MMW 15 - Midterm #1

Boccione "The Dynamis of a Soccer Player" 1912

Almost incomprehensible except for the title. Emphasis on movement. ex. of speed and movement in art inspired by futurism

Balkan Nationalism

Aspiration of Slavic-speaking peoples for unification under Serbia. Led to the assassination of the Archduke, fueling the start of WWI.slavic speaking people wanted to align more towards Russia rather than the Austria-Hungary empire This was also inspired by Liberal thought of national self determination

Traditional sources of ideology

Buddhism Laozi, Zhaungzi and Taoism "Four Books and Five Classics" and Confucianism Confucius

Ho Chi Minh

Called for national independence from France in Vietnam (1945). At the end of WWII the Viet Minh announced Vietnamese independence. The French refused to relinquish their colony and in 1946, war broke out. After eight years of war, the French were forced to agree to peace talks in Geneva. The country was split into a communist north and non-communist south and Ho became president of North Vietnam. He was determined to reunite Vietnam under communist rule. During WWII, US supported the Viet Minh in resistance against the Japanese and the group maintained control of the countryside since the French gave way in March 1945.

Austro-Hungarian Empire

Fought in WWI with Germany and collapsed after defeat. Austria was greatly suspicious of Serbian state's role in planning the assassination.

Dual Alliance

Germany and Austria-Hungary. System of entangling treaties takes effect (19th century saw many diplomatic alliances but now those treaties had to be utilized, entangling more countries into the war). Liberal idea of self-determination played a clear role in the events leading to war.

Archduke Franz Ferdinand

Heir to the throne; assassinated by man of the Black Hand (suspected of being employed by Serbian government). kickstarted WWI, percipitated Austro-Hungary's declaration of war against Serbia

Neo-colonialism vs. imperialism

Kwame's thoughts: Neo-colonial states: in theory vs. in reality More insidious form of imperialism

Gandhi

Leader of the Indian resistance to British rule

Economic policy of the British Raj

Long-term debilitation of India's economy caused by British policy, including extraction and cash crop. the British occupation had absorbed as much as a third of the the Indian economy. Bristish did not put much into the local economy, but rather invested in the production of raw materials. invested in cotton, indigo and opium.Indians paid for the cost of being colonized, and paid for the British military. there was long term dehilitation of the Indian economy Extraction of wealth by the British; very little wealth was reinvested back into India but actually funneled into different parts of the British Empire. Stymied Indian industrialization. Before British Empire, India was the foremost in the textile industry. After British arrived, they converted India into a cash-crop economy (almost exclusively dependent on agricultural commodities) with no diversification.

League of Nations

Meant to prevent another war from breaking out in order to guarantee the political and territorial independence of all states (US never became a member).

Post-war economic blockade of Germany

Occurred from 1914 to 1919. Prolonged naval operation conducted by Allied Powers during and after WWI in an effort to restrict the maritime supply of raw materials and foodstuffs to the Central Powers. Both German Empire and Great Britain relied heavily on imports to feed population and supply the war industry. Academic study done in 1928 put death toll at 424,000.

What Liberalism Stood For

Politically - laissez faire; taxation (minimal) enough to maintain a government. Economically - capitalism (separate from gov't mostly) Socially - Free press, free speech, etc.

Iconoclastic irreverence

Preached an indiscriminate iconoclasm (literally means the smashing of beliefs). In the case of Dada, it's indiscriminate: it doesn't pick and choose what it wants to small...it smashes everything. Dada discredits & undermines all. Indiscriminate iconoclasm, irreverence. Directed towards religion, education, so-called "high art". What is beautiful is spontaneity. -characteristic of Dadaism -attacked institutions and old beliefs -no point in lamenting the past/loss -people choose their own truths, subjective; so why fret over it

Method of non-violent civil disobedience

Principles of civil disobedience: Purity of purpose, solidarity of its participants, pro-active self-sacrifice "Any show of incivility would be like a drop of arsenic in milk" → By breaking the rules of ahimsa, satyagraha and civil disobedience, the movement would not be pure and therefore would become ineffective.

Filippo Marinetti

Published the Futurist Manifesto, appearing on the front page of Le Figaro (largest circulation newspaper in France). Signaled the movement's desire to employ modern, popular means of communication to spread its ideas. Writing style is highly caffeinated & impassioned. His idea: shed the weaknesses of European culture, replace them with power, speed, tech. Influenced the art, but was not an artist. Celebrated the "machine age", the triumph of technology over nature, and opposing earlier artistic traditions. The "beauty" of action, speed, movement. Key metaphor for these ideas was the race car - fast & new technology.

"The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock" by T.S. Eliot

Represents modern emblem of the alienated self. A modern sense of aloneness is accentuated in the ironic title "Love song". Sense of Fragmentation - theme of fragmentation in metaphor of disembodied self (prevalence of isolated body parts). Time reduced to minutiae of everyday life (disjointed sense of time accentuated by fragmentation of experience). Age of Impotence - Poem replete with suggestions of Prufrock's sexual impotence -> symbol of the overall social impotence of Western society after Great War. Sense of alienation created by capitalist mode of conformity exacerbates our vulnerability to totalitarian manipulation.

German demilitarization

Versailles Treaty demanded demilitarization and occupation of the Rhineland.

Wilfred Owen

Wrote "Dulce et Decorum Est" in 1917, demonstrating changing attitude towards war. It isn't glorious, it isn't beautiful. Presented at its most visceral horrific levels. Describing a victim of poison gas.

Obedience of conscience vs. convenience

"A satyagrahi obeys the laws of society intelligently and of his own will, because he considers it to be his sacred duty to do so" Moral/ethical imperatives tell you what to do (conscience). Must never lie, harm or kill, go against your beliefs, etc. Obedience of convenience means following rules or laws that we believe are unjust, but follow them because we don't want to suffer the consequences. Once this happens, the cause is lost and there is no movement. -combine civility without fear (no room for instability) -one rotten apple can ruin a whole basket -willing to provoke confrontation (ex. be willing to go to jail or get fine) -if not provoke confrontation, authority will wait it out and resolve will weaken -self-sacrifice -be able to distinguish between obedience of conscious vs. obendience of convenience

Wilson's "Fourteen Points" and "Four Points"

"Fourteen Points" (1918) championed US decision to shed its traditional isolationism. Real reasons for entering the war declared to be as follows: "Violations of rights...made the life of our own people impossible", Assurance of the freedom of the seas to safeguard free commerce, free access to markets. Redress the colonial issue; "an absolutely impartial adjustment of all colonial claims" (mandate system). Fourteen Points - first six dealt w/ diplomacy, freedom of seas and colonial claims. Then territorial issues were addressed and the final point, the establishment of an association of nations to guarantee the independence and territorial integrity of all nations (League of Nations). Four Points: 1. Destroy any country that disturbs peace; 2. Victors take best interest of territory and not of self; 3. Mutual trust and governing; 4. Establishing UN as an organization of peace.

War reparations

"War Guilt Clause" forced Germany to accept complete responsibility for initiating WWI. As such Germany was liable for material damages, and France's premier particularly insisted on imposing enormous reparation payments. Aware that Germany would probably not be able to pay such a debt, Clemenceau and the French nevertheless greatly feared rapid German recovery and a new war.

