MOD 6 (ch 28-32)

Femoral shaft fractures can result in up to _____ mL of internal blood loss. A. 1,000 B. 1,500 C. 2,000 D. 4,000

A. 1,000

Which of the following scenarios is an example of a direct injury? A. A passenger fractures her patella after it strikes the dashboard. B. A skier dislocates his knee after a twisting injury to the ankle. C. A person lands on his or her feet and fractures the lumbar spine. D. A child dislocates his elbow after falling on his outstretched arm.

A. A passenger fractures her patella after it strikes the dashboard.

Which of the following blood vessels can be lacerated by a fractured rib? A. Aorta B. Brachial artery C. Iliac veins D. Jugular vein

A. Aorta

Which of the following statements regarding compartment syndrome is correct?Select one: A. Compartment syndrome typically develops within 6 to 12 hours after an injury. B. Compartment syndrome occurs because of increased pressure within the bone cavity. C. In most cases, compartment syndrome develops within a few minutes after an injury. D. Most cases of compartment syndrome occur following a severe fracture of the pelvis.

A. Compartment syndrome typically develops within 6 to 12 hours after an injury.

Which of the following musculoskeletal injuries would MOST likely result in deformity?Select one: A. Displaced fracture B. Moderate sprain C. Hairline fracture D. Severe strain

A. Displaced fracture

Following a stab wound to the left anterior chest, a 25-year-old male presents with a decreased level of consciousness and signs of shock. Which of the following additional assessment findings should increase your index of suspicion for a cardiac tamponade? A. Engorged jugular veins B. Diminished breath sounds C. Widening pulse pressure D. A rapid, irregular pulse

A. Engorged jugular veins

You are assessing a patient who sustained a blunt force chest injury during a motorcycle accident. There are no obvious signs of external bleeding, but the patient is hypovolemic and there are decreased breath sounds on the left side. Which of the following should you suspect? A. Hemothorax B. Hemopneumothorax C. Pneumothorax D. Traumatic asphyxia

A. Hemothorax

Which of the following conditions would be the LEAST likely to increase a person's risk of hypothermia? A. Hyperglycemia B. Spinal cord injury C. Severe infection D. Head injury

A. Hyperglycemia

Which of the following is true regarding injury to the kidneys?Select one: A. Injury to the kidneys usually indicates injury to other organs. B. Only minimal force is needed to damage the kidneys. C. The kidneys are not well protected. D. Kidney injuries are rarely caused by blunt trauma.

A. Injury to the kidneys usually indicates injury to other organs

The esophagus, trachea, and great vessels reside in the _____ A. Mediastinum B. posterior thorax C. abdominopelvic cavity D. retroperitoneal space

A. Mediastinum

What part of the nervous system controls the body's voluntary activities?Select one: A. Somatic B. Autonomic C. Sensory D. Central

A. Somatic

An indicator of an expanding intracranial hematoma or rapidly progressing brain swelling is: A. a rapid deterioration of neurologic signs. B. a progressively lowering blood pressure. C. an acute increase in the patient's pulse rate. D. acute unilateral paralysis following the injury.

A. a rapid deterioration of neurologic signs.

The MOST prominent symptom of decompression sickness is:Select one: A. abdominal or joint pain. B. difficulty with vision. C. tightness in the chest. D. dizziness and nausea.

A. abdominal or joint pain.

In moving joints, the ends of the bones are covered with: A. articular cartilage. B. synovial tendons. C. muscular fascia. D. gliding cartilage.

A. articular cartilage.

You receive a call to a local gymnasium for a basketball player with a dislocated shoulder. Upon arrival, you find the patient, a 17-year-old male, sitting on the ground. He is holding his left arm in a fixed position away from his body. There is an obvious anterior bulge to the area of injury. You should: A. assess distal pulse, motor, and sensory functions. B. gently attempt to move his arm toward his body. C. place a pillow under his arm and apply a swathe. D. flex his arm at the elbow and then apply a sling.

A. assess distal pulse, motor, and sensory functions.

A 30-year-old male was rescued after being lost in the woods for approximately 18 hours. The outside temperature is 30°F (-1°C). He is immediately placed in the warmed ambulance, where you perform a primary assessment. He is unresponsive, pale, and apneic. You should:Select one: A. assess for a carotid pulse for up to 60 seconds. B. apply chemical heat packs to his groin and axillae. C. apply an AED and assess his cardiac rhythm. D. open his airway and give two rescue breaths.

