MIS Exam 1 (Ch. 1,5,6)

*CHAPTER 1*

*CHAPTER 1*

*CHAPTER 5*

*CHAPTER 5*

*CHAPTER 6*

*CHAPTER 6*

querying and reporting

*Data Manipulation Language*: used to add, change, delete, and retrieve the data in the database *SQL*: the standard language for relational database management systems.

information systems

*Interrelated* components working together to collect, process, store, and disseminate information to support decision making, coordination, control, analysis, and visualization in an organization.

Survival

-Businesses may need to invest in IT because they are necessities for doing business -keeping up with competitors - Federal and state requirements EX: Citibanks introducing ATMS EX: Toxic Substance Control Act (strong requirements related to accounting)

Customer and supplier intimacy

-Customers who are served well become repeat customers who purchase more -*Close relationships with suppliers result in lower costs* EX: Mandrain hotel uses IT to create close relationships with its customers keeping track of preferences

OLAP

-online analytical processing -supports multidimensional data analysis enabling users to view the same data in different ways using multiple dimensions

servers

-support computer network, sharing files and resources -provide hardware platform for e-commerce store and process shared data and perform network management activities.

Business Intelligence Infrastructure tools

1. Data warehouse 2. Data marts 3. Hadoop 4. In-memory computing 5. Analytical platforms

Problem solving 4 step process

1. Problem identification 2. Solution design 3. Choice 4. Implementation

software trends

1. open-source software: programs available to users for free (*EX*: Linux, Apache) 2. Cloud-based software and tools: (SaaS- software as a service EX: google docs) Mashups: produce from different sources a new work that is greater than the sum of its parts (EX: personalizing your Facebook to display videos and slideshows) (Zip Reality uses google maps and zillow.com) Apps: small specialized software programs that run on the internet, computer, or phone

Businesses invest in IT to achieve six important business objectives.

1. operational excellence 2. New products and services 3. customer and supplier intimacy 4. improved decision making 5. completive advantage 6. survival

field

A grouping of characters into a word, a group of words, or a complete number, such as a person's name or age.

Hypertext markup language (HTML)

A page-description language for specifying how text, graphics, video, and sound are placed on a Web page document.

magnetic disk

A secondary storage medium in which data are stored by means of magnetized spots EX: hard drives, USB flash drive, Solid State drives (SSDs): use an array of semiconductors organized as an *internal disk drive*

Problem Identification

Agreement that problem exists Definition of problem Causes of problem What can be done given resources of firm Problems are opportunities

data warehouse

Database that stores current and historical data that may be of interest to decision makers Data can be accessed but not altered

computer software

Detailed, preprogrammed instructions that control and coordinate the work of computer hardware components in an information system.

non-relational database

Developed to handle large data sets of data that is not easily organized into tables, columns, and rows

one-to-many relationship

EX: you may only have one supplier but the same supplier can provide many parts

Data Mining

Finds hidden patterns and relationships in large databases and infers rules from them to predict future behavior Associations Sequences classification clustering forecasting

Improved decision making

If managers rely on forecasts, best guesses, and luck, they will misallocate employees, services, and inventory. Real-time data improves ability of managers to make decisions. EX: verizon uses web-based digital platform to update managers with real-time data customer complaints, network performances

operational excellence

Improved efficiency results higher profitability and productivity EX: Walmart; power of combining Information systems and best business practices for example, Walmart uses Retail Link systems which digitally links its suppliers to every 9,600 walmart stores worldwide.

Information systems literacy

Includes behavioral and technical approach to studying information systems

New products, services, and business models

Information systems and technologies enable firms to create new products, services, and business models. EX: Apple transforming old music distribution to iTunes Apple constant innovations-- ipod, iphone, ipad

Big Data

IoT, looking *large* amounts of data from web traffic, email, social media

one-to-one relationship

One record in a table matches exactly one record in another table

Hadoop

Open-source software framework from Apache Designed for big data Breaks data task into sub-problems and distributes the processing to many inexpensive computer processing nodes Combines result into smaller data set that is easier to analyze

Java

Operating system-independent, processor-independent, object-oriented programming language created by Sun Microsystems migrated into mobile phones, automobiles, music players, game machines

grid computing

Power of geographically remote computers connected into single network to act as "virtual supercomputer"

In-memory computing

Relies on computers main memory (RAM) for data storage.

The mobile digital platform

Smartphones (iPhone, Android, and Blackberry). - Data transmission, Web surfing, e-mail, and IM. -tablets, kindle fire etc used for consumer or corporate computing.

Web services

Software components that exchange information with one another using universal Web communication standards and languages XML foundation of web services; a more powerful and flexible markup language than HTML for web pages

client/server computing

Splits processing between clients and servers. Both are on the network, but each machine is assigned functions it is best suited to perform.

Information policy

States organization's rules for organizing, managing, storing, sharing information

Two-tiered client/server architecture

The simplest client/server network consists of a client computer networked to a server computer, with processing split between the two types of machines.

optical disks

Use laser technology to store large quantities of data, including sound and images, in a compact form; CD-ROM(compact disc read only memory); DVD's

Total Cost of Ownership (TCO)

Used to analyze direct and indirect costs to help determine the actual cost of owning a specific technology Direct Cost: hardware, software purchase costs Indirect Cost: ongoing administration costs, upgrades, maintenance, technical support Hidden Costs: support staff, downtime, additional network management TCO can be reduced through increased centralization, standardization of hardware/software resources

Cloud Computing

a flexible collection of computers on the internet begin to perform tasks traditionally performed by corporate computers SaaS: Software as a Service

byte

a group of bits represents a single character EX: a letter, number, or symbol

file

a group of records of the same type

record

a group of related fields

database

a group of related files heart of all information systems because it keeps track the people, places, and things a business must deal with