The principle of Ahimsa

"compassion" and "not to injure"; nonviolence to all living beings - including all animals. Important tenet of Jainism, Hinduism, and Buddhism. Gandhi applied the principle of Ahimsa to all spheres of life, particularly to politics. Non-violent resistance movement Satyagraha had an immense impact on India, impressed public opinion in Western countries, and influence leaders of various civil and political rights movements. In Gandhi's thought, Ahimsa precludes not only the act of inflicting a physical injury, but also mental states like evil thoughts and hatred, unkind behavior such as harsh words, dishonesty and lying, all of which he saw as manifestations of violence incompatible with Ahimsa. Cosmic justice in recognizing the interconnectedness of all being If you don't choose to harm something else, then you have a greater chance of no harm coming to you (karmic reaction). How easily humans rationalize murder Often genocide, war, etc., is rationalized by "others" being made out as sub-human. Gandhi understood that there is a very fine line that separates how people justify killing other people, and how people justify killing all other living things. He hoped to root out that tendency for violence from the ground. When cultivate compassion for all living things, it becomes a lot harder to rationalize murder.

Palliatives of capitalist consumption

(to overcome feelings of insignificance) Routines of leisure - Passive consumption of one diversion after another. The way most consume leisure is through a very passive way (keeping our minds off how mundane and meaningless our work is). Even leisure and consumption (i.e. shopping or eating) become routine and habit. We try to enjoy ourselves and relieve our loneliness by doing these things, but it does not address the underlying cause. These things are illusions of choice. During this time period (post-WWI), alienation and emptiness represented the modern psyche. Fromm Routines of consumption - illusion of material empowerment (buying things).

War as "hygiene of civilization" Socio-political agenda of Futurism

-war can clean society -esp. Italy which was the dealer of second clothing and hoped to gain power after war -ultra-nationalism in Italy, which lead facism to take roots -intolerant in agenda (ex. misogyny, anti liberalism) part of Futurism's socio-political agenda. Marinetti introduced this phrase, believing that society needs a war to revitalize itself (Nietzsche's "will to power"). Also fed into Italian nationalism b/c this was about an ideology that would pull Italy out of its "second-rate" status. Marinetti though it was time for Italy to assert itself through power & speed, tech. "For too long has Italy been a dealer in second-hand clothes" Heavy dose of Nietzsche in Futurism → Nietzsche challenged Platonic preference for reality over representation, depth over surface. believing that society needs a war to revitalize itself (Nietzsche's "will to power"). Also fed into Italian nationalism b/c this was about an ideology that would pull Italy out of its "second-rate" status. Marinetti though it was time for Italy to assert itself through power & speed, tech. "For too long has Italy been a dealer in second-hand clothes" Heavy dose of Nietzsche in Futurism → Nietzsche challenged Platonic preference for reality over representation, depth over surface.

1911 Founding of Chinese republic

After over two thousand years of imperial rule, a republic was established in China and th emonarchy overthrown by a group of revolutionaries. Qing Dynasty just experienced a century of instability and suffered from both internal rebellion and foreign imperialism. Neo-Confucian principles called into quesiton. Dynasty's support of Boxers, who claimed to have magical powers, against the world's major powers was the final mistake. Qing forces defeated and China forced to pay indemnity to foreign powers. Disconnected from population and unable to face modern challenges. Republican China developed out of Wuchang Uprising. led by Sun Yat Sen

Monocropping

Agricultural practice of growing a single crop year after year on the same land, in absence of rotation through other crops or growing multiple crops on the same land. Soil depletion is a negative effect of mono-cropping. Core issues concern balance b/t its advantages in increasing short-term food production - especially in hunger-prone regions - and its disadvantages with respect to long-term land stewardship and the fostering of local economic independence and ecological sustainability.

Limits of self-determination

Although this concept encouraged unification of one people into one nation, colonies were not given this "privilege".make sure countries don't take advantage of colonies

1919 May Fourth Movement

Anti-Imperialist, cultural and political movement growing out of student demonstrations in Beijing. Protested the Chinese government's weak response to the Treaty of Versailles, especially in allowing Japan to receive territories in Shandong which had been surrendered by Germany after Siege of Tsingtao. Sparked national protests and marked upsurge of Chinese nationalism, a shift towards political mobilization and away from cultural activities, and a move towards a populist base rather than intellectual elites. Also seen as "New Culture Movement". Scholars rank New Culture and May Fourth Movements as significant turning points, along with overthrow of monarchy in 1911. Participants at the time referred to this era as Chinese Renaissance because there was an intense focus on science and experimentation (Western ideals). Challenge to traditional values, however, was also met with strong opposition, especially from Nationalist Party. May Fourth Movement led to establishment of radical intellectuals who went on to mobilize peasants and workers into Communist Party and gain organizational strength that would solidify the success of the Communist Revolution.

The Five-Power Constitution

As in US, where Sun Yat-sen went to school, there were to be legislative, executive, and judicial yuan. Last two branches - examination yuan (administer selection of candidates for the bureaucracy) and censorate yuan (check up on honesty and efficiency of the government. Traditional Chinese administrative components. Still maintained by government of Taiwan. Fives branches of government. 1) Executive 2) Judicial 3) Legislative (law makers) 4) Civil Exams (take it so see if they are qualified) 5) The Censorial Board (Checks and Balances) (oversees other 4 branches) Signified a combination of western ideals and old traditional values.

Sigmund Freud

Austrian neurologist and founder of psychoanalysis in 19th to 20th century. Pyscho-analyst of the 20th century. Proposed notions of why humans engage in war and violence. Belived humans had repressed feelings for too long and to the point implosion. Freud's idea: Even peace requires the presence of force--relate this to league of nations. It was essentially useless because they had no way to impose its rule.

Balla "Dynamism of a Dog on a Leash" 1912

Ball was fascinated by chrono-photography, a vintage technique whereby movement is demonstrated across several frames. This encouraged Balla to find new ways of representing movement in painting, and Dynamism is perhaps his most famous experiment. The work shows a woman walking a small black dog, the movement collapsed into a single instant. Displaying a close-up of the feet, Balla articulates action in process by combining opaque and semi-transparent shapes. ex. of speed and movement in art inspired by futurism

Eros and Death Instincts

Believed people are driven by two conflicting central desires: the life drive (libido or Eros) (survival, propagation, hunger, thirst, and sex) and the death drive. Life instincts, sometimes refereed as sexual instincts, are those that deal with basic survival, pleasure and reproduction. Important for sustaining th elife of the individual as well as the continuation of the species. (prosocial actions). Freud proposed that "the goal of all life is death" (1920). Noted that after people experience a traumatic event (such as war) they often reenact the experience. He concluded that people hold an unconscious desire to die, but that this wish is largely tempered by the life instincts. In Freud's view, self-destructive behavior is an expression of the energy created by the death instincts. When this energy is directed outward onto others, it is expressed as aggression and violence. Claimed these two impulses actually go hand in hand; they're not mutually exclusive. Often alloyed together: we never do anything entirely out of love or hate. Ex: peoplse use patriotism (LOVE for their country) as an excuse to kill. Our love for something can be so powerful that we are willing to kill in order to preserve or conquer the things we love. Idea that love and hate are not mutually exclusive, meaning one does not come without the other. In other words, one does not act exclusivley out of hatred or of love.