A. assess for a carotid pulse for up to 60 seconds

You and your partner respond to a park where several people were reportedly struck by lightning. When you arrive, you find three patients. The first patient is lying supine on the ground; he is unresponsive and does not appear to be breathing. The second patient is ambulatory, appears confused, and is holding his arm against his chest. The third patient is sitting on the ground holding the sides of his head. After calling for backup, you should:Select one: A. assess the unresponsive patient's pulse, begin CPR starting with chest compressions if he is pulseless, and attach the AED as soon as possible. B. immediately begin CPR on the unresponsive patient, but cease resuscitation efforts if there is no response after 5 minutes of treatment. C. focus your initial treatment efforts on the patients who are conscious because the unresponsive patient is likely in irreversible cardiac arrest. D. recognize that the patients who are conscious are at high risk for developing cardiac arrest and quickly assess them for potentially life-threatening injuries.

A. assess the unresponsive patient's pulse, begin CPR starting with chest compressions if he is pulseless, and attach the AED as soon as possible.

You are assessing a man who has a head injury and note that cerebrospinal fluid is leaking from his ear. You should recognize that this patient is at risk for: A. bacterial meningitis. B. hypovolemic shock. C. sudden hypotension. D. permanent hearing loss.

A. bacterial meningitis.

A 21-year-old male was thrown over the handlebars of his motorcycle when he rear-ended a car that was stopped at a red light. He was wearing a helmet, which he removed prior to your arrival. He is conscious, but restless, and has closed deformities to both of his femurs. His skin is pale, his heart rate is rapid and weak, and his respirations are rapid and shallow. In addition to applying high-flow oxygen and protecting his spine, you should: A. bind his legs together on the backboard, keep him warm, and transport without delay. B. apply traction splints to both of his legs, keep him warm, and transport without delay. C. splint each of his deformed femurs with long board splints and transport immediately. D. apply the PASG to stabilize his femurs and transport at once.

A. bind his legs together on the backboard, keep him warm, and transport without delay.

An epidural hematoma is MOST accurately defined as: A. bleeding between the skull and dura mater. B. bleeding between the dura mater and brain. C. venous lacerations that occur within the brain. D. an injury caused by a damaged cerebral artery.

A. bleeding between the skull and dura mater.

The _________ is the best-protected part of the CNS and controls the functions of the cardiac and respiratory systems. A. brain stem B. cerebellum C. spinal cord D. cerebral cortex

A. brain stem

A fracture is MOST accurately defined as a(n):Select one: A. break in the continuity of the bone. B. abnormality in the structure of a bone. C. total loss of function in a bone. D. disruption in the midshaft of a bone.

A. break in the continuity of the bone.

Patients with rib fractures will commonly: A. breathe rapidly and shallowly B. take a series of deep breaths C. prefer to lie in a supine position D. develop a sucking chest wound

A. breathe rapidly and shallowly

Suspect a possible injury of the urinary bladder in all of the following findings EXCEPT: A. bruising to the left upper quadrant B. blood at the urethral opening C. blood at the tip of the penis or a stain on the patient's underwear D. physical signs of trauma on the lower abdomen, pelvis, or perineum

A. bruising to the left upper quadrant

When caring for a patient with a possible fracture of the scapula, the EMT should:Select one: A. carefully assess the patient for breathing problems. B. apply rigid board splints across the chest and back. C. assume that minimal force was applied to the back. D. recognize that scapular fractures are life threatening.

A. carefully assess the patient for breathing problems.

The _________ contain(s) about 75% of the brain's total volume. A. cerebrum B. cerebellum C. brain stem D. meninges

A. cerebrum

The MOST commonly fractured bone(s) in the body is the: A. clavicle. B. scapula. C. radius and ulna .D. midshaft femur.

A. clavicle.

Common signs and symptoms of a serious head injury include all of the following, EXCEPT: A. constricted pupils. B. combative behavior. C. CSF leakage from the ears. D. decreased sensory function.

A. constricted pupils.

A 54-year-old male accidentally shot himself in the leg while cleaning his gun. Your assessment reveals a small entrance wound to the medial aspect of his right leg. The exit wound is on the opposite side of the leg and is actively bleeding. The patient complains of numbness and tingling in his right foot. You should:Select one: A. control the bleeding and cover the wound with a sterile dressing. B. assess distal pulses as well as sensory and motor functions. C. gently manipulate the injured leg until the numbness dissipates. D. manually stabilize the leg above and below the site of injury.

