MKT 3510 Test #2

Products that consumers are willing to pay more for are called ________ products.

cult

________ describes consumption at the low end.

Inertia

________ is the process by which the consumer surveys the environment for appropriate data to make a reasonable decision.

Information search

A SYSTEM WHICH WE DEFINE PEOPLE BY WHAT THEY DO FOR A LIVING

Occupational Prestige

Japan is a very tightly knit culture with rich history and social identification. In this culture, people tend to infer meanings that go beyond the spoken word. This classifies Japan as a ________ culture.

high-context

Anna Jeter has a sudden urge she couldn't resist to buy a new purse; she was engaging in ________.

impulse buying

A set of multiple symbolic behaviors that occur in a fixed sequence and tend to be repeated is called a ________.

ritual

A garage sale is an example of what is called ________.

lateral recycling

Today many people appreciate the intimacy of exchanging items with "real people" rather than getting them from big companies. The notion of doing business with other consumers rather than with companies goes by the name ________.

P2P commerce

Raymond Chandler wrote classic American detective stories. By always using certain roles for his characters and props that were appropriate to the genre, Chandler's novels followed a(n) ________.

cultural formula

cultural gatekeepers

individuals who are responsible for determining the types of messages and symbolism to which members of mass culture are exposed

Kraft has repackaged its salad dressings as "anything" dressings to encourage people to shift their ________ and consider the dressings as a complement to more than just salads.

knowledge structures

Consumer satisfaction/dissatisfaction is part of the ________ step of the consumer decision-making process.

postpurchase evaluation

When a consumer is determining her overall feelings or attitudes about a product after purchasing it, she is involved in the ________ step of the consumer decision-making process.

postpurchase evaluation

The cultural learning acquired through ________ leads immigrants to a process of adaptation.

translation

A middle class person with an income at least 15 percent lower than the median middle class income, would be considered a(n) ________ consumer.

underprivileged

Blue-collar workers with relatively high-prestige jobs consider themselves as ________.

working class lower middle

conspicuous consumption

buying expensive services and products in order to flaunt your wealth

Items such as Swiffer, Keurig, and Dove target ________.

Baby Boomers

________ refers to the set of individuals and organizations that create and market cultural products.

Culture production system (CPS)

________ are 8- to 14-year-old children.

Tweens

A nuclear family consists of ________.

a mother, a father, and at least one child

Shannon Reeves and Tish Phillips remember their days as student protesters in the 1960s. Shannon remembers seeing Jim Hendrix at Woodstock and Tish remembers burning her bra in front of the central administration building at Yale. These memories about cultural heroes and events are one of the chief characteristics of an age ________.

cohort

The systematic acquisition of a particular object or set of objects is called ________.

collecting

evaluative criteria

consist of a set of salient, or important, attributes about a particular product

John Jones purchases products to show visible evidence of his ability to afford luxury goods, John is practicing ________.

conspicuous consumption

According to ________, we evaluate the effort we'll need to make a particular choice and then we tailor the amount of cognitive "effort"; we expend to make that choice.

constructive processing

Through the process of ________, objects associated with sacred events or people become sacred in their own right.

contamination

Hundreds of millions of consumers around the world have the purchasing power to afford higher quality products. This consumer group, known as the ________, tend to buy affordable cars rather than luxury cars.

mass class

A story containing symbolic elements that express the shared emotions and ideals of a culture is called a ________.

myth

________ is/are the mental characteristics of people and the way they relate to their environment and social group.

Ideology

social mobility

Movement of individuals or groups from one position in a society's stratification system to another

The ________ Generation includes people who were born between the two World Wars.

Silent

People born between 1946 and 1964 belong to ________.

The Baby Boomer Generation

A person who receives rewards and status because of his hard work is said to have ________ status.

achieved

bounded rationality

a process of making decisions by constructing simplified models that extract the essential features from problems without capturing all their complexity

The average American's standard of living continues to improve. These income shifts are linked to two key factors: ________.

a shift in women's roles and an increase in educational attainment

Ideology

a system of ideas and ideals, especially one that forms the basis of economic or political theory and policy.