"Great libels on life"

Believes that meta-narratives of lies have characterized all of Western history, and these meta-narratives have fooled civilization into thinking we're making progress. In fact, they're merely masking our innate instincts of creativity, violence and irrationality. Unlike Freud, Nietzsche praises these instincts because they give culture vitality. Most famous statement was "God is dead" → many interpret this as a form of understanding divinity in the increasing modernity in science and secularization of European society. Argued this 'killed' the Abrahamic God, who had served as the basis for meaning and value in the West. Death of God may lead beyond bare perspectivism to nihilism, the belief that nothing has any inherent importance and that life lacks purpose. merely masking our innate instincts; by Nietzsche illusion of success

Czechoslovakia and Yugoslavia

Buffer States. Won independence from Russia after Bolshevik Revolution and defeat of German Empire and Austria/Hungary in WWI. During interwar period, border states policy implemented by Western Europe aimed at uniting these nations in defense against the Soviet Union and communist expansion.

Preponderance of the "herd instinct"

Can combat the herd mentality with education and culture. Often referred to the common people who participated in mass movements and shared a common mass psychology as "the herd". Valued individualism above all else. Best characterized as a thinker of "hierarchy".

Disruption of rational space and linear time

Challenged assumption that space can be captured in two-dimentional space An object changes according to when and from where one looks at it. Picasso "Les Demoiselles d'Avignon" 1907 - Picasso was influenced by African art for this painting. Duchamp "Nude Descending a Staircase" 1912 - practically just a set of shapes and lines. Can barely make out that it is a woman going down the stairs.

Mao Zedong

Chinese Communist revolutionary and founding father of People's Republic of China. Adopted a Chinese nationalist and anti-imperialist outlook in early life, particularly influenced by events of May Fourth Movement and Xinhai Revolution (1911). Helped to found the Red Army during Chinese Civil War b/t KMT and CPC. 1949 - proclaimed foundation of People's Republic of China, a single-party state controlled by CPC. Solidified his control through land reforms, psychological victory in Korean War, campaigns against landlords ("counter-revolutionaries") and other perceived enemies of the state. Great Leap Forward campaign to rapidly transform China's economy from agrarian to industrial, which led to widespread famine and is estimated to have resulted in up to 45 million deaths through starvation adn other causes. 1966 Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution - program to remove "counter-revolutionary" elements of Chinese society that lasted 10 years and was marked by violent class struggle, widespread destruction of cultural artifacts and unprecedented elevation of Mao's personality cult (regarded as a severe setback fro the PRC).

Class struggle

Communists controlled left wing of KMT, struggling for power with right wing. When party leader Sun Yat-sen died in May 1925, he was succeeded by a rightist, Kai-shek, who initiated moves to marginalise position of Communists. Mao nevertheless supported Chiang's decision to overthrow the Beiyang gov't and foreign imperialist allies using the National Revolutionary Army (Northern Expedition 1926). In the wake of this expedition, peasants rose up, appropriating the land of the wealthy landowners, whom were in many cases killed. Such uprisings angered senior KMT figures, who were themselves landowners, emphasizing the growing class and ideological divide with the revolutionary movement. In March 1927, Mao appeared at a Committee which sought to strip General Chiang of his power. Mao played an active role in the discussions regarding peasant issue. See quote.

Erich Fromm

Cornerstone of humanistic philosophy is his interpretation of the biblical story of Adam and Eve's exile from Garden of Eden → Drawing on his knowledge of Talmud, Fromm pointed out that being able to distinguish between good and evil is generally considered a virtue, and that biblical scholars generally consider Adam and Eve to have sinned by disobeying God and eating from the Tree of Knowledge. However, departing from traditional religious orthodoxy, Fromm extolled the virtues of humans taking independent action and using reason to establish moral values rather than adhering to authoritarian moral values. Fromm used the story as an allegorical explanation for human biological evolution and existential angst, asserting that when Adam and Eve ate from the Tree, they became aware of themselves as being separate from nature while still being a part. This is why they felt "naked" and "ashamed": they evolved into human beings, conscious of themselves, their own mortality, and their powerlessness before the forces of nature and society, and no longer united with the universe as they were in their instinctive, pre-human existence as animals. According to Fromm, the awareness of a disunited human existence is a source of guilt and shame, and the solution to this existential dichotomy is found in the development of one's uniquely human powers of love and reason. However, Fromm distinguished his concept of love from unreflective popular notions as well as Freudian paradoxical love. On Love - Considered love to be an interpersonal creative capacity rather than emotion. Viewed the experience of "falling in love" as evidence of one's failure to understand the true nature of love, which he believe always had common elements of care, responsibility, respect and knowledge. He also pointed out that few people in modern society had respect for the autonomy of their fellow human beings, much less the objective knowledge of what other people truly wanted and needed. Political ideas and activities - Escape from Freedom focuses on human urge to seek a source of authority and control upon reaching a freedom that was thought to be an individual's true desire. Fromm's critique of the modern political order and capitalist system led him to seek insights from medieval feudalism. He found favor with the lack of freedom, rigid structure, and obligations required on members of medieval society. In his last book, The Sane Society, he argued in favor of a humanistic and democratic socialism, emphasizing the ideal of freedom. He rejected both Western capitalism and Soviet communism, which he saw as dehumanizing, and which resulted in the virtually universal modern phenomenon of alienation. Eight Basic Needs: Relatedness - relationships with others, care, respect, knowledge. Transcendence - Being thrown into the world without their consent, humans have to transcend their nature by destroying or creating people or things. Humans can destroy through malignant aggression, or killing for reasons other than survival, but they can also create and care about creations. Rootedness - Need to esetablish roots and to feel at home again in the world. Productively, rootedness enables us to grow beyond the security of our mother and establish ties within the outside world. With the nonproductive strategy, we become fixated and afraid to move beyond the security and safety of our mother figure. Sense of Identity - Drive for a sense of identity is expressed nonproductively as conformity to a group and productively as individuality. Frame of Orientation - Understanding the world and our place in it. Excitation and Stimulation - Actively striving for a goal rather than simply responding. Unity - A sense of oneness between one person and the "natural and human world outside". Effectiveness - The need to feel accomplished. "Escape from freedom" thesis: the "individualized man" referenced by Fromm is man bereft of "primary ties" of belonging (i.e. nature, family, etc.), also expressed as "freedom from". Challenged Freud's view of human nature. Fromm claimed problems stemmed from conformity and in the ways we consume. Forces us to alienate ourselves, leading to "The Divided Self". "We seek security in fitting in with the herd but in the process we alienate ourselves." German philosopher from the Frankfurt School of German Philosophy; there are people who were unsatisfied with sex and power (Against Freud). Main question is looking at the reasons/forces behinds conformity in modern society. How that conformity accentuates our sense of aloneness as individuals. How we consume and establish relationships with each other, pursue leisure--all forms of conformity.

