MKTG 376 Quiz 2

Similarity to U.S. Markets

Similarity to US Market: • 1) AUS • 2) Canada • 3) UK • 4) Germany • 5) France • 6) Belgium • 7) Italy • 8) Japan

Monochronic (left) vs. Polychronic (right)

Single task Multiple things at once Focus- concentrate Easily distracted, Rx to disruption Commit to task Committed to people Short-term relationships Long relationships, "dynasties" Deadlines, schedules Schedule as guideline Low Context High Context Privacy Relationships not privacy Private property Borrow and lend things Verbal, Words Visual, Images

Effects of Geography on Culture

-In-door/outdoor society -Amount of daylight and changes -Building materials (sadobe, bamboo, stone, lumber) -Crops *Affects use of time and space, social order, planning, etc... -rice growing countries = more together bc they work in fields -wheat growing countries = people more isolated; higher % of serial killers -In-door/outdoor society -->In the home or Out of the home culture? -->Italy/France - outdoor cultures -Amount of daylight and changes -->Every place on Earth averages 12 hours of light daily -->Midnight sun - Norway 11:45PM -->Afternoon Sun - Finland 1:45PM -->Equator - sun rises at 7:12, sets at 7:13 (Everyday the same) -Building materials -adobe (South America), bamboo, stone, lumber(Canada) -Crops -->Japan - rice crops (easier to grow) -->China - rice -->USA - wheat -->Mexico - corn crop, much less planning and organization -->Saudi Arabia - herding *Affects: use of time and space, social order, planning and control, decision-making style HERDING VS. CROP CULTURES -Chattel: Movable Property, Can go with you, as is a herd. -More black/white Tend to be "all or nothing", -Aggressive/ vindictive -->China = "most grey" culture -Very spiritual, see the "big picture" -Do things very dramatically -Men =herders, women =stay at village, with exception of young boys there probably wont be any men -Can protect women with a burka or hijab to "protect" EFFECTS OF GEOGRAPHY -Crops/herd = organization of the culture -Culture cultivation: from "to till" The way the wheat farmer works is the same as how we study *** Final Note: How a culture evolves, what do they grow, how do they grow China Social Interaction: Shin Trust, Ji Knowledge, Yea Privleage Confucius 5 Ordered relationships: Eldest son youngest son, eldest daughter youngest daughter, wife to husband, wife to child, family to to ruler Art of War Sun Tzu: Espionage, always spying China: Group Reference Very competitive, Japanese will not interact with other people, however they will be very polite

Culture is characterized as....

-Prescriptive -->Provides acceptable norms and latitude for norms -Socially Shared -->How many to have consensus: USA vs. Japan -Has profound impact on SRC (self reference criterion) -->Assume culture is universal -etic ----->Occurs very early in life -->Part of all aspects of life- gift giving, animals, kissing ***************************************************************** *SRC = how do you see the world? As a french person or an american? ***************************************************************** -It is learned -->Technical (e.g. what you should/shouldn't do) ----->Can be told in advance -->Formal / Informal ----->Formal is when someone makes a mistake and is corrected ----->Informal = people get mad but will not say anything if u make a mistake -It is dynamic -->Changes gradually, evolves [albeit slowly] -->Culture must be ethnocentric: Adapt or decline -->Symbols can be adapted or borrowed -->Collective memory endures ***************************************************************** **How does the culture treat animals? E.g. dressing up pets Values pretty much never change How does the culture change? -Innovations (from Greek/Rome [don't change] -> USA [middle] -> China [wait to change - then change like crazy] Greek never changes; USA "im so over it" it is familiar and normal; Chinese wait to change then take the things they like and change like crazy ***************************************************************** -Occurs in levels -->Values - 1 cardinal, 3-6 primary, 10ish secondary -->Cardinal American Value: freedom -->Cardinal Japanese Value: -->Cardinal Chinese Value: -->Cardinal Mexican Value: -Practices/Expressions : The Cultural Onion ***************************************************************** USA: primary = individuality, equality, accomplishment, youth, movement || secondary = convenience, diy, fairness, fitness, pragmatism, materialistic, beauty, obesity, competition, polarity ***************************************************************** THE CULTURAL ONION: -Symbols -Heroes -Rituals -Values -Expressions ***************************************************************** -Occurs in levels -->Values - cardinal, primary, secondary -Practices/Expressions : The Cultural Onion -->Rituals ----->Formal and informal -->Heroes and Myths ----->Factual and fictional ------->Huck Finn -Symbols -->Specific and global *Rituals: baptism, graduation (formal) ---- elevators [like how everyone looks towards the ceiling] (informal)

