Mod 2 Self-Tests, Practice Exam, Exam (Basic Chemistry) (Essentials of Human Anatomy & Physiology, 12e)

An atom has 6 protons, 8 neutrons, and 6 electrons. Its atomic mass is _______. a. 6 b. 14 c. 8 d. 2

14

An atom with an atomic number of 14 will have __________ electrons in its valence shell. a. 2 b. 10 c. 4 d. 14 e. 8

4

Which of the following is NOT true of carbohydrates? a. glucose is an example of a carbohydrate b. a glucose molecule is a polysaccharide stored by the liver c. disaccharides are a type of carbohydrate d. an example of a polysaccharide found in plants is starch e. carbohydrates are the primary energy molecules for most living things

A glucose molecule is a polysaccharide stored by the liver Glucose is not a polysaccharide stored by the liver. Glycogen, which consists of linked glucose molecules (making it a polysaccharide), is stored by the liver.

The joining of amino acids to form a protein is an example of: a. an exchange reaction b. a synthesis reaction c. a decomposition reaction d. a hydrolysis reaction e. a denaturation reaction

A synthesis reaction

When a substance, that is dissolve in water, releases hydrogen ions (H+) in detectable amounts, and tends to lower the pH of the resulting solution, that substance is termed a(n): a. alkali b. acid c. base d. enzyme e. salt

Acid An acid releases hydrogen ions (H+) in detectable amounts. An increase in H+ will result in the pH being lowered.

Which bases are found in RNA? a. adenine, guanine, thymine, and uracil b. adenine, uracil, guanine, and cytosine c. thymine, adenine, guanine, and cytosine d. uracil, guanine, adenine, and ribose

Adenine, uracil, guanine, and cytosine

A cell's energy requirements are met by releasing bond energy from certain high-energy phosphate-bonds. The break-down of one of the compounds listed below provides an abundant, readily available source of energy. This compound is a. deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) b. glycogen c. glucose d. adenine e. adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) The phosphate groups are attached by high-energy phosphate bonds, which act as an abundant source of energy that is used to meet the cell's energy needs.

If the DNA molecule resembles a twisted ladder, which chemical units form the sides of the ladder? a. pairs of nitrogenous bases b. alternating deoxyribose sugar and phosphate groups c. alternating ribose sugar and phosphate groups d. amino acids and phosphates e. polypeptide chains

Alternating deoxyribose sugar and phosphate groups The phosphate groups together with the deoxyribose sugars form the sides of the ladder.

Proteins are made up of many: a. triglyceride molecules b. fatty acid molecules c. monosaccharide molecules d. nucleotide molecules e. amino acid molecules

Amino acid molecules These are the building blocks of proteins. Two amino acids join to form a dipeptide (the smallest kind of protein).

The sum of the protons and neutrons contained in the nucleus of an atom is known as its _______. a. atomic mass number b. atomic number c. atomic nuclear number d. atomic weight number

Atomic mass number

Which of the following statements regarding isotopes is TRUE? a. isotopes have the same number of protons and neutrons, but vary in the number of electrons they contains b. isotopes of an element have the same atomic number, but have different atomic masses c. the chemical properties of ALL of an element's isotopes are EXACTLY the same d. the atomic weigh of any element is approximately equal to the mass number of its most abundant isotope e. B,C, and D f. all of the statements are true regarding isotopes

B,C, and D -Isotopes of an element have the same atomic number, but have different atomic masses -The chemical properties of ALL of an element's isotopes are EXACTLY the same -The atomic weigh of any element is approximately equal to the mass number of its most abundant isotope

An element is a substance that: a. cannot be decomposed or broken down into simpler substances by ordinary chemical means b. has several types of atoms in its make-up c. will always change form over time d. cannot be found to occur naturally in nature

Cannot be decomposed or broken down into simpler substances by ordinary chemical means.

The four elements that make up about 96% of body matter are a. calcium, potassium, sodium, and oxygen b. carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen c. hydrogen, helium, carbon and calcium d. hydrogen, helium, nitrogen and carbon e. hydrogen, oxygen, calcium, and nitrogen

Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen.