A. control the bleeding and cover the wound with a sterile dressing.

When assessing a conscious patient with an MOI that suggests spinal injury, you should: A. determine if the strength in all extremities is equal. B. rule out a spinal injury if the patient denies neck pain. C. defer spinal immobilization if the patient is ambulatory. D. ask the patient to move his or her head to assess for pain.

A. determine if the strength in all extremities is equal.

It would be MOST appropriate to perform a focused secondary assessment on a patient who: A. fainted and fell to the ground from a standing position. B. was restrained during a high-speed motor vehicle crash. C. has blood draining from the ears following a head injury .D. struck his or her head and is experiencing nausea or vomiting.

A. fainted and fell to the ground from a standing position.

When a patient stiffens the muscles of the abdomen, it is known as _______.Select one: A. guarding. B. distention. C. crepitus. D. instability.

A. guarding.

Covering a patient's __________ will significantly minimize radiation heat loss. A. head B. chest C. extremities D. abdomen

A. head

Because solid organs have a rich supply of blood, any injury can result in major: A. hemorrhaging B. damage C. pain D. guarding

A. hemorrhaging

The effectiveness of positive-pressure ventilations when treating a head-injured patient can ONLY be determined by: A. immediate reassessment following the intervention. B. a neurosurgeon or emergency department physician. C. reassessing the patient's blood pressure after at least 10 minutes. D. noting a decrease in the heart rate during ventilations.

A. immediate reassessment following the intervention.

The pliability of the paediatric rib cage________ A. increases the risk of internal injury B. offers greater protection of internal organs C. increases the likelihood of rib fractures D. reduces the compression of internal organs

A. increases the risk of internal injury

To obtain the MOST accurate reading of a patient's core body temperature, you should place a special hypothermia thermometer: A. into a patient's rectum B. under the patient's armpit C. behind the patient's knee D. under the patient's tongue

A. into a patient's rectum

In contrast to a cerebral concussion, a cerebral contusion:Select one: A. involves physical injury to the brain tissue. B. does not cause pressure within the skull. C. usually does not cause a loss of consciousness. D. results from a laceration to the brain tissue.

A. involves physical injury to the brain tissue.

A 17-year-old female dislocated her patella while playing soccer. Her knee is flexed and she complains of severe pain. You should:Select one: A. keep her knee flexed and secure it with padded board splints. B. flex her knee slightly more and assess for distal circulation. C. gently straighten her knee and apply a padded board splint. D. make one attempt to return the patella to its normal position.

A. keep her knee flexed and secure it with padded board splints.

While assessing a 21 year old female who struck a tree head-on with her small passenger car, you note that her air bag deployed. You should: A. life the air bag and look for deformity to the steering wheel. B. carefully assess her upper chest for seat belt-related injuries C. perform a head-to-toe assessment while she is in the car D. extricate her immediately and transport to a trauma center

A. life the air bag and look for deformity to the steering wheel.

Which of the following skull fractures would be the LEAST likely to present with palpable deformity or other outward signs? A. linear B. basilar C. open D. compressed

A. linear

The largest organ in the abdomen is the: A. liver B. spleen C. pancreas D. kidneys

A. liver

If a patient with a chest injury is only able to inhale small amounts of air per breath, he or she: A. must increase his or her respiratory rate to maintain adequate minute volume. B. will maintain adequate minute volume if his or her respiratory rate stays the same. C. will eliminate more carbon dioxide than if he or she were breathing deeply. D. often breathes at a slower rate because of lung damage caused by the injury.

A. must increase his or her respiratory rate to maintain adequate minute volume.

The MOST common and significant complication associated with fractures or dislocations of the knee is: A. neurovascular compromise. B. internal bleeding and shock. C. ligament and cartilage damage. D. total depletion of synovial fluid.

A. neurovascular compromise.

Of the following musculoskeletal injuries, which is considered to be the LEAST severe? A. nondisplaced pelvic fracture B. open fractures of a long bone C. an amputation of an extremity D. multiple closed long bone fractures

A. nondisplaced pelvic fracture

The major complaint of patients with abdominal injury is: A. pain B. tachycardia C. rigidity D. swelling

A. pain

A spinal cord injury at the level of C7 would MOST likely result in: A. paralysis of the intercostal muscles. B. paralysis of all the respiratory muscles. C. paralysis of the diaphragm. D. immediate cardiac arrest.

A. paralysis of the intercostal muscles.

You have sealed the open chest wound of a 40-year-old male who was stabbed in the anterior chest. Your reassessment reveals that he is experiencing increasing respiratory distress and tachycardia, and is developing cyanosis. You should: A. partially remove the dressing. B. call for a paramedic ambulance. C. begin rapid transport at once. D. begin ventilatory assistance.

