Mizzou Poli Sci 1100 Exam 3 Horner

How many standing committees are there in the House of Representatives?

20

According to both the commentary and the textbook, there are several limits on the power of the Supreme Court. Briefly list and explain four of these limits.

- The Court cannot enforce its decisions and is instead dependent on the executive branch to do so. - Justices are appointed by the president and as a result the president has some say over the makeup of the court and the way the court will likely vote. - Congress has the power to confirm judicial nominees and to restructure the courts. This can influence the courts decisions in an effort for the court to not be restructured. - Judges must practice judicial restraint in order to be respected. This includes not voting based on personal opinions and being careful about over turning a precedent.

List four types of speech which fall outside the guarantees of the First Amendment, according to the textbook.

-Libel and slander -Obscenity and pornography -Fighting words -Commercial speech

What are the five formal powers of the president?

-President is head of executive branch - President has legislative powers such as vetoing bills, calling special sessions in Congress, and giving the State of the Union address. -President is the chief diplomat and can grant recognition to other countries, negotiate treaties, and appoint ambassadors. -President is commander in chief and can send troops into action. -President can influence judiciary branch and appoint judges.

The textbook notes several differences between the House and the Senate. List and briefly explain four of these.

-Representatives in the House are elected by districts apportioned by population while Senators are elected by their states - Senators have 6-year terms while House Representatives have 2 year terms so Senators have more freedom to explore new ideas. - House members have a local constituency which allows them to serve local interest groups while Senators have a local and statewide constituency and are therefore better equipped for serving large scale movements. - There are only two Senators per state while a state's number of representatives in the House depends on its population size.

Briefly explain the steps in the budget-making process.

-The White House submits a budget prepared by the Office of Management and Budget to Congress the first Monday in February. -The Congressional Budget office gives the Budget Committee its analysis of the budget. - The Senate budget committee gives a concurrent resolution on the budget to the Senate. -The resolution is usually adopted by a party-line vote. - The House begins work on the 13 appropriation bills. Budget bills are then sent to Senate for debate. -The Senate finishes an appropriations bill. The bill is then reconciled with the House version and given to the president to sign. - Continuing resolutions are passed if the budget is not complete by October 1st. If the resolutions are not signed by the president the government shuts down.

There are two court cases that gave formal recognition to foreign policy powers presidents had informally assumed since the days of George Washington. Briefly explain each case.

-United States v Curtiss-Wright: FDR banned the sale of arms to two South American countries in an effort to establish peace there. Curtiss-Wright company sold guns to them anyways. It was decided that the president has inherent power in foreign policy and the gun company was in the wrong -United States v Belmont: Presidents can make executive agreements without the ratification of Congress.

According to the textbook, how many bills are introduced in a typical congressional session and what percentage of them die in committee?

8000,95%

According to the textbook, what is a writ of habeas corpus?

A court order that the individual in custody be brought to court and shown the reason for detention.

According to the textbook, what is a party unity vote? In which chamber of Congress is party unity typically greater?

A party unity vote is when half or more of the members of one party take one position while at least half the members of the other party take the opposing position. Party unity is usually greater in the House of Representatives.

What term describes the system of justice in American courts where two sides face each other in court as either the prosecution and the defense in a criminal case or the plaintiff and the defendant in a civil case?

Adversarial system

According to the textbook, what is the largest category of US foreign assistance?

American security interests or economic concerns.

Briefly explain the foreign policy duties of presidents.

Assemble and maintain adequate national security- The president must be aware of issues and work towards fixing national security problems. Avoid arms proliferation- The president must work to keep dangerous weapons out of the hands of those deemed as a threat. Promote US economic interests abroad- The presidents must work towards fair tariffs and trades Manage crises- The president is responsible for the views and policy regarding a crisis. Promote democracy and human rights- The president must work towards democracy and rights for people throughout the world.

In what case did the Supreme Court say that the Bill of Rights was a limit on the actions of only the Federal government?

Barron v Baltimore

According to the textbook, what is the name given to the group of heads of federal government agencies? What is the name sometimes given to the president's informal group of close advisers?

Cabinet, Kitchen Cabinet.

Which piece of federal legislation prohibited discrimination in public accommodations and employment?

Civil Rights Act of 1964

Which piece of federal legislation prohibited discrimination in the sale or rental of housing?