Cultural Blueprint for Survival

-Shared meaning, values, and traditions -Crosses generations -Simplifies decision-making for society -Develops in response to environment

Culture Characterized in Language

Categorization 1: -Learn a culturally-specific style of communication -->Concrete vs. abstract -->Direct - "absolutely" or Indirect -Language reflects the values of the culture -Culture > Language or Language > Culture? -Extent of Classification -->Western use adjectives to describe, differentiate -->Asian languages classify (Chinese, Japanese, Thai, Korean) ----->Objects are members of classes Categorization 2: -Sound -Order of word: sentence structure -Complexity of vocabulary -Alphabet or characters Categorization 3: -Breadth of words to describe important items -->Arabic; 6,000 words w/camel, 50 pregnant camel ----->Bactrian and Dromedary -Eskimo: snow -Japanese: interpersonal relationships, cuteness -Italy: pasta -China; family members -USA: jobs, brands

Visual vs. Verbal

Chinese -Visual representation, characters -->Writing = Art -->Number of strokes, flow, direction -One sound has many meanings ex. "shi" English -Verbal - sound of name, repetition -Less concern with visuals of word/name/brand Japanese -Kanji- traditional character -Hiragana- aesthetics , 11th C -Katakana- modern, technical, foreign

McDonald's Video

Coming of age day for 20 year olds. They will carry ideas and values into the future. Still guided by ancient codes of behaviour Most of early media introduced to Japan portrayed American home life Sushi is a common stereotype of Japan Successful outside companies took heed of intricacies Japanese 'role-play' American roles such as Elvis Mostly western dress, but clearly a Japanese culture McDonald's was a revolution in Japan (1971). Hamburger was not in Japanese language, eating standing up/outside was foreign. Decision to take on Japanese partner (Den Fujita) was essential. Fujita was given free reign or business. Went out to universities and cities to convince them that it was the new way. ~4000 stores now

Law

Common Law: • By precedent • British Empire Civil or Code Law: • Body of Laws in Advance • Roman Empire; most common Islamic Law: • Koran in advance • Muslim countries, but not all....NOT Turkey Communist Law: • Political issues, not private property • Communist Nations Hybrids....like Indonesia

Culture

Culture • Culture spans generations w minimal change o Culture simplifies decision making • Culture develops in response to geography and history o There is an innate logic for that location o The logic is often forgotten • Keeping Kosher • Culture is characterized as.....Prescriptive o Offers norms and latitude on those norms • Socially shared among citizens • Majority rules or Consensus Decision-making

Fit with Home Country/Culture

D) Overall Fit w Home Country Culture/System • 1) Fit o Values o Norms of Behavior o Attitudes • 2) Marketplace Similarity o Transportation o Distribution & Logistics o Trade Patterns o Consumption and Purchase Patterns

Culture Code for perfection in America is....

DEATH

The American Culture Code for American is....

DREAM

The American Culture Code for Food is....