Which functional group of substances increases the rates of chemical reactions by at least a million-fold, and is essential to virtually every biochemical reaction in the body? a. hormones b. antibodies (immunoglobulins) c. catalysts (enzymes) d. transport proteins

Catalysts (enzymes)

When two atoms share one or more electrons the reaction is a/an _______ type of bonding. a. ionic b. covalent c. electron d. hydrogen

Covalent

Glycogen --> Glucose is an example of which pattern of chemical reaction? a. decomposition reaction b. dehydration reaction c. synthesis reaction d. hydrolysis reaction e. exchange reaction

Decomposition reaction The breakdown of glycogen to release glucose units is an example of a decomposition reaction.

Disaccharides are formed by which type of reaction? a. condensation b. dehydration synthesis c. hydrolysis d. decomposition e. exchange reaction f. catalyst reaction

Dehydration synthesis Disaccharides, or double sugars, for example, are formed when two simple sugars are joined and a water molecule is lost, a process known as dehydration synthesis.

When dissolved in body fluids, salts easily separate into their ions. What is this process called? a. hydrolysis b. dehydration c. dissociation d. catalysis e. degradation f. decomposition

Dissociation This process occurs rather easily due to the fact that the ions have already been formed, and must only be pulled apart.

Nerve impulses involve the flow of an electrical current, a type of energy known as _______ energy. a. radiant b. electrical c. mechanical d. chemical

Electrical

The term _______ refers to a unique substance that cannot be decomposed or broken down into simpler substances. a. molecule b. periodic table c. atomic symbol d. element e. compound

Element The atom is the smallest unit of an element that retains the characteristics of that element.

Which of the following statements correctly describes the conversion of energy from one form to the other? a. energy conversions are very difficult b. energy conversions are very efficient c. energy conversions seldom release heat d. energy conversions are easily accomplished most of the time, but they are not completely efficient and heat is emitted as unusable energy.

Energy conversions are easily accomplished most of the time, but they are not completely efficient and heat is emitted as unusable energy.

Which of the following statements does NOT apply when matter is converted from one form to another? a. energy has no part in this reaction b. energy may be absorbed during the reaction c. energy may be released during the reaction d. energy may be absorbed AND released during the reaction

Energy has no part in this reaction.

Enzymes are classified as: a. antibodies b. triglycerides c. functional proteins d. hormones e. structural proteins

Functional proteins

Which polysaccharide is formed of linked glucose molecules and can be stored in tissues? a. polyglucose b. glycogen c. starch d. cellulose

Glycogen

Water absorbs and releases large amount of energy before changing temperature, a characteristic known as _______. a. high heat capacity b. chemical reactivity c. buffering d. cushioning

High heat capacity

Which type of bond is an important intramolecular bond, which helps to bind different parts of the same molecule together into a special 3-dimensional shape? a. hydrogen bond b. ionic bond c. polar covalent bond d. nonpolar covalent bond

Hydrogen bond

Which of the following statements regarding hydrogen bonds is INCORRECT? a. hydrogen bonds are important intramolecular bonds which help to bind different parts of the same molecule together b. hydrogen bonds are the strong bonds which help to maintain the structure of protein molecules c. hydrogen bonds are formed when a hydrogen atom bound to one electron-hungry nitrogen or oxygen atom is attached by another electron-hungry atom d. hydrogen bonding is reflected in the surface tension of water

Hydrogen bonds are the strong bonds which help to maintain the structure of protein molecules This statement is incorrect because hydrogen bonds are FRAGILE bonds, which are involved in protein structure.

The conversion of sucrose to glucose and fructose is accomplished by which type of reaction? a. synthesis reaction b. dehydration synthesis c. exchange reaction d. hydrolysis

Hydrolysis

What type of bond results when electrons are completely transferred from one atom to another? a. ionic bond b. polar covalent bond c. hydrogen bond d. carbon bond

Ionic bond

Which type of bond is formed when electrons are completely transferred from one atom to another? a. polar covalent bond b. nonpolar covalent bond c. hydrogen bond d. ionic bond

Ionic bond

A solution with a pH of 7.0 _______. a. is basic since more hydrogen ions than hydroxyl ions are in the solution b. is acidic since more hydrogen ions than hydroxyl ions are in the solution c. is neutral since the amount of hydrogen ions and hydroxyl ions in the solution are equal d. is basic since more hydroxyl ions than hydrogen ions are in the solution

Is neutral since the amount of hydrogen ions and hydroxyl ions in the solution are equal.