Civil Rights Act of 1968

Explain the difference between civil rights and civil liberties.

Civil liberties are protections given to citizens from improper government action. Civil rights are rights that the government tries to protect for certain groups. Civil liberties are restrictions on the government while civil rights are not.

How are committee assignments made, and how are committee chairs chosen?

Committee chairs are typically chosen through a seniority system. Party Committees on Committees and party caucuses ultimately determine memberships of committees and committee chairs.

According to the textbook, there are two kinds of judicial review. What is the difference between concrete and abstract judicial review? Which type (s) of review does the US Supreme Court do?

Concrete judicial review- A case must be brought to court before a law is declared unconstitutional. Abstract judicial review- The constitutional court does not have to wait for a case to come to court in order to declare as law unconstitutional. The United States has concrete judicial review.

Explain what it means to say that Congress is an institution designed not to work very well.

Congress is made of two houses in order for there to be a separation of powers. This means that Congress was designed to be divided and the houses to work against each other therefore not being very productive.

Explain the "paradox of Congress."

Congress is the national legislature but instead of serving national interests it mostly serves local interests of members. This is largely due to the local orientation of Congress and contributes to the total national debt.

According to the textbook, list two ways members of Congress represent organized interests

Congress represents organized interests at the local level via the House of Representatives and at the statewide and national level via the Senate. This representation is a reflection of how members are voted into office and the number of people that the members serve.

According to the textbook, what are contributory programs? Give two examples.

Contributory programs are a category of welfare program that is financed by taxation or other mandatory contributions by their present or future recipients. Ex: Social Security and Medicare

According to the textbook, what is the difference between de facto and de jure segregation?

De jure segregation is segregation required by law. De facto segregation is segregation that exists but is not required by law.

According to the textbook, what are the two departments of government which "occupy center stage in maintaining national security?"

Departments of State and Defense

According to the textbook, the representation of a government to other foreign governments is called ____________________.

Diplomacy

According to the textbook, there are three major tools of American foreign policy. What are two of these three tools?

Diplomacy and the United Nations.

According to the textbook, briefly explain what does EOP stand for? What does the EOP do?

Executive Office of the President. The EOP is the collection of permanent agencies that perform specific management tasks for the president.

According to the textbook, what type of agreement negotiated by presidents with other nations does not require a two-thirds vote in the Senate to ratify it?

Executive agreement

According to the textbook, what are executive orders and signing statements?

Executive order- A rule or regulation issued by the president that holds the power of formal legislation (Ginsberg, 319) Signing statement- The president's announcement when signing bills into law. Oftentimes this gives us the president's interpretation of the law. (Ginsberg, 332)

Define executive orders and how presidents have used them to expand their power.

Executive orders are designed so the president is able to implement laws passed by Congress. Executive orders have the same power as a law and Presidents have expanded their power by using them to implement their own policy that was not approved by Congress.

Explain executive privilege and why it is controversial. Cite an example of a president claiming executive privilege.

Executive privilege is the privilege of the president to keep some discussions and actions a secret from those outside of the executive branch. This means that other branches of the government such as Congress does not have knowledge of all information. This can make policy making difficult. Ex: President Nixon claimed executive privilege during the Watergate Scandal.

According to the textbook, what type of government agency is responsible for promoting pubic welfare?

Federal bureaucracies

Explain why federal judges are appointed and not elected.

Federal judges are appointed because framers sought good administration in the courts. They did not want the judges to be influenced by parties or trying to win elections. The judges were to be objective in their rulings and a public opinion on judges might change that.

Explain the two reasons why federal judges are appointed for life.

Federal judges are appointed for life one because this provides an incentive for someone to become a federal judge. Without this many people would not be attracted to the position. Secondly, a lifetime appointment protects the judicial branch from external pressure, provides it a sense of independence and power, and protects it from other branches of government.

When a member, or group of members, begins speaking in the Senate and won't stop, it is called what? In order to stop this, a vote of what percent of the senators is required? This is called a vote for what?

Filibuster. 60% vote required to stop a filibuster. The vote is called a vote for cloture.

List the five amendments said to protect the right to privacy and briefly explain them.

First- Freedom of association Third- Freedom from having to quarter troops in your home during times of piece Fourth- Protection from unreasonable search and seizures Fifth- Freedom from compulsory self-incrimination Ninth- Citizens have rights not listed in the Bill of Rights

What rights are protected by the following amendments? First, Third, Fourth, Fifth, Sixth and Eighth.