Tristan Tzara

Dadaist who wrote on "Dadaism". "The true Dadas have always been separate from Dada" Impassioned litany of disgust - all the things he finds disgusting Western civilizations. "I know that you have come here today to hear explanations. Well, don't expect to hear any explanations about Dada. You explain to me why you exist. You haven't the faintest idea. You will say: I exist to make my children happy. But in your hearts you know that isn't so. You will say: I exist to guard my country, against barbarian invasions. That's a fine reason. You will say: I exist because God wills. That's a fairy tale for children. You will never be able to tell me why you exist but you will always be ready to maintain a serious attitude about life. You will never understand that life is a pun, for you will never be alone enough to reject hatred, judgments, all these things that require such an effort, in favor of a calm level state of mind that makes everything equal and without importance."

Readymades

Dadaists take objects from mundane life & turn them into art. Ex: taking the Mona Lisa & altering it, taking the urinal & turning it into "art", a cup/plate/spoon, etc. Why CREATE art when life itself is more interesting? nothing sacred about the culture of high art--the fancy museums and artists. Life is more interesting. IT means it is reverant. That attitude would inspire ready mades. The fountain, the mona lisa. He reframes It as a readymade. Close connection with dadaism and the readymades. Art is not some repository of beauty or truth - "Life was far more interesting" Duchamp "L.H.O.O.Q." 1919 - Took the Mona Lisa (considered the ultimate "high-brow" art) and put a moustache and goatee on her. Those letters pronounced in French claim she has a nice ass. Completely knocking down the respect and reverence of the painting. Duchamp "The Fountain" 1917 - Took a urinal, flipped it upside down and signed a fake name on it. Entitled it the fountain - a classical, perfectly beautiful object. Created a scandal at the exhibit. Chang: art will never be the same after Duchamp, you'll always look at art with that kind of mocking smile on your face - maybe we've been stupid in taking art so seriously, thinking beauty can be objectified.

French Indochina

Designated as a colony of economic interests - funding for colonial gov't came by means of taxes on locals and French gov't established a near monopoly on trade of opium, salt and rice alcohol. 1930s France further exploited the region for its natural resources (tea, rice, coffee, pepper, coal, zinc and tin; rice and pepper crops in Cambodia). At turn of 20th century, growing automobile industry resulted in growth of rubber industry in French Indochina, and plantations were built throughout the colony. Beginning in May 1941, the Viet Minh, a communist army led by Ho Chi Minh, began a revolt against the Japanese. In August 1945, they declared Vietnamese independence and extended the war, known as the First Indochina War, against France. After fall of France during WWII, colony was administered by Vichy government and under Japanese occupation until March 1945, when the Japanese overthrew the colonial regime.

Dr. Sun Yat-sen

Elected president by the Nanjing assembly representing seventeen provinces. Pledged to "overthrow the despotic Manchu government, consolidate the Republic of China and plan for the welfare of the people". Referred to as "father of the nation" in Republic of China. Legacy lies in his "Three Principles of the People" Lacked military support to overthrow Qing Dynasty. Handed over presidency to Yuan Shikai, imperial general, who then forced the last emperor to abdicate. Officially elected president in 1913. Ruled by military power and ignored republican institutions established by predecessor, threatening to execute Senate members who disagreed with his decisions. Declared himself Emperor of China in 1915. Sun, forced into exile, returned to Guangdong province in south with help of warlords in 1917 and 1922, and set up successive rival governments to the Beiyang government in Beijing; re-established the KMT in October 1919. Sun's dream was to unify China by launching an expedition to the north. Lacked military support and funding. Died and his successor, Chiang, led the Northern Expedition with backing of Soviet Russia and Communist party in China (dismissed Soviets pretty quickly). Began the Nanjing Decade.

Time-space compression in modern industry

Everything is faster, distorting time. Between 1880-1914, there was a very accelerated pace of change in Europe New technology and new modes of industrial production. Accentuated a sense of accelerated time Modern communication created effect of compressing both time and space New consciousness led to a crisis of representation.

Role of the free press

Facilitated widespread support for the war (similar to how World Cup would be supported by nationalism). Newspapers' crucial part in war-mongering and saber-rattling (frenzy that comes before outbreak of war inspiring nationalistic passion that contributes to war). Fanning public outrange. Public opinion irreversible, propaganda non-retractable (response to German Chanellor von Bethmann-Hollweg's hesitation).

Chancellor von Bethmann-Hollweg

Following the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand in Sarajevo on 28 June 1914, Bethmann Hollweg and his foreign minister Gottlieb von Jagow were instrumental in assuring Austria of Germany's unconditional support regardless of Austria's actions against Serbia. While Sir Edward Grey was suggesting a mediation between the Austrians and the Serbs, Bethmann Hollweg is known to have been manipulating the British message. Made more concessions to the Nationalist right than had previously been thought. He supported the goal of ethnically cleansing Poles from the Polish Border Strip, as well "Germanization" of Polish territories by settlement of German colonists. in Hoshbawm's age of total war. How the hype of the media had built around war got to such a point that even when statesmen saw how dangerous it got and wanted to pull back, the german public refused to let the chancellor do so. The hype for war had reached a point that not even the statesmes cant pull society back from the brink of war. He was the chancellor leading to the outbreak of war

Triple Entente

France, Great Britain, and Russia. Later joined by US

Algeria (specifically French Algeria)

French Algeria lasted from 1830 to 1962 under a variety of governmental systems. By 1848 nearly all of northern Algeria was under French control. Characterized by a tradition of violence and mutual incomprehension b/t rulers and ruled; the French politician and historian Alexis de Tocqueville wrote that colonization had made Muslim society more barbaric than it was before the French arrived. There was a relative absence of well-established native mediators b/t french rulers and mass population, and an ever-growing French settler population (the colons, also known as pieds noirs) demanded the privileges of a ruling minority in the name of French democracy. When Algeria eventually became a part of France juridicially, that only added to the power of the colons, who sent delegates to the French parliament. They accounted for roughly one-tenth of the total population from late 19th century until end of French rule.

Dose of the "cultural process"

Freud piece. On letter entittled why war. He begins about the death instinct we all have in human nature. So if that's the case,how do we prevent war. Ends with the possibility that by increasing doses of culture, app for arts educaiton manners, then maybe people become more less likely to act on thier destructive instinct. Using culture and education.

Compass of Motives

Freud states that it is very rare that an action is the work of a single instinctual impulse. (it must be compounded of eros and destructiveness). In order to make an action possible, there must be a combination of such compounded motives. Compass of motives describes the combination of motives that drive our decisions - nothing is entirely driven out of eros nor death instinct. Lichtenberg. In the Frued piece, why war? Talks about the instincts of love and hate. These instincts are never mutually exclusive. The phrase is that they are alloyed in each other--always mixed. You think you do something out of love, but it's your destructive instict. Acting on your destrucitive instict, you're doing it for something else. Professor lichtenberg, compass of motives. Always referring to a combo of winds. Love and instict of Eros and destructiveness being alloyed in each other.