Which of the following statements regarding isotopes is TRUE? a. isotopes have the same number of protons and neutrons, but differ in the number of electrons they contain. b. isotopes have the same number of protons and electrons, but differ in the number of neutrons they contain. c. the chemical properties of all of an element's isotopes are exactly the same. d. isotopes have the same number of protons and electrons, but differ in the number of neutrons they contain AND the chemical properties of all of an element's isotopes are exactly the same.

Isotopes have the same number of protons and electrons, but differ in the number of neutrons they contain AND the chemical properties of all of an element's isotopes are exactly the same.

Which of the following is a disaccharide? a. fructose b. galactose c. glucose d. lactose e. ribose

Lactose Lactose is a disaccharide composed of two monosaccharides, glucose and galactose, condensed together.

If neutral atoms become positive ions, they: a. gain electrons b. lose electrons c. gain protons d. lose protons e. gain neutrons

Lose electrons If a neutrally charged atom loses an electron (i.e. a negative charge), it will become positive.

A positive ion has a. gained a proton b. lost a proton c. gained an electron d. lost and electron

Lost an electron

Anything that has mass and takes up space is considered to be _______. a. a solid b. an element c. matter d. energy

Matter

Mark all of the substances that are compounds? You may select one or more answers. - NaCl - Mg - Fe - H2O

NaCl & H2O

An isotope is an atom that varies in the number of _______. a. electrons b. protons c. neutrons d. photons

Neutrons

The nucleus of an atom is the location of which kinds of subatomic particles? a. electrons and protons b. electrons and neutrons c. neutrons and protons d. electrons and molecules e. protons only

Neutrons and protons Both protons and neutrons are found in the nucleus of the atom.

Which of the following substances is an element? a. carbon dioxide b. water c. nitrogen d. salt

Nitrogen

Which of the substances listed below is an organic compound? a. water b. nucleic acid c. salt d. hydrochloric acid

Nucleic acid

The modern model of atomic structure, involving regions around the nucleus in which a given electron or electron-pair is most likely to be found is called which of the following? a. nuclear model b. planetary model c. atomic model d. orbital model

Orbital model

Compounds that contain carbon-hydrogen bonding are collectively termed ________ compounds. a. organic b. inorganic c. acidic d. electrolytic

Organic

Chemical activity between atoms usually involves a. outer shell electrons b. only the neutrons c. some of the protons d. all of the electrons e. all of the protons

Outer shell electrons The outer shell electrons are furthest from the nucleus and thus more likely to interact with the outer shell electrons of other atoms.

The most common elements in the human body are: a. carbon, potassium, hydrogen, and oxygen b. carbon, hydrogen, sodium, and oxygen c. hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and calcium d. oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, and nitrogen

Oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, and nitrogen

Glycogen and starch are examples of a specific category of carbohydrates called _______. a. triglycerides b. monosaccharides c. steroids d. polysaccharides

Polysaccharides

Energy that is inactive or stored is classified as: a. chemical b. potential c. electrical d. radioactive

Potential

All forms of energy exhibit which of the following work capacities? a. chemical and kinetic b. potential and mechanical c. potential and kinetic d. radiant and kinetic

Potential and kinetic

The atomic number of an element is determined by the number of: a. nuclei b. atoms c. neutrons d. protons e. neutrons

Protons The number of protons present in the nucleus of an element determines the atomic number.

An acid is a molecule that releases (donates) _______. a. neutrons b. hydroxyl ions c. protons (hydrogen ions) d. electrons

Protons (hydrogen ions)

The atomic number of an atom reveals the number of _______. a. electrons in the atomic nucleus b. protons in the atomic nucleus c. protons plus neutrons d. protons plus electrons

Protons in the atomic nucleus

Matter is found in the following states: a. kinetic, potential b. physical, chemical, plasma c. potential, radial d. solid, gas, liquid

Solid, gas, liquid

Solution A has a pH of 4. Solution B has a pH of 13. Identify the correct statement. a. solution A is more basic than solution B (Solution A has more hydrogen ions) b. solution A is more basic than solution B (Solution B has more hydrogen ions) c. solution A is more acidic than solution B (Solution A has more hydrogen ions) d. solution A is more acidic than solution B (Solution B has more hydrogen ions)

Solution A is more acidic than solution B (Solution A has more hydrogen ions) The more hydrogen ions that are found in a solution, the greater the acidity of that solution.