First- Freedom of religion, speech and press Third- Freedom from quartering soldiers in times of peace Fourth- Protection from unwarrantable search and seizure Fifth- Protections for accused persons. Freedom from being tried for the same crime twice, being a witness against himself, and protection of life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness Sixth- Right to a speedy trial, witnesses, and legal counsel Eighth- Freedom from excessive bails, fines, and cruel and unusual punishment

Briefly explain fiscal and monetary policy. Which government personnel are responsible for implementing each type of policy?

Fiscal policy refers to the government taxing and spending. Congress and the president control fiscal policy. Monetary policy refers to the supply of money available in the economy and is controlled by the Federal Reserve Board.

According to the textbook, what 1947 international agreement established many of the rules governing international trade?

General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT)

What are "going public" and the "power to persuade" and why are they contradictory to each other?

Going public means, the president speaks to the public in an effort to convince the public to put pressure on Congress to make a decision in the president's favor. The power to persuade refers to the power to negotiate quietly, out of the public eye. Both are methods to reach a goal the president wants to achieve but going public means that negotiations in private did not work. The power to persuade put an emphasis on a president's personal abilities but going public shows the president was incapable of persuasion.

Explain why Americans accept, even expect, some government regulation of the economy.

Government regulation helps control cycles of boom and bust in the economy. After the Great Depression, Americans accept government regulation so the country does not find itself in an economic crisis again.

The textbook gives three examples of judicial review of presidential actions during the administration of President George W. Bush. What are the three examples? Briefly explain what the Supreme Court ruled in each case.

Hamdi v Rumsfeld- The Supreme Court ruled that Hamdi had the right to legal counsel as he was a US citizen. Hamdan v Rumsfeld- The presidentially created commission that was to be used to try Hamdan was against US treaties and violated federal law. Boumediene v Bush- The Supreme Court ruled habeas corpus is a fundamental right.

The roles of the president can be summarized by two general categories. Briefly describe each of them.

Head of state- A ceremonial positioning which the president represents the United States as whole to both Americans and the rest of the world. Head of government- The president enforces laws, makes political decisions, and takes sides in issues.

Explain what is meant by a mixed economy.

In a mixed economy there are features of capitalism and socialism such as government ownership and government regulation of the economy.

According to the textbook, ____________________ are set up by Congress outside the departmental structure, usually with broad powers to provide public services that are either too expensive or too important to be left to private initiatives.

Independent agencies

According to the textbook, the policy of avoiding involvement in the affairs of other nations is known as ____________________.

Isolationism

Explain in what sense the American judicial system is non-political.

Judges are not elected and judges do not make decisions based on what the majority wants. Politics are essentially not relevant to them at all.

The power to assess the constitutionality of laws passed by Congress and actions of the president is called what?

Judicial review

According to the textbook, which Supreme Court decision recognized a right to privacy to same-sex partners?

Lawrence v Texas

What are the two basic levels of courts? What are the three types of courts?

Levels- Courts of original jurisdiction and Appellate courts Types- District courts, Circuit Courts of Appeal, and Supreme Court

Define libel and give an example

Libel is a written statement made in reckless disregard for the truth that is malicious, scandalous, and defamatory. An example would be is an article was published accusing a presidential candidate for having an affair while he was not. This would be untrue and produced to hurt the chances of him winning the presidential nomination.

What is the name of the position of the political leader of the US Senate? Who currently holds that position?

Majority Leader- Mitch McConnell

Explain the difference between mandatory spending and discretionary spending.

Mandatory spending is spending that Congress and the president have no control over. This includes spending for Social Security and national debt. Discretionary spending is spending Congress and the president do have control over and can be adjusted year to year.

Explain in what case the court established the precedent of using the power in question 7 above. What was the logic used by Chief Justice John Marshall to lay the groundwork for this power?

Marbury v Madison. Marshall thought that the Supreme Court's power to issue a writ of mandamus was violating the separation of powers established. Thus, the court was unable to carryout a writ of mandamus. This was the first time the court looked at a law and decided it was unconstitutional. This set a precedent for the Supreme Court's power of judicial review.

According to the textbook, a process that requires applicants to show financial need for public assistance is called ___________________.

Means testing

Explain what it means that members of the House and Senate have a local orientation.