FUEL

Gannon: Belgium

Flanders, the wealthier Dutch-speaking region in the north that wants more autonomy, and Wallonia, the poorer French-speaking region in the south. Flanders = Lace Making Center -The struggle between individualism and the need to belong to a group, conform to societal rules, and have strong family ties -The dichotomy between working and social welfare -The differences between urban and rural areas -The desire for art and beauty but also a penchant for practicality Belgians tend to be very individualistic. Hofstede's (1991) cross-cultural study ranked Belgians 8th out of 53 nations on this dimension. It is considered a major accomplishment for young adults to become established in their own houses, apart from the family. Hard work is also valued, as it is seen as providing an incentive for individuals to get away from the home. Still, even when the young leave the immediate family, they do not venture far geographically, usually living within 30 miles of their parents' home. This practice creates strong family/ community ties. Moreover, the gender-based segregation of half of the country's elementary classes (primarily in parochial schools) reinforces the traditional view of women's role (Verleyen, 1987), although this is changing. Overarching the individualism of each Belgian is a set of common political rules that have governed public policy and conduct for decades. -The monarchy and Brussels are untouchable; in other words, all else could change, but there should still be a monarchy and Brussels should still be the capital. -European unification and the EU are to be advocated without any reservation. As noted above, however, the political party Vlaams Belang advocates the breakup of the EU. -The authority of NATO and Belgium's ally, the United States, may be the subject of frequent criticism, but they also enjoy the privilege of inviolability. -Prosperity is to be shared and not to be used as a justification for confrontation or class struggle. -Labor strikes should not be allowed to jeopardize the existing economic order. -Privacy and personal liberty are not to be impeded in any serious way (Verleyen, 1987). In general Belgians are hard-working people, just like lace makers In Hofstede's (2001) cross-cultural study of 53 nations, Belgium ranked 6th in terms of avoiding uncertainty. Belgians tend to exhibit this high degree of control and uncertainty avoidance in several areas, including lifestyle, transportation, social conventions, rules and procedures, and stress management. Belgians tend to be suspicious of anyone who would change his or her adopted schedule or routine. Still, Belgium ranks 32nd out of 179 nations on the Index of Economic Freedom (T. Miller, 2011) and has a relatively high gross domestic product per person of US $ 47,090. -Hofstede (2001) demonstrated a strong correlation between high uncertainty avoidance and high anxiety and stress. This characteristic is manifested in Belgians in several ways. One is that they are a "doing" society; people are busy all day long, typically rising early. Many Belgian sayings refer to the judicious use of time; examples include "Time is money," "Make hay while the sun shines," and "Time heals all, so get back to business" (Verleyen, 1987, p. 55). Belgians try to prepare for everything so that nothing can go wrong. Much of this feeling may be attributed to their geographical location and historical lack of control over invading armies. The North Sea on the west is Belgium's only natural boundary. Therefore any emperor conquering the continent generally started in Belgium (the Low Countries) and moved on from there, as did Bismarck in the 19th and Hitler in the 20th century. -The religious orientation of the Belgians also contributes to their need to be constantly busy. Catholic doctrine places high importance on good works and personal industry in this life to ensure a comfortable station in the next. About 75% of Belgians are Catholic. Historically, Belgium produced more nuns and priests per capita than any other nation in the world. Although religious intensity has declined since World War II and most Belgians do not attend church regularly, a majority are still educated in Catholic schools. -Because Catholicism is the official religion of Belgium, the state heavily subsidizes Catholic parishes, priests, and schools. The constitution guarantees freedom of religion, and most major religions can be found somewhere in Brussels. But for most Belgians, religions other than Catholic are for foreigners. In September 2010, the Catholic church in Belgium was rocked by an official inquiry's finding that widespread sexual abuse of children by priests had taken place over several decades. The 200-page report contained details of abuse and torment by members of the clergy that went back to the 1950s. Church attendance, which was already below 10%, is likely to decline even further in the face of these revelations. -One result of the great effort that Belgians make to follow tradition and avoid uncertainty is minor mental breakdowns. It's not uncommon to call on them for an appointment and be put off because today they are having a zenuw inspanning a Dutch phrase translated as a nervous strain. Typically this means they overslept, overexerted themselves, or generally aren't prepared to face the world for a while. When they feel a breakdown coming on, Belgians will call a doctor who will routinely prescribe tranquilizers and bed rest. In Belgium medicine is socialized and easily obtainable, although quality is often questionable. The health care infrastructure is immense, given the size of the population. Home visits by doctors and nurses are common, and paramedic support is widespread. Belgians enjoy status quo, balance, and a set standard of living for all Belgians are more cooperative than competitive NATO located in Brussels Thus, another element that the Belgians seemingly balance effortlessly is the internationalization of their small country while maintaining their own identity. ---> B/c of bringing in business like Bush beers (took over by stella) Belgium ranks consistently among the top 20 nations of the world with regard to per capita gross domestic product.