A. partially remove the dressing.

Irritation or damage to the pleural surfaces that causes sharp chest pain during inhalation is called: A. pleurisy B. dyspnea C. pneumonitis D. pneumothorax

A. pleurisy

Immediately life-threatening chest injuries must be found and managed during the _______. A. primary assessment B. scene size-up C. patient history D. secondary assessment

A. primary assessment

A man called EMS 12 hours after injuring his chest. Your assessment reveals a flail segment to the right side of the chest. The patient is experiencing respiratory distress and his oxygen saturation is 78%. His breath sounds are equal bilaterally and his jugular veins are normal. You should suspect: A. pulmonary contusion. B. tension pneumothorax .C. traumatic asphyxia. D. massive hemothorax.

A. pulmonary contusion.

When activated, the sympathetic nervous system produces all of the following effects, EXCEPT:Select one: A. pupillary constriction. B. increase in heart rate. C. dilation of the bronchiole smooth muscle. D. shunting of blood to vital organs.

A. pupillary constriction

A patient who cannot remember the events that preceded his or her head injury is experiencing: A. retrograde amnesia. B. anterograde amnesia. C. perigrade amnesia. D. post-traumatic amnesia.

A. retrograde amnesia

When assessing a patient with a head injury, you note the presence of thin, bloody fluid draining from his right ear. This indicates:Select one: A. rupture of the tympanic membrane following diffuse impact to the head. B. fractures to the internal structures of the ear following direct trauma. C. a linear skull fracture and a significant increase in intracranial pressure. D. significant pressure and bleeding in between the skull and dura mater.

A. rupture of the tympanic membrane following diffuse impact to the head.

The pectoral girdle consists of the: A. scapulae and clavicles. B. clavicles and rib cage. C. sternum and scapulae. D. acromion and clavicles.

A. scapulae and clavicles.

Which of the following joints allows no motion? A. skull sutures B. sacroiliac joint C. shoulder joint D. sternoclavicular joint

A. skull sutures

The spinal cord is encased in and protected by the: A. spinal canal. B. vertebral body. C. vertebral arch. D. intervertebral disc.

A. spinal canal.

A 31-year-old male fell and landed on his left elbow. Your assessment reveals that the elbow is grossly deformed, his forearm is cool and pale, and the distal pulse on the side of the injury is barely palpable. His vital signs are stable and he denies any other injuries. Your transport time to the closest appropriate hospital is approximately 15 minutes. You should: A. splint the elbow in the position found and transport. B. gently manipulate the elbow to improve circulation. C. gently straighten the elbow and apply an air splint. D. apply a heat pack to the elbow to reduce swelling.

A. splint the elbow in the position found and transport.

A 22-year-old female was ejected from her car after striking a tree head-on. As you approach her, you note obvious closed deformities to both of her femurs. She is not moving and does not appear to be conscious. You should:Select one: A. stabilize her head and perform a primary assessment. B. administer oxygen and perform a rapid assessment. C. apply manual stabilization to both of her femurs. D. assess for a carotid pulse and assist her ventilations

A. stabilize her head and perform a primary assessment.

During your secondary assessment of a 30-year-old male who fell 25 feet, you note crepitus when palpating his pelvis. Your partner advises you that the patient's blood pressure is 80/50 mm Hg and his heart rate is 120 beats/min and weak. After completing your assessment, you should:Select one: A. stabilize the pelvis with a pelvic binder and protect the spine. B. log roll the patient onto a long backboard and transport at once. C. perform a focused physical exam with emphasis on the pelvis. D. defer spinal immobilization and transport to a trauma center.

A. stabilize the pelvis with a pelvic binder and protect the spine.

Deformity caused by a fracture would MOST likely be masked by: A. swelling. B. guarding. C. crepitus. D. ecchymosis.

A. swelling.

The ideal procedure for moving an injured patient from the ground to a backboard is:Select one: A. the four-person log roll. B. the direct patient carry. C. the use of a scoop stretcher. D. the clothes drag.

A. the four-person log roll.

When immobilizing a trauma patient's spine, the EMT manually stabilizing the head should not let go until:Select one: A. the patient has been completely secured to the backboard. B. an appropriately sized cervical collar has been applied. C. the patient has been secured to the ambulance stretcher. D. the head has been stabilized with lateral immobilization.

A. the patient has been completely secured to the backboard.

In general, musculoskeletal injuries should be splinted before moving the patient unless:Select one: A. the patient is clinically unstable. B. transport time is less than 15 minutes. C. deformity and swelling are present. D. the patient is in severe pain.