Members make decisions based on the population in their local area because they are dependent on them for re-election.

What is the name of the political leader of the party in the minority in the US Senate? Who currently holds that position?

Minority Leader- Chuck Schumer

According to the textbook, which federal program greatly increased the federal role in K-12 education?

No Child Left Behind

According to the textbook, programs that provide assistance to people based on demonstrated need rather than any contribution they have made are known as _____________________.

Noncontributory programs

According to the textbook, what is the name of the United States-Western European military alliance originally formed as a defense against the Soviet Union and its Eastern European allies?

North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)

According to the textbook, incumbency can help members of Congress by scaring off potential challengers. In a sentence or two, explain what the authors mean by this.

Often times people that are considering running for office are scared off by the incumbents because they are already well known, well liked, and have more resources to win reelection than new candidates.

According to the textbook, senior citizens receive roughly what fraction of all federal dollars? Which two programs make up most of that spending?

Over a third. Social Security and Medicare.

According to the textbook, the effort by Congress, through hearings, investigations, and other techniques, to exercise control over the activities of executive agencies is known as __________________.

Oversight

Patronage was replaced by the Civil Service Commission and a merit system of hiring. Explain what this means.

Patronage was a system in which positions were awarded based on those one knew. The Civil Service Commission and merit system that bases position off abilities replaced patronage to stop corruption. This means that those that now have jobs are supposed to be the best suited for that job. Peter's law says that at some point the merit system puts people in positions that they are inadequate for based off their performance at a lower position.

Explain the Peter principle and Parkinson's law and how they affect bureaucracies.

Peter principle- Bureaucracies promote people until they are in a position that they are not well suited for. This means that at some point people will not be the best for the job they have and in turn can not produce efficiently. This in turn causes the bureaucracy to not produce efficiently. Parkinson's law- Bureaucracies have no incentive to be ahead of schedule or under budget so they will use as much of those resources as they can. This means that bureaucracies work slower than they should just so they can use resources that were allocated to them. In turn the bureaucracy does not produce in an efficient way.

There are several current goals of American foreign policy. Explain two of these goals.

Physical protection- One of the US's foreign policy goals is physical protection from threats from other countries. Protecting economic growth and security- The US's foreign policy seeks to protect the economic growth and security of the country which has become much more dependent on foreign countries.

According to the textbook, a negotiated settlement to a criminal case is known as a __________________.

Plea bargain

When a criminal prosecution is settled by a deal between the defendant and the prosecutor, this is known as what?

Plea bargain

According to your textbook, a _________________ is a veto which is automatically triggered if the president does not act on a given piece of legislation during the final ten days of a legislative session.

Pocket veto

A past decision that is relevant to a new case is called what?

Precedent

What are the two Senate leadership positions created by the Constitution, and who currently holds them?

President of the Senate- Mike Pence President Pro Tempore- Charles Grassley

Are presidents more or less powerful in domestic policy than in foreign policy? Explain your answer.

Presidents are more powerful in foreign policy than domestic policy. In foreign policy presidents are allowed to act largely alone. In domestic policy the president must work with Congress and Congress has more power when it comes to legislature. This limits the president's power in domestic policy.

Explain why presidents have so much power in the making of foreign policy, and give an example of a president acting in complete disregard of Congress when it comes to foreign policy.

Presidents have a lot of power regarding foreign policy because the rules that have been established over the years allow presidents to act mostly independently. Presidents do not need the approval of Congress or other bodies of power to act the way they would like to. Ex: Theodore Roosevelt sent the navy around the world without the approval of Congress.

According to the textbook, the George W. Bush administration moved from a policy of deterrence to one of ____________________. What was the reason for this shift?

Preventative war. This was to counter new security threats posed by rogue nations and terrorist groups.

According to the textbook, what is prior restraint? Give an example of a Supreme Court decision saying the government couldn't use prior restraint.

Prior restraint are efforts by the government to block the publication of material it deems libelous or harmful. Censorship. Ex: New York Times v United States

According to the textbook, the transfer of all or part of a program from the public sector to the private sector is known as _________________.

Privatization

The textbook addresses three techniques of public control. What are these three techniques?

Promotional- Policies that encourage people to do something be rewarding them. Regulatory-Policies that include adopting rules that put restrictions on the conduct of private citizens. Redistributive- Policies that control people by manipulating the entire economy rather than controlling people directly

According to the textbook, what two forms of sexual harassment did the Supreme Court recognize in 1986?