Gannon: Thailand

GDP Per Citizen: $3840 Extreme end of looseness Economic Freedom Index: 62nd out of 179 (includes fiscal soundness, openness to trade, etc) The Thai time is not separated between past, present, and future - due to cycle nature of Buddhism Behavioral Freedom = much more, America is a tight string compared to a thai rubber band

The American Culture Code for alcohol is.....

GUN

Geography & Equality

Geography directly conflicts with equality E.g. Natural resources are unevenly divided across the globe --> E.g. Argentina vs. Angola Different inputs -> diverse social capital, the wealth of nations

Geographic Determinism

Geography sets the parameters, people make choices within the limits—geography determines who and what you are Not always politically correct (or fair) but you have to look at the way things are EX: Hawaii is more open, friendly, etc. than lower 48

Rules/Rituals

I. • Exchange Rituals o Shopping, purchasing, etc..... o Tiffany's, Starbucks, etc.... • Possession Rituals o Unpacking, cleaning, etc... • Collector Mentality in the USA • Grooming Rituals o Polish boots, waxing surfboard • Divestment Rituals o How and when does consumer get rid of item?

The French Culture Code for France is....

IDEA

Product Houses Values for the Culture

II. Product Houses Values for the Culture • Where value is housed • Meaning removed from the intangible, the ideal • Locate in another place • Locate another point in time o Clydesdales for Anheiser Busche • Object modifies between the desired and desirable o Desirable; what is socially expected......desired; what we really do • E.G. Harley Riders who are really tough o Allows consumers to aspire to something greater o Allows for continuity and change • Coffee, cars, air travel (how have these changes over time)

Individual Consumer

III. Individual Consumer • I. Culturally Constituted World o Culture - shares beliefs, behaviors is a set of responses for survival o Cultural values are intangible - so how are they taught o USA, OZ, and Canada have special requirements • More constant rate of change - yet more dramatic o Greater degree of blending of cultures • ...To Products o Advertising • Ad directors select props, background, models, application • Does advertising present society or do ads sell a "new" society? o Diffusion of Innovation • How does the concept flow to innovators, early adopters, majority? • Word-of-Mouth • Word-of-Sight • Media choices...print, radio, twitter • Product Placement • Opinion Leaders and Market Mavens o Vet

Culture code for Quality in America is....

IT WORKS

The culture code for American in Germany is....

JOHN WAYNE

The Culture Code for Germany is....

ORDER

Effects of Geography and History on Consumer Behavior

Pattern of Survival > Responses: Culture > Norms and Values of Behavior Consumer Behavior: who are we & why do we buy what we buy? a) Stimulus> Response (natural automatic reaction) b) (Geography) > (Natural Defense)

Cultural Comparison: China

Planning: All work, coordinated, priorities Decision-Making: Centralized Top Down Time: Past-Present-Future; Family Holidays Space: Limited but defined strictly Social Interaction: Prescribed, specific roles, in/out group (Picture of family circles with roles) Group Reference: Rely on all in clan; Don't trust outsiders; "Guanxi" very important

Cultural Comparison: USA

Planning: As needed then very-skilled necessity Decision-Making: Individual, Use Systems, Technology Time: Work in spurts; Linear; Past-Future Space: Huge amounts and room for equipment ("McMansion") Social Interaction: Limited, casual, hire to harvest use equipment Group Reference: Nuclear family; Easily interact w/ new people

Cultural Comparison: Japan

Planning: Constant, All Work, Coordinated Decision-Making: Bottom-up Group Approval Time: Continual, Past-Oriented, No Holidays Space: Crowded Shapes All Activity Social Interaction: Need everyone, save and give face (picture of Japanese bowing) Group Reference: Need very large group Automatically in the "IN" crowd if you are Japanese; Homogeneous; Don't trust non-Japanese

Political System

Political System: • 1) Duration o When was the system created? o How long has leader been in power? • 2) Stability • 3) Number of Political Parties • 4) Extent of Democracy o Level of citizen involvement o How many people vote/how many pay taxes? • 5) Secular or Religious Gov't (Theocracy)

The American Culture Code for shopping is....

