT)
group-based training
Carlos is working on testing and documentation for a new systems project. What phase of the SDLC is he in?
implementation
The fundamental part of the user interface that permits the system to capture information is the _____ mechanism. A. description B. input C. interface D. navigation E. output
input
Why is input validation important?
input validation is important as all data which is entered into the system needs to be validated in order to ensure their accuracy
refreezing --
institutionalize and make efficient the new way of doing things
The number of errors found will be highest in the _____ stage of testing. A) unit test B) integration test C) system test D) acceptance test (alpha) E) acceptance test (beta)
integration test
The six architecture characteristics that assist in selecting the proper architecture are cost of infrastructure, cost of development, ease of development, _____, _____, and _____. A) control and security, scalability, cost of programming B) interface capabilities, control and security, cost of programming C) interface capabilities, control and security, scalability D) interface capabilities, control, and security E) interface capabilities, scalability, cost of programming
interface capabilities, control and security, scalability
The interface standard that specifies the pictures that will appear on command buttons as well as in reports and forms to highlight important information is(are) the _____. A. interface metaphor B. interface objects C. interface actions D. interface icons E. interface templates
interface icons
Thick client -
most of application logic on the client side
Which of the following is included as a basic step in a change management plan? A) convert data B) install hardware C) install software D) motivate adoption E) write plan
motivate adoption
The fundamental part of the user interface that permits the user to give instructions to the system is the _____ mechanism. A. input B. interface C. layout D. navigation E. output
navigation
Which is NOT one of the fundamental parts to a user interface design?
navigation mechanism
The change agent is the
person(s) who lead the change effort
If a trainer has been hired to train all staff before the new system goes 'live', it might be best to use:
phased conversion
When an organization has one or more locations or units within a location converted first, this is called _____ conversion. A) direct B) parallel C) phased D) pilot E) simultaneous
pilot
Phil and Maryanne would like to provide conversion advice to the TRI-COL company when it converts the manufacturing and chemical mixing computer system. TRI-COL produces a very dangerous chemical (limit the risk) used to defoliate the rainforest. What conversion location and style should they recommend? A) direct and parallel B) modular and pilot C) parallel and modular D) phased and pilot E) pilot and parallel
pilot and parallel
When information systems projects fail, the primary reason has traditionally been _____ A) improperly trained programmers B) inadequate planning C) poor analysis, design, installation, or project management D) poor programming E) shortened testing periods
poor analysis, design, installation, or project management
The type of documentation designed to be used when the user needs to learn how to perform a specific function is known as _____. A) procedural cohesion B) procedures manuals C) reference documents D) sequential cohesion E) tutorials
reference documents
A(n) _____ check ensures that the numeric data entered is within the correct minimum or maximum values. A) check digit B) completeness C) consistency D) format E) range
range
Draw the associations that are described by the following business rules. Include the multiplicities for each relationship.
see review question!
Identify the following methods as constructor, query, or update. Which operations would not need to be shown in the class rectangle?
see review question!
Conversion strategies are based on
style locations modules
o Unresolved issues passed to Level 2 Support -
specialists in the application system
Direct Conversion strategy style
stopping the old system and starting the new system on a given date (high risk, Low resources, Low time, Hi Cost)
o Application logic:
the logic documented in the DFDs, use cases, and functional requirements.
Elasticity:
the resources allocated can be increased or decreased quickly, based on demand.
One of the problems with a parallel conversion is:
the users have to enter data into both systems
During project planning, the project manager identified the programming tasks and assigned them to programming staff for programming.
true
During the implementation phase of the Systems Development Life Cycle (SDLC), systems analysts will probably be designing a variety of tests that will be performed on the new system. As programs are finalized, the systems analysts may conduct these tests to verify that the system actually does what it was designed to do. (false.....designing tests, working on documentation, selecting a conversion strategy, and implementing the new system.)
true
Which of the following interface evaluation techniques involves a highly structured assessment of the users' interaction with the system? A) heuristic evaluation B) interactive evaluation C) metaphor prototyping D) usability testing E) walk-through evaluation
usability testing
Identify the model(s) that contains each of the following components.
• Aggregation association - Class Diagram • Class - Class Diagram, Sequence Diagram • Derived attributes - Class Diagram • Extends association - Use Case Diagram • Execution occurrence - Sequence Diagram • Guard condition - Behavioral State Machine Diagram • Initial state - Behavioral State Machine Diagram • Links- Sequence Diagram • Message- Sequence Diagram • Multiplicity - Class Diagram • Specialized actor - Use Case Diagram • System boundary - Use Case Diagram • Update method - Class Diagram
Develop several guidelines to use to develop good documentation? Hint: think about behaviors that might lead to developing poor documentation.
• Consider what documentation the users need and understand how they will use the documentation. • Develop a set of documentation topics; tasks to be performed, description of commands, and definition of terms. • Develop a set of documentation navigation controls to support the documentation topics; table of contents, index, text search, intelligent agents, and links between topics • Develop a prototype of the user interface and have users test it for navigability and usability
What do you think are three common mistakes that novice analysts make in using UML techniques?
• Failing to take advantage of the reusability of objects in the system design. • Failing to transform their thinking from traditional SAD to OOSAD. • Failing to grasp and use the concept of inheritance correctly when establishing classes.
What do you think are three common mistakes made by novice analysts in preparing user documentation?
• Leaving documentation to the end and not having sufficient time to do it well. • Failing to test the documentation with users to verify its usability. • Failing to develop the documentation in terms of tasks that users need to perform.
o Technical aspects
▪ Installing hardware and software ▪ Converting data