Sources of alienation in capitalism

Fromm argued there was a pervasive sense of alienation and anonymity in the modern industrial age. as a result, humans found ways to compensate for these feelings.

Ahmedabad mill-worker strike

Gandhi invited to mediate dispute between mill-workers and mill-owners. Saw no other alternative than to go on strike. His condition were to never resort to violence; never to beg as this would erode dignity; and never to call off the strike until final solution (resolved). See Quote. Personal fast as manifestation of Satyagraha - as human nature often dictates, strikers lost their resolve. When Gandhi noticed that, he chose to fast as a way of reinforcing strength and resolve of strikers. There was an unintended effect of gaining sympathy of the mill-owners, but nonetheless it worked out for the strikers.

Snakes in ashram

Gandhi writes about the big green mamba snake (one of the deadliest snakes in South Africa) found at the Phoenix ashram. It was driven away by the people as they believe in non-violence, but they weren't sure how many other snakes there were. After some time, they kept coming in, and a man (Indian colonist) brought his gun and stayed vigil for two or three days. He had two small kids and for him, safety and the lives of his children were of greater importance that those of a snake. Gandhi apparently kept quiet about this. But as a believe in Ahimsa he used to narrate stories from puranas wherein dangerous creatures wrought no harm to people living in and near about hermitages. He used to recall the practice in India where bowls of milk are placed by mothers in spots frequented by snakes. The snakes took the milk, and the children were safe from any attacks. This was the general belief, that snakes and people could coexist without mutual fear.

Svadeshi or Home-spun Movement

Gandhi's movement emphasizing bringing the Indian economy back to the natives, specifically by creating their own clothes, textiles, etc. Textile, cloth; one of the most noticeable symbols of British rule was requiring Indians to only purchase British textiles (they actually got the resources to create these textiles from the cash crops in India, then made the Indians buy it back from them). Became a very powerful symbol of the British exploitation of India. Symbol of the "home-spun" tunic (dhoti) Synonymous with "home rule" Dhoti was the "home-spun" tunic that Gandhi wore his entire life after committing to the cause. Showed his commitment to bringing power over politics and economy back to the natives.

Friedrich Nietzsche

German philosopher who wrote several critical texts on religion, morality, contemporary culture, philosophy and science. German Philosopher who rejected democracy making him anti-democratic Agreed with war and did not believe end of war meant "progress" believed in suffering Key Ideas: perspectivism (all ideations take place from particular perspectives), will to power, death of God, and eternal recurrence. "Life affirmation" - embraces realities of the world in which we live over the idea of a world beyond. Champions the creative powers of the individual to strive beyond social, cultural, and moral contexts.

Post-war psychological impact

Human cost - Loss of some of the brightest Psychological cost - For some, nurtured an attitude of dark cynicism, or a savage sense of superiority. For most, lingering sense of futility and disillusionment in Europe. W.B. Yeats's "The Second Coming.

Germany's economic collapse

In 1921, as Germany couldn't pay reparations, French and Belgian troops invaded and occupied the Ruhr to take goods and raw materials. During 1923 Germany printed more money to pay striking workers. Hyperinflation resulted, wiping out value of savings. 1924-29 "Golden Years" - USA lent Germany huge sums of money; economy was rebuilt, unemployment was reduced and people began to feel secure. Collapse of American economy 1929 had terrible consequences all over Europe. Between 1929 and 1933 there was high unemployment and severe poverty in Germany.

"Might" behind "right"

In Freud's letter responding to Einstein on what can be done to solve war permanently, he writes about the history of war. The question where might is right as the cause of war asked by Einstein is replied by Freud that might is violence. The term can be used in the descriptive, rather than prescriptive way, in the same sense that people say that "History is written by the victors." Since every person labels what he/she thinks is good for himself/herself as "right," only those who are able to defeat their enemies are the ones who can push their idea of what is right into fruition. Freud's answers: Firstly, material causes of war is the conflict of desires. When two or more than two individuals or parties desire only one object, their conflicting desires lead them towards war. After the war the individual or the party who gets victory in war is the owner in the human history. Secondly, psychological cuases of war stipulates that the human mind is dominated alternatively by two insticnts which are hadeotic and erotic. When Hadeotic instinct dominates our mind we become destructive and desire death. Suggests a League of Nations that has military power to prevent war temporarily. Other temporary solutions include the fulfillment of human desire and establishing a powerful authority in the society/giving strong punishment to person or party responsible for the war. Claims that permanent solution to war is impossible. He claims the Hadeotic instinct is too dominant.

Chen Duxiu's New Youth

Influential Chinese magazine in 1910s and 1920s that played an important role in initiating New Culture Movement and spreading the influence of the May Fourth Movement. Chinese revolutionary who co-founded the Chinese Communist Party in 1921, serving as its first Gernal Secretary from 1921 to 1927. Introduced many new ideas into popular Chinese culture (individualism, democracy, humanism, use of scientific method) and he advocated the abandonment of Confucianism for adoption of Communism. Traditional Confucian ethics became target of attack from New Youth: 1. Advocated superfluous ceremonies and preached morality of meek compliance, making Chinese people weak and passive, unfit to struggle and compete in modern world. 2. Promoted family values and rejected idea that the individual was the basic unit of society. 3. It upheld the inequality of the status of individuals. 4. It stressed filial piety, which made men subservient and dependent. 5. It preached orthodoxy of thought, disregarding freedom of thinking and expression.

Crisis of representation

Late 19th century, artists and writers perceived a crisis in their fields. Manifested itself in questions about a central feature of lit and art: their ability to represent reality. Previously, the arts had been associated with mimesis, the imitation or representation of reality (never entirely detached from art's power of representation). By early 20th century, some artists pursued an art that no longer claimed to represent reality, launching into abstract or "nonrepresentational" or "nonobjective" art. Cubism of Georges Braque and Pablo Picasso, and the subsequent turn to purely nonrepresentational or abstract art by Kandinsky, Malevich, Mondrian, and others, abandoned all effort at illusionism and instead celebrated teh flat plane of the canvas, representing nothing but itself.

Mandate system

League of Nations mandate was a legal status for certain territories transferred from control of one country to another following WWI, or the legal instruments that contained the internationally agreed-upon terms for administering the territory on behalf of the League. All territories subject to mandates were previously controlled by states defeated in WWI, principally Imperial Germany and Ottoman Empire. Mandatory power undertook obligations to the inhabitants of the territory and to the League of Nations. Exact level of control by Mandatory power decided on an individual basis. Forbidden to construct fortifications or raise an army within the territory of the mandate. Divided into Class A, B, or C mandates dependent on level of development each populations had achieved at that time. However, no mandate was given independence.mask for imperialism (Fake giving power)

Rowlatt Bills

Legislative act passed by Imperial Legislative Council in Delhi on March 21, 1919, indefinitely extending "emergency measures" enacted during First World War in order to control public unrest and root out conspiracy in India. Effectively authorized the government to imprison any person suspected of terrorism living in the Raj for up to two years without a trial, and gave imperial authorities power to deal with all revolutionary activities. Stricter control of the press, arrests without warrant, indefinite detention without trial, and juryless in camera trials for proscribed political acts. Accused were denied the right to know the accusers and evidence used in trial. Those convicted were required to deposit securities upon release, and were prohibited from taking any part in any political, educational, or religious activities. Gandhi and other Indian leaders actively opposed the Act, causing government to implement repressive measure. Gandhi and others found that constitutional opposition was fruitless, and organized a "hartal" on April 6 where Indians would suspend all business and fast as a sign of opposition. Known as Rowlatt Satyagraha. Gandhiji named the Rowlatt Act as "black act". Gandhi suspended the resistance because he found people were not ready for nonviolent opposition. Rioting in Punjab began with the passing of the measures, leading into Amritsar Massacre. Government of India repealed the Rowlatt Act, the Press Act, and twenty-two other laws in March 1922 after accepting report of Repressive Laws Committee.