RECONNECTING WITH LIFE

The code for America in France is...

SPACE TRAVELERS

Specific Regulations Affecting the Marketplace

C) Specific Regulations Affecting the Marketplace • Price Controls...product categories • Tax Regulations • Subsidies on products? o Domestic only? • Currency Regulations • Buy Local Restrictions • Marketing Restrictions o Pricing, Promotions, Product Liability • Safety and Environmental Laws • Harassment Regulations

The English Culture Code for England is....

CLASS

Hall's PMSs (Primary Message Systems)

-Universals of Culture -->Etic vs. Emic Component -Sequential aspect -->10 universals every culture encounters 1) Interaction -Meaning of life, man's connection to cosmos, philosophy, religion 2) Association-Human Relationships -Age -Gender -Authority -Occupation 3) Subsistence -food and work 4) Procreation -Romance vs. family continuity -Sexuality- times, places, vocabulary 5) Learning -Visual, aural, tactile -rote memorization, trial and error, cognition, experiment 6) Time -monochronic vs. polychronic -past-present-future 7) Space -personal space, distance, territoriality 8) Defense -internal - medicine- preventative vs. reactive -->law - rule of law, rule of man -external - war, weapons, troop importance 9) Play -Cultural aspects- focus, structure and latitude -->Art -->Literature -->Music -Recreation- diversity, amount of time, importance 10) Material Effects -Ownership values -Quantity vs. quality

Geographic Opportunities and Threats

1) Climate and Weather -Temperature -Rainfall -Snowfall -Consistency -Wind and Water Currents -Stereotypes (like what people think about the Swiss land, thus they go there to travel and spend money) *More likely to see DC (developed country) in midrange latitudes where climate and weather are better 2) Topography (e.g. Kenya vs Japan) -Elevation of land -Unevenness of land -->Ability to build infrastructure 3) Size and Shape of the Country -peninsula (Italy), long (Chile) -was shape determined naturally or politically -E.G. Iceland is an island, but Nigeria (created for British exploitation, Jordan, and Palestine were created politically. -E.G. The rectangles: USA, FRANCE, CHINA, Australia have more surface area 4) Access to water -Coastline -Rivers -E.G. Netherlands started to pump out water becoming a source of power 5) Arability of Land -Argentina (very) vs. Chad vs. Japan (not really) -Richness of land and ability to grow crops ---% arable land -Grazing Capabilities ---Transport for produce, livestock 6) Mineral Resources -Russia vs. Japan vs. Nigeria vs. Iraq -Richness of Minerals vs. Crops -Ability to transport mined elements -Japan has pretty much no resources 7) Isolation from or Proximity to Neighbors -Japan vs. UK vs. Poland vs. Belgium -Isolation -Proximity -Allows for more homogeneity and/or unity -"Japan against the world" - very uniform -Japan Inc. -Need to not stand out -Able to "borrow" if strong sense of national identity -->Borrowed Chinese language, Buddhism -Israel = #1 in creativity and innovation - create their own products, etc. -Proximity: -->Cultural sharing/overlap -->W/o good natural defenses may require natural resources - otherwise they will get taken -Many natural resources result in others desiring to overtake you -Poland & Belgium -->"Dumb Polack jokes" Polish people want to appear very plain, uninviting, unattractive ------>Poland hides it's cultural richness to preserve cultural identity -->Read about Belgium and why the whole country was created