Scalability

ability of system to expand to serve large number of users without breaking down

Text mining

allows businesses to extract key elements from, discover patterns in, and summarize large unstructured data sets

data dictionary

automated or manual file storing definitions of data elements and their characteristics

Social Business

businesses using social networking platforms including Facebook, twitter, intsagram to deepen interactions with customers, employees, suppliers

storage networking

contemporary computer data storage technology can divide and replicate data among multiple linked physical drives or storage devices connect multiple storage devices on a separate high-speed network dedicated to storage

Outsourcing

contracting with an external service provider to run their computer and networks, to develop new software, or manage IT infrastructures

information

data shaped into meaningful, useful form

MIS

deals with behavioral issues as well as technical issues surrounding the development, use, and impact of information systems that managers and employees in the firm

output devices

display data after they have been processed EX: monitor, printer, audio output

autonomic computing

effort to develop systems that can manage themselves without user intervention

HTML5

embed images, audio, video, and other elements directly into a document without processor-intensive add-ons.

referntial integrity

enforced by relational database to ensure that relationships between coupled tables remain constant.

Choice

factors include: cost feasibility given resources and skills Length of time to implement solution

analytic platforms

feature preconfigured hardware-software systems that are specifically designed for query processing and analytics uses both relational and non-relational technology

computer literacy

focuses primarily on knowledge of information technology

input devices

gather data and covert them into electronic form EX: keyboard, computer mouse, touch screen

entity

generalized category representing person, place, thing on which we store and maintain information. EX: SUPPLIER, PART

business model

how a company produces, delivers, and sells a product or service

logical vs physical view

how end users view data how data are actually structured and organized

Implementation

includes purchasing hardware/software test solution train employees *change management*: many techniques used to bring about successful change in a business

Activities in an information system that produce information

input: captures or collects raw data from within the organizations processing: converts raw input into a meaningful form output: transfers the processed information to the people who will use it or to the activities for which it'll be used feedback: output that is returned to appropriate members of an organization to help them evaluate or correct the input stage

mainframe computer

large-capacity, high performance, computer that can process large amounts of data very rapidly EX: American Airlines uses mainframes to process upward 3000 reservation transactions per second.

many-to-many relationship

link the two tables in a table that joins this information. "join tables"

Primary secondary storage technology

magnetic disks optical disks magnetic tape storage networks

solution design

many possible solutions consider as many as possible to understand range of solutions

Normalization

minimize redundant elements minimize awkward many-to-many relationships increases stability and flexibility

cloud computing

model of computing in which computer processing, storage, software, and other services are provided as a shared pool of virtualized resources over a network/Internet.

relational database

most common type of database organizes data in two-dimensional tables with columns and rows Fields: (Columns) store data representing an attribute Rows: (records/tuples) the actual information about a single supplier Key field: uniquely identifies each record. Primary Key: one field in each table cannot be duplicated

magnetic tape

older storage technology that is used for secondary storage of large quantities of data that are needed rapidly but not instantly

Green computing

practices and technologies for designg, manufacturing, using, and disposing of computers, and servers to minimize impact on environment *power reduction*

capacity planning

process of predicting when a computer hardware system becomes saturated (storage being filled up) Ensuring the firm has enough computing power for current and future needs Factors include: max number of users impact of current/future software performance measures

Application Software

programing languages for businesses C C++ Java

Entity Relationship Diagram

provides the manner in which two tables are related to each other.

data administration

responsible for specific policies and procedures through which data can be managed as a resource

Localization

same tools but different countries have different quarks for doing things

cloud services

small businesses "rent" infrastructure from provider to avoid expenses of maintaining hardware/software on their own.

super computer

specially, more sophisticated designed computer that can perform complex calculations extremely rapidly

attribute

specific characteristics of each entity. EX: SUPPLIER: name, adress, etc PART: description, unit price

Database Management System (DBMS)

specific type of software for creating, storing, organizing, and accessing data from a database separates logical and physical views of data EX: microsoft access, oracle database, microsoft SQL, MYSQL

data definition capabilities

specify structure of content of database. define the characteristics of the fields in each table

data

streams of raw facts

Data mart

subset of data warehouse that is highly focused and isolated for a specific population of users

critical thinking

sustain suspension of judgement with an awareness of multiple perspectives and alternatives 1. maintaining doubt and suspending judgement 2. being aware of different perspectives 3. testing altertnatives and letting experience guide 4. being aware of organizational and personal limitations

Operating system software

systems chief manager, enabling system to handle many tasks and users at the same time. *GUI*: graphical user interface which makes extensive use of icons, buttons, bars, and boxes to perform tasks PC operating systems: windows 10, Mac (OSX Lion), UNIX, Linux (open source) Mobile operating systems: Chrome, Andriod, iOS

information technology

the hardware and software a business uses to achieve objectives

computer hardware

the physical equipment used for input, processing, and output activities in an information system

Bit

the smallest unit of data in a computer

Operating system software vs application software

the system software that manages and controls computers activities other system consists of computer language translation programs that convert programming language into machine language that can be understood by the computer

Multi-tiered architecture

the work of the entire network is balanced over several levels of servers, depending on the kind of service being requested.

competative advantage

when a firm achieves one or more of the 6 business objectives Advantages over competitors: -charging less for superior products -better performance/ response to suppliers and customers

Workstations vs. personal computers

workstations are used for powerful graphics or computational capabilities that fit on a desktop

Operations of relational DBMS

• select - creates a subset of all records meeting stated criteria • join - combines relational tables to present the server with more information than is available from individual tables • project - creates a subset consisting of columns in a table, permits user to create new tables containing only desired information