US Reasons for entering the War

Look at Wilson's 14 Points. Key reasons he gives for America's involvement. He gave address to justify the entry. One of the key things was the freedom of the seas, so free trade. Unhampered trade between US Europe.

Frantz Fanon

Martinique-born Afro-Caribbean psychiatrist, philosopher, revolutionary and writer whose works are influential in the fields of post-colonial studies, critical theory, and Marxism. As an intellectual, Fanon was a political radical, and a Marxist humanist concerned with the psychopathology of colonization, and the human, social, and cultural consequences of decolonization. Supported the Algerian War of Independence from France, and was a member of the Algerian National Liberation Front. The life and works of Frantz Fanon have inspired national liberation movements in Palestine, Sri Lanka, the U.S. and South Africa. In France (1952) he wrote his first book, Black Skin, White Masks, an analysis of the negative psychological effects of colonial subjugation upon Black people. It was initially a dissertation, and was rejected, which prompted him to publish it as a book.

"Power-team marriage"

Modern marriage of convenience. Partners compatible professionally, financially, socially, physically, etc. "To prepare a face to meet the faces that you meet".

"Carthaginian Peace" (Keynes)

Much like the brutal defeat of the Carthage by the Romans, the peace terms in the Treaty were harsh and designed to cripple Germany to inferiority. What Keynes referred the Treaty of Versailles as.. Much like the brutal defeat of the Carthage by the Romans, the peace terms in the Treaty of Versailles were harsh and designed to cripple Germany to inferiority.

Significance of "onion theft"

Onions were taken from the peasantry as payments for the tax in Gujarat, so Gandhi and his cohorts stole them back from the government in broad daylight. They provoked the authorities/oppressors, risking their own freedom and showing the government that they will fight back non-violently.

War as catharsis

Opinion that "minor adjustment" was necessary. Believed war would come and go quickly. When war originally broke out there was very little shock or concern. Some saw war as a necessary catalyst to improve European society (sense of stagnation and paralysis).

Call for social reforms

Part of New Culture Movement. Sprang from disillusionment with traditional Chinese culture following failure of Chinese Republic. Called for creation of new Chinese culture based on global and western standards, especially democracy and science. Vernacular literature And end to patriarchal family in favor of individual freedom and women's liberation. View that China is a nation among nations, not as a uniquely Confucian culture. Re-examination of Confucian texts and ancient classics using modern textual and critical methods (Doubting Antiquity School). Democratic and egalitarian values An orientation to the future rather than the past.

Will to Power

Peace assurances are not a sign of progress but of demise. Fed into some of the fascist movement ideals to come later. Assurances in peace are "narcotics", they merely delude us and are signs of the inevitable decline of our society. Main driving force in humans is ambition/achievement/striving desire to reach highest position possible. Nihilism - saw his age facing a fundamental crisis of values. With rise of science, Christian worldview no longer held a prominent explanatory role in people's lives - a view he captured in the phrase "god is dead". However, science doesn't introduce a new set of values as replacement. Rightly foresaw that people need to identify with some source of meaning and value in their lives, and if they couldn't find it in science, they would turn to aggressive nationalism, racism or view that no values have any meaning (nihilism). Our fundamental drive is for power as realized in independence and dominance. This will is stronger than will to survive, as martyrs will die willingly for a cause if they feel doing so will increase their influence. Likewise, it is stronger than the will to sex, as monks willingly renounce sex for the sake of a greater cause. While the will to power can manifest itself through violence and physical dominance, Nietzsche is more interested in the sublimated WTP, in which people turn their WTP inward and pursue self-mastery rather than mastery over others. Written by Nietzche. Claimed evolution was not always good, meant the more complex a species is the more prone they are to parish.

Massacre at Amritsar, India 1919

Peaceful civilian demonstrations against the Rowlatt Bills ended in the British forces shooting and massacring Indians. Most of those killed were Indian nationalist meeting tp protest the British government's forced conscription of Indian soldiers and the heavy war tax imposed against the Indian people. A few days earlier, Amritsar placed under martial law and handed over to British Brigadier General Reginald Dyer, who banned all meetings and gatherings in the city. On April 13, day of Sikh Baisakhi festival, tens of thousands of people came to Amritsar unaware of Dyer's recent ban, and convened at Jallianwala Bagh park, where a nationalist demonstration was being held. Dyer's troops surrounded the park and without warning opened fire on the crowd, killing several hundred and wounding more than a thousand. Dyer, who in a subsequent investigation admitted to ordering the attack for its "moral effect" on the people of the region, had his troops continue the murderous barrage until all their artillery was exhausted. British authorities later removed him from his post. The massacre stirred nationalist feelings across India and had a profound effect on one of the movement's leaders, Mohandas Gandhi.

Woodrow Wilson

President of US during WWI. Implemented mandate system and came up with idea for League of Nations. Was one of the Big Four. Joined towards the end of the war, making America a true world power since then.

International Monetary Fund & World Bank

Pressure from US government made IMF start offering loans based on strict conditions, reducing the level of social safety and worsening labour and environmental standards in developing countries. World Bank was formed to fund the rebuilding of infrastructure in nations ravaged by WWII. Its focus soon changed in 1980s. The Bank turned its attention away from Europe to the third World countries, most of which are in Africa. It started funding massive industrial development projects in Africa, Asia, and Latin America. Under a plane devised mechanism the World Bank and the IMF loan money in return for the structural adjustment of their economies. This means that economic direction of each country would be planned, monitored, and controlled in Washington. For instance, the World Bank assistance for helping a poor country involves, country by country investigations with a meeting of begging-Finance Ministers who are handed a restructuring agreement pre-drafted for voluntary signature. Africa's infant industries fail to take off under extensive trade liberalization. This is also very critical with respect to imported food such as rice, wheat, milk, amongst others. Developed countries which have excess of these food items reduce their prices and export them to Africa as a way of getting rid of them. If such situations were not conditioned, Africa would never be able to produce its own food. what often happens is that it is the so-called soft sectors of education, health, and housing amongst others that will suffer from the cut in government expenditure. Most governments do not reduce expenditure on the army or on their non-productive and unnecessary areas. The result is that cut in government expenditure ends up harming the welfare of the people Another very important factor is the devaluation of currencies which is supposed to increase self sufficiency by making imported products more expensive and African exports cheaper. Since most African countries do not produce these products, it is not possible to replace them with locally produced ones. On the other hand, most of the countries that buy African products have set certain amounts on how much can be imported or have fixed prices in foreign currencies to shelter their own products, even when they become cheaper in local currencies, do not necessarily gain new outside markets or earn more foreign exchange.