Manuel still remembers the impact of his first college class in the United States. As a new immigrant, he was sincere in his desire to learn about the American culture that he had chosen to adopt. His college professor taught Manuel many things about the American culture. In doing so, the professor was acting as a(n) ________.

acculturation agent

People and institutions that teach the ways of a culture are called ________.

acculturation agents

Maria Gomez is thrilled to be in the United States. After spending her childhood years in Mexico, she is looking forward to the freedom given to teenage girls in the United States. "I can wear shorts, pantsuits, and even halter tops and no one will think badly of me," says Maria. Maria is in the process of ________.

adaptation

As a relationship grows and progresses, gift giving tends to become more ________.

altruistic

hedonic

an experiential need, involving emotional responses or fantasies

People's moods and behaviors are strongly influenced by their physical surrounding. Two dimensions, ________, determine whether a shopper will react positively or negatively to a store environment.

arousal and pleasure

Most religion-oriented marketing activity in America can be traced to the ________ community.

born-again Christian

habitual

done or doing constantly or as a habit

Researchers primarily see the gift-giving ritual as a type of ________ exchange.

economic

Dimensions we use to judge the merits of competing options are called ________.

evaluative criteria

A ________ is a very short-lived fashion.

fad

Brands that we closely link to our rituals are called ________ brands; once they become imbedded in our rituals we are unlikely to replace them.

fortress

People often make decisions on the basis of mental accounting. One facet of this accounting is making a decision based on the way a problem was posed. This is called ________.

framing

Beth likes to volunteer at a local food bank. Because she once worked at a large supermarket and saw lots of food that had not been purchased, she arranged for a local store to give unsold items to the food bank. Beth was engaged in ________.

freecycling

Consumers who refuse to sacrifice style, but achieve it on a budget are called ________.

frugalistas

All of the following are important components of social class except for ________.

gender

According to Pierre Bourdieu, people's taste regarding entertainment and the arts serves as a status-making force or ________ that causes consumption preferences to cluster together.

habitus

A mental or problem-solving shortcut to make a decision is called a(n) ________.

heuristic

All of the following are subsystems in a culture production system EXCEPT a ________ subsystem.

marketing

Tomorrow, Janice will be attending a party with a buffet. In anticipation of splurging on delicious food, she is eating very little today. Janice is using a ________ to help her estimate consumption over time and regulate her behavior.

mental budget

Chen Lo uses a decision rule that says "Only buy well-known brand names" when selecting a set of golf clubs. He does not look at price, the store, or even discounts when purchasing clubs. Chen Lo's purchasing pattern is an example of a consumer using a ________.

noncompensatory rule

Culture is best described as a society's ________.

personality

A ________ is an economy that is driven by a fairly small group of rich people.

plutonomy

The first step in the cognitive decision-making process is ________.

problem recognition

Peggy Simmons has a tough assignment. She is to live in Japan for the next five years and successfully introduce her company's line of cosmetics to Japanese women. Her company's management hopes that living in an average neighborhood, commuting to work every day, eating native food, and speaking Japanese will help Peggy involve herself in the society more quickly than if she stayed separate from her hosts. The company's management wants Peggy to use the ________ model.

progressive learning

According to ________, utility is defined in terms of gains and losses.

prospect theory

According to the consumer behavior model presented in the text, the ________ includes the shopping experience, point-of-purchase stimuli, and sales interactions.

purchase environment

Tara was shopping for a new pair of shoes for work. The salesperson was very helpful and friendly, bringing Tara some styles she hadn't thought to try on but that she ended up really liking. Noticing Tara's University of Wisconsin tee-shirt, the salesperson said that she was a student there. Tara ended up buying three pairs of shoes rather than the one pair she had planned on. Tara's experience shows the effect of ________ on consumer behavior.

salespeople

Immigrants to the United States who exhibit ________ tend to live and shop in places separated from mainstream Anglo consumers.

segregation

Most Americans will state that they are always rushed for time even though many people have opportunities for leisure. This perception is referred to as ________.

time poverty

Trisha grew up in a drug-ridden inner city neighborhood. Through sheer determination and intelligence, Trisha is now a medical doctor teaching on the staff of a large university hospital. Trisha is proud of what she has accomplished, but sometimes she feels stressed and uncertain of who she really is. The concept of ________ assesses the impact of such inconsistencies.

status crystallization

Most groups exhibit a structure called a ________ in which some members are somehow better off than others in terms of authority, power, or respect.

status hierarchy

A ________ is defined as a group whose members share beliefs and common experiences that set them apart from others.

subculture

When people are differentiated in terms of their aesthetic and intellectual preferences, a ________ is being applied.

taste culture

According to ________, a company can make money if it sells small amounts of items that only a few people want, if the company sells enough different items.

the long tail

Fashion refers to ________.

the process of social diffusion by which style is adopted by consumers

Les just bought a megaphone of root beer. As he drinks from the giant cup, he eventually becomes full. One of his friend's comments, "If you don't stop drinking that stuff, you will get sick." Les replies, "Hey, I bought it, and I am not going to waste one drop of it." Les's behavior best illustrates ________.

the sunk-cost fallacy