Quid pro quo type and hostile environment type

According to the textbook, the process of re-drawing Congressional districts every ten years is known as what?

Redistricting

According to the textbook, what is an example of a regulatory policy?

Regulatory taxation- Taxes to influence conduct by making something more or less expensive. Ex: Cigarette taxes

__________ judges believe that the judiciary is the least democratic branch of government and that they should defer to the other branches, whose officials are elected. __________ judges don't believe the judiciary is the least democratic branch and are less concerned with showing deference and following proper procedures.

Restrained, activist

According to the textbook, __________________ are responsible for collecting taxes.

Revenue agency

Explain what the Supreme Court decided in McLaurin v. Oklahoma State Regents.

Schools could not segregate a person on their campus as it denied them the opportunity to exchange views with peers.

Explain the process of selective incorporation.

Selective incorporation is the slow process of taking each right established in the Bill of Rights and applying it to the states. This has happened over a long period of time and each right is applied individually or with only a few other rights making the process slow.

List and briefly explain the two legal doctrines that civil rights advocates wished to change at the beginning of the movement.

Separate but equal- Segregation was legal if facilities were of the same quality State action- States were not allowed to segregate but private enterprises were.

Explain what the Cold War was

The Cold War was the era of confrontation between the US and the Soviet Union regarding communism. This included various actions by both sides to build up military power and compete with each other but did not result in an actual war between the two countries.

What is the name of the highest-ranking position in the House of Representatives? Who is the person currently holding this position?

Speaker of the House. Nancy Pelosi

According to the textbook, a test used by the Supreme Court in racial discrimination cases that places the burden of proof on the government to show that the law in question in constitutional is known as _________________.

Strict scrutiny

What institution of government is most responsible for defining the civil liberties guaranteed by the Constitution?

Supreme Court

According to the textbook, what is the Bush Doctrine?

The Bush Doctrine is a foreign policy that the United States should take preemptive actions against threats.

Explain the original purpose of the Fourteenth Amendment.

The Fourteenth Amendment was originally created in order to protect the rights of freed slaves that the national government had established.

According to the textbook, why was the International Monetary Fund created?

The International Monetary Fund was created to provide for short term flow of money. It provides loans and facilitates international monetary exchanges.

What is the name of the third ranking position in the House of Representatives? Who is the person currently holding this position?

The Majority Whip. James Clyburn.

What is the name of the second ranking position in the House of Representatives? Who is the person currently holding this position?

The Majority leader. Steny Hoyer.

What is the name of the leadership position of the minority party in the House of Representatives? Who is the person currently holding this position?

The Minority leader. Kevin McCarthy.

Explain what the Monroe Doctrine was and why it was articulated by President Monroe in 1823.

The Monroe Doctrine was a warning to foreign powers to not meddle in the Western Hemisphere. This was issued because the United States believed itself to be the great power in the Western Hemisphere and following manifest destiny, that it was supposed to expand its borders. This did not allow for other countries to spread their borders hence the warning.

What party currently holds the majority in the House of Representatives? What party is currently in the majority in the Senate?

The Republicans held the majority in the House of Representatives after the 2016 elections, this changed to the Democrats after the 2018 elections. The Republicans currently hold majority in the Senate.

What committee does the House of Representatives have that the Senate does not really have? What is the purpose of this committee?

The Rules Committee. The committee establishes rules for how a bill will be debated on the floor. This includes time limits and whether amendments will be allowed. The committee also determines the House agenda.

Briefly explain the process by which a bill becomes a law.

The Speaker of the House or the President of the Senate receives a bill. The bill then goes through committees and sub committees. There is then a hearing committee markup. Eventually the bill makes it to the House or Senate floor. From there the bill goes to the other chamber of Congress (from the House to the Senate and vice versa). The bill goes through the same process and amendments are then made. After the amendments are made, they go from the chamber in which they were amended to the other chamber's floor. There the bill can be approved or a conference committee can be held and the bill adopted by both chambers. The bill then goes to the White House where is can be approved or vetoed and sent back to the House and Senate floor where the veto can be overridden.

According to the textbook, what is the "power behind the power"?

The Staff System

Explain what the Supreme Court decided in Missouri ex. rel. Gaines v. Canada.