Effects of History on Culture/Consuming Behavior

1) Internal Events -Civil war, military coup, rise of dictator -->Argentina and Chile's Dictators ------>Argentina: Juan and Eva Peron ------>Pinot Shay(dictator)? Chile's retirement plan, Healthcare plan, both of which are among the ebst in the world. -Natural disaster...or good fortune -->Flood, earthquake...or good fortune ----->E.g. Philippines flooding -Diseases, epidemics -->The plague -Economic crises -->The depression, effecting what and how people do -->Weimar Republic inflation, after WWI Germany before Hitler took over, inflation was so bad "wheelbarrows" full of cash -->Shanghai 1930s: Liberation came, all advertisements were taken down, cattle in the roads, -->After 1949 Mao Zedong everywhere! Everyone is the same = not great marketplace -Changes in Legal codes -->Civil rights, Gay rights 2) External Events : Proactive or reactive to outside World -Economic- trading activity -willingly or imposed? -War, invasion -Immigration or Emigration -Religion adopted, imposed from abroad 3) Nation's reason for being a country: Mission Statement -France -Germany -Belize -Japan -PRC -ROC **Coca cola poster shanghai find picture for Olson!!!! Disease and history book, how disease shapes history Britain -The Plague, in the 1930s were hit the hardest, Learner not to rely on family British Empire: Would have been hard to get Japanese, Chinese, Russian, anybody to go abroad and live the way they didd Picture: The Butler, Housekeeper, Footmen, Ladies Maid, Valet, Cook, maids, scullery, Nanny. The Plague made them able to have these in their homes

Gannon: Japan

Japan ranks 20 on the Economic Freedom Index (below Bahrain, Cyprus, Chile, Estonia...) Geert Hofstede's (2001) classic study of 53 nations, Japan ranked 22 to 23 on individualism, which indicates that many nations are more collectivistic. Still, Japan is a classic authority-ranking nation, and to expect it to become a market-pricing or vertically individualistic nation overnight is unrealistic. Japan avoids uncertainty Japan is more masculine BUT middle on the globe study for gender egalitarinism World Economic Forum gender gap report for 2010, Japan ranked 94 out of 134 nations on the Global Gender Gap Index, about the most unequal of the world's richest countries. In 2010, the Bank of Japan made history by appointing its first female branch manager in its 128-year existence. major changes in the Japanese character since 1980: a tendency toward diversity and individuality, a need for swift results and instant gratification, and a desire for stability and maintenance of the status quo.

The French Culture Code for shopping is....

LEARNING YOUR CULTURE

The American Culture Code for Luxury is.....

MILITARY STRIPES

The Culture Code for the American Presidency is.....

MOSES

Gannon: Mexico

Still, given all of its problems, Mexico received a relatively high rating among nations on the 2011 Index of Economic Freedom: 48 out of 179 (T. Miller, 2011). Gross domestic product per head is US $ 10,230, less than 25% of that of either the United States Mexico is devoted to the present when it comes to time Gabrielidis and his research team (Gabrielidis, Stephan, Ybarra, Dos Santos-Pearson, & Villareal, 1997) found that the collectivistic Mexicans display concern for others and use accommodation and collaboration more than the individualistic U.S. Americans do. As a whole, Mexico is an authority-ranking or vertical collectivistic but paternalistic culture in which a good amount of social distance exists between superiors and subordinates. Paternalism is manifested in various ways, such as the aguinaldo or Christmas bonus, which can be as much as 3 months of the recipient's salary. Hofstede's (2001) study of 53 nations, Mexicans were found to have a high need for uncertainty avoidance, indicating that they feel threatened by uncertain situations and strangers and try to avoid them. Mexican society is hierarchical (vertical collectivism), and everyone has a role within the society. Mexico has a high score on Hofstede's (2001) power-distance dimension, meaning that the society accepts without question an unequal distribution of wealth and authority; the GLOBE study (House et al., 2004) confirms this finding. Thus the distinction between the two forms of the word you in Spanish is noteworthy. Gannon, Martin J.; Pillai, Rajnandini (Raj) K. (2012-03-20). Understanding Global Cultures: Metaphorical Journeys Through 31 Nations, Clusters of Nations, Continents, and Diversity (p. 413). SAGE Publications. Kindle Edition.