Wretched of the Earth and views on decolonization

Published shortly before Fanon's death in 1961. Defends right for a colonized people to use violence to struggle for independence, arguing that human beings who are not considered as such shall not be bound by principles that apply to humanity, in their attitude towards the colonizer. His book was then censored by the French government. Analyzes the role of class, race, national culture and violence for struggle for national liberation. Colonizer's presence in Algeria is based on sheer military strength. Any resistance to this strength must also be of a violent nature because it is the only "language" the colonizer speaks. Thus, violent resistance is a necessity imposed by the colonists upon the colonized. Constitutes a warning to the oppressed of the dangers they face in the whirlwind of decolonization and the transition to a neo-colonialist, globalized world.

Cubism

Rejected the inherited concept that art should copy nature, or that they should adopt the traditional techniques of perspective, modeling, and foreshortening. They wanted to emphasize the two-dimensionality of the canvas. So they reduced and fractured objects into geometric forms, and then realigned these within a shallow, relief-like space. Abandoned perspective, and turned away from realistic modeling of figures towards a system of representing bodies in space that employed small, tilted planes, set in a shallow space. Some historians have argued that its innovations represent a response to the changing experience of space, movement and time in the modern world.

Apollonian vs. Dionysian impulse

Rejects the "Apollonian" but affirmed the "Dionysian" impulse. Apollonian impulse = belief that for anything to be beautiful it has to be rational, orderly, appeal to moral conscience (approach to art). Nietzsche claimed that is all second-rate art and true art comes from Dionysian approach = indulging out natural impulses. The aesthetic approach in true art is irrational, creative, amoral. Apollonian follows Schopenhauer's principle of individuation, it stresses the gentle reign of reason and intellect, pushing life to a somewhat unnatural ordering. Dionysian is exact opposite - governed by emotions and particularly passions, sometimes whipped to a self-destructive frenzy of excess. Suppresses his intellect to live as one with nature, and wine plays an essential role in his cult. Traces this exuberance throughout history. Nietzsche understands the totality of European intellectual and artistic tradition as the product of interaction between Apollonian and Dionysian tendencies - the greater the friction between them, the greater the art which results. Work was viewed as heretical and a bit daft by his contemporaries, but now seen as an intellectual and bright insight into classical texts and music. Inspired Cubism and later modernist movements.

Dadaism: The Art of Spontaneity

Response to atrocities of WWI. An art movement of the European avant-garde in 20th century which rejected logic & reason, and favored spontaneity, nonsense, irrationality, and intuition. Anti-war, anti-bourgeois. Art of spontaneity - a very apolitical movement. Dada is a mindset, an attitude or perspective on the world. It affirmed above all else the beauty of spontaneity: unattached, indifferent & irreverent, holds nothing sacred...not even itself. It is about being completely unhinged. Indiscriminate iconoclasm: All "truth" is relative and subjective, so why fret over it? "Everyone dances to his own personal boomboom" -Characteristics: inspired by spontaneity, meant to be absurd and meaningless to reflect an absurd world -not a cultural ideology but a mindset -affirmed spontaneity of mind (irreverant, authentic, unattached) -life is more interesting than art *see irreverant iconoclasm for more

Satyagraha - "Truth Force"

Satyagrahi → "firmness in the truth". Unwavering adherence to what one considers truth (passionate set of principles). Civility without fear (always respectful and maintaining dignity in a way that sheds no trace of fear). Demonstrate an inborn gentleness (ahimsa) Willingness for personal sacrifice (fasting, closing business, etc.) Desire to do one's opponent good (keep welfare and what is most beneficial for the opponent in mind). Source → Hindu heritage; ethic of ahimsa connected.

Paris Peace Treaties

Several treaties marking the end of WWI, most important of which was the Versailles Treaty. Forced Germany to concede territories to Belgium, Czech, and Poland. Alsace and Lorraine returned to France. All German overseas colonies became League of Nations mandates, and the city of Danzig (large ethnically German population) became a Free City. Peace Conference 1919 - Charter of the proposed League of Nations was incorporated into the conference's Treaty of Versailles.

Three Principles of the People

Summarized as nationalism, democracy, and the livelihood of the people. Nationalism, literally "the People's rule/government" clearly describing a nation rather than a group or person united by a purpose. Freedom from imperalist domination. Hoped to unite different ethnicities of China (Han, Mongols, Tibetans, Manchus, and Muslims) - Five-Color Flag of First Republic. To achieve this he believed that China must develop a "national consciousness" so as to unite the Han in the face of imperialist aggression. He argued that the people were defined by sharing common blood, livelihood, religion, language and customs. Democracy, literally "the People's power" or "government by the People". Represented Western constitutional gov't. Divided political life of his ideal for China into two sets of power: power of politics and power of governance. Power of politics are powers of people to express political wishes, represented by National Assembly. There are four of these powers: election, recall, initiative, and referendum. Equated to "civil rights". Power of governance are the powers of administration. Expanded European-American constitutional theory of a three-branch gov't and system of checks and balances by incorporating traditional Chinese administrative tradition to create a government of five branches (court). Legislative Yuan, Executive Yuan, and Judicial Yuan; Control Yuan and Examination Yuan came from Chinese tradition. "The People's welfare/livelihood", "Government for the People". May be understood as social welfare and as a direct criticism of inadequacies of both socialism and capitalism. Influenced by American thinker Henry George; land value tax in Taiwan is a legacy thereof. Divided livelihood into four areas: clothing, food, housing, and transportation; and planned out how an ideal (Chinese) gov't can take care of these for its people. Died before he could fully explain his vision of this Principle and it has been subject of much debate within Chinese Nationalist and Communist Parties, with latter suggested Sun supported socialism. 1) Nationalism: a sentiment that had always been a part of Chinese tradition. Chinese nationalism is ethinically inclusive 2)Democracy: Egalitarian ideals since antiquity 3) Livelihood: socio-economic inequality as key flaw of western capitalism. to ensure equitable livelihood, state ownership of certain industries. it was a synthesis of traditional and new ideals and foreign and indigenous ideals. Not strictly Chinese values.

Financial leverage through loans

The agenda behind "aid" is to exercise control through monetary loans (IMF and World Bank). Maintain small, dependent, non-diversified simple economies Little towards education Only safe aid is "military aid" Keeping neo-colonialism's puppet regimes in power at all cost Imperialist countries exercised control through monetary loans, but the loans always went toward monocrops and thus made the colonized country vulnerable and more dependent on the imperialist country. There were also conditions for these loans (i.e. they had to adopt certain polcies before they could receive the money). Very little to no money went toward education because education was seen as a threat.

Einstein's view on the "herd mentality"

The more educated you are, the less likely you will confor and be a part of the herd.