The Supreme Court decided that black students must have a viable option for school. This did not desegregate schools but worked to provide black students an equal opportunity to receive a degree.

Explain what the Supreme Court decided in Sweatt v. Painter.

The Supreme Court determined that in order to segregate the schools had to be equal in opportunities, caliber of education, and resources. Texas decided to desegregate UT instead of add to the all-black law school.

Explain what the Supreme Court decided in Brown v. Board of Education (1954).

The Supreme Court determined that segregation in schools was unlawful because there was no way to make segregated schools equal on the basis that they made black students feel inferior.

What important precedent was established by the Supreme Court in the case Marbury v. Madison?

The Supreme Court has the power of judicial review.

What was the flaw in the 1955 Supreme Court decision of Brown v. Board of Education?

The Supreme Court ordered schools to be desegregated at deliberate speed. This allowed states to take as long as they wanted to desegregate schools if they claimed they were acting at deliberate speeds. This resulted in very few schools being desegregated.

List and briefly explain two of the lessons learned from the war in Vietnam.

The Vietnam War taught the US that the president had vast power when it came to going to war albeit unofficially. This led to the War Powers Act in an effort to put restraints on this power. In addition, the aftermath taught us that the domino theory that the US relied on to justify its involvement was not fool proof. This causes us to now think longer and harder about the effects and reasons for going to war.

Explain the practical and symbolic reasons that making the budget is so important.

The budget provides the government money to operate. The budget also reflects the values and priorities of the people and parties in power.

When it is said that a major responsibility of the bureaucracy is "regulation," what does this mean?

The bureaucracy instills many regulatory agencies. These impose limits, restrictions, or other obligations on individuals and companies in the private sector. This is a large responsibility of the bureaucracy.

Explain the differences between who is constitutionally eligible to become president and the group of people who have, in reality, been elected president

The constitution allows nearly every American to run or become president at some point in their lives. In reality, those that become president tend to be Christian, white, and male with government experience. Those without these criteria have a very small chance of becoming president.

Why was it thought that courts should have the power to assess constitutionality?

The courts possess the power to assess constitutionality because both the president and Congress are actively involved in creating laws. Therefore, they cannot assess constitutionality. The Supreme Court is used to acting objectively which is needed when assessing constitutionality. The Supreme Court has the ability to put the Constitution over everything when assessing laws.

When issuing an opinion of the Supreme Court, the decision of the court is referred to as what? The explanation of the decision is referred to as what?

The decision is a brief summary of the facts of the case. The explanation of the decision is the majority opinion.

Explain the difference between the concepts of the living constitution and original intent of the Constitution.

The idea of the living constitution suggests that the constitution should be up for different interpretations according to the times. It means that the constitution was not created to be read in a literal sense but interpreted instead. Original intent of the Constitution means that it should be read literally and the ideas should not change regardless of the changes in society over time.

What were the two tracks of the civil rights movement?

The legal movement and the protest movement.

What two important constitutional clauses were used to support the power of the Federal government in McCulloch v. Maryland?

The necessary and proper clause and the supremacy clause.

What is the primary power of the Supreme Court?

The power to persuade.

The presidents who have been successful in domestic policy making shared some circumstances that allowed that success. Describe those circumstances and illustrate your answer with an example.

The presidents that have been successful in domestic policy have all been presidents during or right after a national crisis such as an economic crisis, terrorism or an assassination. These circumstances unify people to work for some sort of change. In addition, the presidents share the same party as the majority in Congress. For example: LBJ became president after JFK was assassinated. This national tragedy led to support for LBJ and his policies. In addition, he was a Democrat and the majority of Congress at the time was Democratic.

What is the primary function of American courts? What is the primary objective of American courts?

The primary function is to make decisions. The primary objective is to protect liberty and individual rights.

Although the Constitution says nothing about the right to abortion, birth control, or homosexual conduct, all have been found to be protected by a right to what?

The right to privacy

What is the one characteristic shared by all bureaucracies?

They are almost all hopelessly inefficient.

Which piece of federal legislation prohibited denying African Americans the right to vote?

Voting Rights Act of 1965

According to the textbook, which groups of people are most likely to be poor?

Women and minorities

When someone appeals a case to the Supreme Court, they are asking it to issue what? How many judges must agree before the court will issue this?

Writ of certiorari. 4 judges must agree.