Gannon: Ireland

Still, the 2011 Index of Economic Freedom ranks Ireland 7th of 179 nations, which means that it is a good nation in which to do business (T. Miller, 2011). Brogue = Irish Accent Given that Ireland is a nation in which unhurried conversation is prized, it is logical that there is a balance between the orientations of "being" and "doing." Although the Irish have enthusiastically accepted change in recent years, they still express astonishment at the "doing" entrepreneurial activities Conversations with the Irish are known to take many strange turns, and participants may find themselves discussing a subject and not knowing how it arose. Also, not only what is said but also the manner in which it is expressed is important. The Irish tend to be monochronic, completing one activity before going on to another one, yet they cannot resist divergences and tangents in their conversations or their lives. Geert Hofstede's (2001) research profiling the value orientation of 53 nations confirms many of our observations. Ireland is a masculine-oriented society in which sex roles are clearly differentiated; it ranks 7th of the 53 nations on this dimension. However, the more recent GLOBE study (House et al., 2004) contains a more nuanced profile. Ireland ranks 3rd of 62 national societies on a comparable value measure, gender egalitarianism, with lower rankings indicating greater male domination. Thus, Irish values stress that males should be dominant, as only 2 other of the 62 societies, England and Sweden, are higher. Further, Ireland is not an acquisition-oriented society, as Hofstede's classification might suggest, but a society in which there is a balance between "being" and "doing." Also, Hofstede's (2001) study of cultural values indicates that Ireland clusters with those countries emphasizing individualism, ranking 12th of 53 nations, as we might expect of a people who are willing and eager to explore and talk about serious and conflict-laden topics.

The Canadian Code for Canada is...

TO KEEP

Gannon: Sweden

The International Monetary Fund (IMF) uses the Gini Index to measure income equality/ inequality on a scale of zero to 1, with 1 representing extreme inequity. On this scale, it rates Sweden at .23, which puts it among the most equal nations; by contrast, the United States stands at .45 (Blow, 2011). Still, Sweden is a very good place to do business: It ranks 8th out of 179 nations on the Index of Economic Freedom (T. Miller, 2011) while the United States ranks 9th. In short, the government, regardless of which political party is in power, tries to balance the needs of a competitive economy with its commitment to the welfare of all citizens, Sweden is a highly secular society Geert Hofstede's (2001) 53-nation study of cultures indicated that Sweden clusters with those countries emphasizing a small power distance between individuals and groups in society, a pattern that is typically found in a village setting. Swedes tend to be horizontal individualists who favor norms of equality over equity, in sharp contrast to the United States (see Tornblom, Jonsson, & Foa, 1985). Their individualism is manifested by their extreme self-reliance and avoidance of long-term relationships outside of the family.

Gannon: Turkey

Turkey ranks number 67 out of 179 nations on the 2011 Index of Economic Freedom (T. Miller, 2011). In Geert Hofstede's (1991) 53-nation study of cultural values, it is not surprising that Turkey clusters with those nations emphasizing collectivism rather than individualism. In the more recent GLOBE study (House et al., 2004), which distinguishes between societal institutional collectivism and in-group collectivism, Turkey scores in the same band as the United States with respect to institutional collectivism but much higher, along with India, on in-group collectivism practices. These scores may very well reflect the unique position of Turkey as a geographic and cultural balancing act between the East and the West. According to the findings of the GLOBE study (House et al., 2004), Turkey had low scores on the dimension of gender egalitarianism practices, which indicates that the society generally believes that biological sex should determine the roles of members in homes, business organizations, and communities. While women are welcome, the coffeehouse has always been considered a male domain, especially in Anatolia where it may be rare to see a female customer. In major cities, on the other hand, anyone can go into coffeehouse and have a drink or two. The Islamic In his 53-nation study, Hofstede (1991) showed that uncertainty avoidance epitomizes Turkish culture. GLOBE study (House et al., 2004) indicated a score of 3.63 for Turkey for society practices of uncertainty avoidance as compared to 4.15 for the United States and 5.37 for Switzerland, which had the highest score.