War as "zero-sum game" (Hobsbawm)

The outcomes of the war would be total devastation on one side and domination on the other. They couldn't appease, the war was fought with the purpose of being able to exert total power over the losing side. It was an age of "total war". Success an "Either/Or" equation for all sides, stalemate in the trenches.

Kheda Satyagraha

There was famine in state of Gujarat; even though most were starving, the British raised the tax burden on the peasants "for the sake of the war effort". Gandhi decided to use the method of not paying for the unjust tax. His primary concern was solidarity (everyone must not pay). do what you think is right, not just what is convenient. Obedience of of conscience vs. obedience of convenience.

Kwame Nkruma's Pan-Africanism

This entailed the creation of a series of new international organizations, which held their inaugural meetings in Accra. Meetings: 1. First Conference of Independent States, in April 1958; 2. more inclusive All-African Peoples' Conference, with representatives from 62 nationalist organizations from across the continent, in December 1958; 3. the All-African Trade Union Federation, meeting in November 1959, to coordinate African labor movement; 4. the Positive Action and Security in Africa conference, in April 1960, discussing Algeria, South Africa, and French nuclear weapons testing; and 5. the Conference of African Women, on July 18, 1960. Ghana withdrew from colonial organizations. In 1960, Nkrumah negoitatied creation of a Union of African States (political alliance b/t Ghana, Guinea, and Mali). Immediately there formed a women's group called Women of the Union of African States. Leading figure in short-lived Casablanca Group of African leaders, which sought to achieve Pan-African unity and harmony through deep political, economic, and military integration in the early 1960s prior to establishment of Organisation of African Unity. Instrumental in creation of Organisation of African Unity in Addis Ababa in 1963. Aspired to create a united military force, the African High Command, which Ghana would substantially lead, and committed to this vision in the 1960 Republican Constitution. Proponent of the United Nations, but critical of Great Powers' ability to control it. Opposed entry of African states into Common Market of EEC. Instead he advocated for an African common market. Culturally, Nkrumah called for international libraries and cooperative efforts to study history and culture. Decried norms of white supremacy and Eurocentrism imposed by British textbooks and cultural institutions. Wore a traditional Northern robe, fugu, but donned Kente cloth, from the south, for ceremonies, in order to symbolize his identity as a representative of the whole country. Oversaw opening of Ghana Museum in 1957; Arts Council of Chana in 1958; Research Library on African Affairs in 1961; and Ghana Film Corporation in 1964. Opened the Institute of African Studies. self-sufficient; no longer reliant on the West who controls them and cheats them; large, diversified country. Combine all of Africa's resources and make one Africa. Not really feasible, though, because too many competing interests. Africa is hella big. can't achieve autonomy and will always be dependent on western loans. Solution is this. By Krume. Africa to create a union to combine their resources and stand toe to toe with the west.

Purpose of Military Aid

This was the only "safe" aid. But since these third world countries were often ruled by dictators, the money went to the dictators and was used for nefarious purposes.

Impact on Gujarati Peasantry

Through Gandhi's leadership, the section about the kehda satyagraha, where he convinces the peasants not to pay the revenue tax. In that piece he talks about the profound change he has had on the mentality of the trad peasantry. Peasants always saw themselves as the inferior people, but his movement empowered them. for the first time Peasants felt that they had a voice. Under kheda satyagraha. Includes the untouchables. He was opposed to the caste system.

Futurism - The Dictatorship of Speed

Transcend time itself through the power of speed and technology. Celebrated advanced technology and urban modernity. Members were committed to the new, and wished to destroy older forms of culture and demonstrate the beauty of modern life - beauty of the machine, speed, violence and change. Largely celebrated the First World War. At its best, Futurist art brings to mind the noise, heat and even the smell of the metropolis. Borrowed from various aspects of Post-Impressionism, including Symbolism and Divisonism. Not until 1911 that a distinctive Futurist style emerged, and then it was a product of Cubist influence. Fascinated by new visual technology, in particular chrono-photography (showing an object through a sequence of frames). Important influence on their approach to showing movement in painting, encouraging an abstract art with rhythmic, pulsating qualities. -Characteristics: new tech and higher speed (to speed away from misery) -Socio-political agenda: celebrated war before war broke out; from italy; bringing us to the future

"Isolation belt" against Communism

Tried to set up buffer zone around communist countries, supplying them with tools needed to resist and prevent spreading. Made to contain Russian influence on buffer states. This was the containment of Bolshevik Revolutions inspired by ideals of liberal "self-determination"

Social implications of "total war"

War between societies. Either totally victorious or totally vanquished. Even towards the end, Germany was desperately taking soldiers as old as 65...Unless it achieved total victory, it would never forfeit naval supremacy to Britain, control over imperial interests to Britain. Part of Germany's challenge to Britain was to challenge naval supremacy. For Britain, it felt it had to win because if it lost this war it would forever concede all of Europe to Germany. For France, if they did not win the war they would always be in the shadows of their neighbor.

Commodification of Love "Personality Package"

We search for love and intimacy in relationships, but we confuse intimacy with sexual satisfaction, and love with relationships of convenience. Manufacturing the "personality package" - we see ourselves and others as "commodities for exchange" in a "personality market." Put ourselves through a "personality finishing school". Idea by Erich Fromm. You create this personality package/facade to make yourself into a person you think others will like. Meanwhile, they are doing the same.

The "Big Four"

Woodrow Wilson (US), David Lloyd (GB), Orlando (Italy), and Clemenceau (France). wrote the 14 Points and 4 points (what the world should become and how global affairs should be handled). he was a major inflence in handling affairs after the war

Rupert Brooke

Wrote "The Soldier" in 1914, glorifying the honour of dying for your country at war, making one little corner of the foreign land English. Heroic, noble, sacrificial honor for his country.

Picasso "Les Demoiselles d'Avignon" 1907

figures not proportional, no foreground/background, angular cubes and planes, no fixed vantage point, multiple perspectives (capture reality in a more authentic way) cubist art

Focus of Frankfurt School

focus on mass media, technology, and swaying of public opinion by capitalist machinery.

Role of the petty bourgeois

in the Mao piece. Online one. Talks about the role of the Burgeouis. The middle class may start as alies in the revolutions. But in the end they are counterrevolutionaries. The reliable base of the revolutions will be the peasants. The petty peole are merchants, land owners, and such. it is all about class struggle for Mao. The burgeouis, no matter their views, their class will determine who they are.

Kwame Nkrumah

leader of Ghana and its predecessor state, the Gold Coast, from 1951 to 1966. Became first Prime Minister of Gold Goast and led it to independence as Ghana in 1957. After Ghana became a republic in 1960, Nkrumah became President. Founding member of Organization of African Unity and winner of the Lenin Peace Prize in 1963. Saw himself as an African Lenin. pan africanism

Peasant Associations

peasant associations in these villages in the rural areas that become the governing power. Not just the class struggle. But how peasansts will run revolution. In the piece "report of the civil". How these associations purging their previous land lords and the burgeois--arresting them, trying them, and getting rid of them. How peasants take destiny into their own hands.

Duchamp "Nude Descending a Staircase" 1912

reflects movement, compress time ex. of art inspired by cubism and futurism