Which of the following is a polysaccharide? a. glucose b. sucrose c. fructose d. galactose e. starch

Starch Starch is a polysaccharide.

Vitamin D and sex hormones are both: a. nucleic acids b. proteins c. enzymes d. steroids e. polysaccharides

Steroids

Most of the reactions that take place for the body to repair damaged tissues are classified as which of the following type of chemical reaction? a. synthesis b. decompostion c. exchange d. feedback

Synthesis

The more acidic a solution is a. the more hydroxyl ions (OH-) it contains b. the closer the pH will get to 7.0 c. the higher the pH d. the more hydrogen ions (H+) it contains e. the number of hydrogen ions (H+) and hydroxyl ions (OH-) will be equal

The more hydrogen ions (H+) it contains Because the more hydrogen ions (H+) present in a solution, the more this will lower the pH, thus making it more acidic.

If a solution has a pH of 6.0, then a. the number of hydrogen ions (H+) equals the number of hydroxyl ions (OH-) b. the number of hydrogen ions (H+) is greater than the number of hydroxyl ions (OH-) c. the number of hydrogen ions (H+) is less than the number of hydroxyl ions (OH-) d. the solution is a base e. the solution is neutral

The number of hydrogen ions (H+) is greater than the number of hydroxyl ions (OH-) If the number of hydrogen ions is greater than the number of hydroxyl ions then the pH will be below 7.0 (i.e. in the acid range).

The atomic mass number is equal to a. the number of electrons in its atom b. the number of neutrons and protons in its atoms c. the combined mass of positive and negative charges d. the number of neutrons in its atoms e. the number of protons in its atoms

The number of neutrons and protons in its atoms The sum of the number of protons and neutrons give the atomic mass number.

What is the difference between glucose, sucrose, and glycogen? a. glucose and sucrose are carbohydrates and glycogen is not b. they have different chemical formulas but the molecules are of the same size c. the number of saccharide molecules varies d. they are all simple sugars

The number of saccharide molecules varies.

What is the difference in hydrogen ion concentration between gastric juice (pH=2.0) and coffee (pH=5.0)? a. there are 1000 times more hydrogen ions in coffee than in gastric juice b. there are 1000 times fewer hydrogen ions in coffee than in gastric juice c. there are three times more hydrogen ions in coffee than in gastric juice d. there are three times fewer hydrogen ions in coffee than in gastric juice

There are 1000 times fewer hydrogen ions in coffee than in gastric juice.

Which of the following statements about enzymes is true: a. they are biological catalysts b. they are not reusable c. they are carbohydrates d. they are stable at high temperatures e. they are required in large amounts in order to be effective

They are biological catalysts

Which of the following statements is NOT true of hydrogen bonds? a. they are weak bonds b. they are found in water molecules c. they are one of the strongest bonds d. they are found in the structure of protein molecules

They are one of the strongest bonds.

Which of the following accurately describes enzymes? a. they are lipoproteins b. they are organic catalysts c. they are consumed during chemical reactions d. they react best at high temperatures e. they are major energy sources for the cell

They are organic catalysts These are usually proteins (hence organic) and act as catalysts (substances which increase the rate of chemical reactions without being changed or used up in the course of the reaction).

The most abundant inorganic compound found in the human body is a. carbon dioxide b. oxygen c. water d. salt

Water

The number of protons is equal to the number of these subatomic particles

electrons

The particle(s) lost during cation formation

electrons

The particle(s) shared during covalent bond formation

electrons

The particle(s) that differ between isotopes

neutrons

The particle(s) contributing to the atomic number

protons

The particle(s) contributing to the atomic mass

protons and neutrons

The particle(s) located within the nucleus

protons and neutrons