The English Culture Code for America is....

UNASHAMEDLY ABUNDANT

Gannon: India

a high-power distance culture Most relationships are hierarchical in structure, characterized by almost maternal nurturing on the part of the superior and by filial respect and compliance on the part of the subordinate. Geert Hofstede's (1980a) attitudinal survey of the cultural differences among 53 countries is especially helpful in the case of India, which tends to cluster with those countries where there is a high degree of uncertainty avoidance. Indians tend to work with lifelong friends and colleagues and minimize risk-taking behavior, although this is changing in modern India. Interestingly, India and the United States are tied in the more recent GLOBE (House et al., 2004) rankings of uncertainty avoidance at 4.15 (Switzerland was highest at 5.37). This orientation is consistent with the Hindu philosophy of life as an illusion, Indians' preoccupation with astrology, and their resignation to karma. India also falls with those countries characterized by large power distances, and this is consistent across both Hofstede's study and the GLOBE study. However, India ranks 21st of the 53 nations on individualism and is fairly high on the GLOBE collectivism rankings, especially with regard to in-group collectivism, which reflects close ties with family members and respect for authority. Finally, India has a high score on masculinity, which is consistent with Hinduism's emphasis on male domination. This is also borne out by the low scores on gender egalitarianism in the GLOBE study. Generally the values described by Hofstede and the GLOBE studies reflect a historical continuity and resilience of the Indian social system, despite a series of foreign invasions, colonial rulers, and economic dislocations.

China Gannon:

for the United States, and the gross domestic product per head is US $ 3,270 versus $ 46,350 in the United States. On the 2011 Index of Economic Freedom, China ranks only 135th out of 179 nations (T. Miller, 2011). China and the United States lead the world as the greatest emitters of greenhouse gases. Chinese society is neither individualistic nor collectivistic as are other family-based ethnic groups; instead, it is based on relations Chinese, regardless of their country of residence, tend to exhibit conservative and high-context behavior. Geert Hofstede (2001), whose 53-nation study of cultural values is highlighted in this book, has expanded his four-dimensional framework into five dimensions because of more recent research on the Chinese. He calls this dimension the Confucian dynamic, and it reflects a long-term rather than a short-term orientation; it also resembles in some ways the Protestant ethic in that deferred gratification of individual needs is accepted for the purpose of long-term success that helps the family. that the Chinese tend to believe in luck and fate and that they have little if any control over events.

Gannon: Singapore

the World Economic Forum ranks Singapore number 2 in the world (the highest rating for an Asian country) on global competitiveness for 2011- 2012. The country's institutions continue to be ranked as the best in the world because of a lack of corruption and government efficiency. This formulation also included an anti-Western bias, because the government wanted to safeguard against "undesirable" values such as an excessive emphasis on individualism and self-centeredness at the expense of group obligations. They are genuine collectivists. In the GLOBE study (House et al., 2004), Singapore was ranked with the Confucian Asia cluster and ranked high in both institutional and in-group collectivism. Singaporeans try to avoid conflict This tendency to make conversation short and efficient is typical of Singaporeans. They are not interested in niceties, and they prefer a quick yes or no answer so that their time is not wasted. This is reflected in the high scores for Singapore on gender egalitarianism in the GLOBE study (House et al., 2004). Singapore's mean score (3.70) is closer to that of the high-scoring Eastern (3.84) and Nordic European (3.71) cluster nations than to that of its fellow Confucian Asia cluster nations (3.18). This may well be reflected in the low risk acceptance or tolerance (or high uncertainty avoidance) value score (5.31) that emerged in the GLOBE study (House et al., 2004). Compared to Hong Kong, another Chinese-dominant society, Singapore doesn't have many major local businesses.