A. the patient is clinically unstable.

If you do not have the appropriate size cervical collar, you should: A. use rolled towels to immobilize the patient's head. B. place sandbags on either side of the patient's head. C. ask the patient to keep his or her head in a neutral position. D. defer cervical immobilization and apply lateral head blocks.

A. use rolled towels to immobilize the patient's head.

A 19-year-old male is unresponsive, apneic, and pulseless after being struck in the centre of the chest with a softball. Based on the mechanism of injury, what MOST likely occurred? A. ventricular fibrillation when the impact occurred during a critical portion of the cardiac cycle B. Asystole secondary to massive intrathoracic haemorrhage due to traumatic rupture of the aorta C. Fracture of the sternum that caused a rupture of the myocardium and led to a cardiac dysrhythmia D. Collapse of both lungs due to fractured ribs that perforated the lung tissue and caused cardiac arrest.

A. ventricular fibrillation when the impact occurred during a critical portion of the cardiac cycle

If a person's tidal volume decreases, but his respiratory rate remains unchanged: A. minute volume will increase B .minute volume will decrease C. minute volume will remain unchanged D. excess carbon dioxide will be eliminated.

B .minute volume will decrease

A patient with a head injury presents with abnormal flexion of his extremities. What numeric value should you assign to him for motor response?Select one: A. 5 B. 3 C. 2 D. 4

B. 3

Which of the following statements regarding cervical collars is correct? A. Once a cervical collar is applied, you can cease manual head stabilization. B. A cervical collar is used in addition to, not instead of, manual immobilization. C. Cervical collars are contraindicated in patients with numbness to the extremities. D. The patient's head should be forced into a neutral position to apply a cervical collar.

B. A cervical collar is used in addition to, not instead of, manual immobilization.

Which of the following is most likely to cause immediate death? A. Myocardial contusion B. Aortic rupture C. Aortic dissection D. Pulmonary contusion

B. Aortic rupture

________ in a patient with a chest injury is a sign that the blood is not being oxygenated sufficiently. A. Crepitus B. Cyanosis C. Pleurisy D. Tachypnea

B. Cyanosis

In which condition is it recommended you use positive-pressure ventilation? A.Pneumothorax B. Flail chest C. Traumatic asphyxia D. Tension pneumothorax

B. Flail chest

A 66 year old male presents with dark red rectal bleeding and abdominal pain. He is conscious and alert, however, his skin is cool and clammy and his heart rate is elevated. Further assessment reveals that his blood pressure is 112/60 mm Hg. Which of the following questions would be MOST pertinent to ask him? A. Do you take any over-the-counter medications? B. Have you experienced recent abdominal trauma? C. Has blood soaked through your undergarments? D. What does your blood pressure normally run?

B. Have you experienced recent abdominal trauma?

common signs and symptoms of a chest injury include all of the following, EXCEPT: A. Tachypnea B. Hematemesis C. Localised pain D. Chest wall ecchymosis

B. Hematemesis

You are assessing a patient and notice he has a collapsed jugular vein. What does this indicate? A. Cardiac tamponade B. Hemothorax C. Tension pneumothorax D. Commotio cordis

B. Hemothorax

Which of the following statements regarding secondary brain injury is correct?Select one: A. Because cerebral edema develops quickly, it is considered to be a primary brain injury. B. Hypoxia and hypotension are the two most common causes of secondary brain injury. C. Signs are often present immediately after an impact to the head. D. It results from direct brain trauma following an impact to the head.

B. Hypoxia and hypotension are the two most common causes of secondary brain injury.

Compression injury is most likely due to which of the following?Select one: A. Hollow-organ rupture B. Improperly placed lab belt C. Stabbing D. Ejection of unrestrained driver

B. Improperly placed lab belt

Which of the following breathing patterns is MOST indicative of increased intracranial pressure?Select one: A. Increased rate with a normal inspiratory time and a prolonged expiratory time B. Irregular rate, pattern, and volume of breathing with intermittent periods of apnea C. Increased rate and depth with the distinct odor of acetone on the patient's breath D. Slow, shallow, occasional gasps that progress to prolonged periods of apnea

B. Irregular rate, pattern, and volume of breathing with intermittent periods of apnea

_______ are held together in a tough fibrous structure known as a capsule. A. Tendons B. Joints C. Ligaments D. Bones

B. Joints

Following blunt abdominal trauma, a 30 year old male complains of referred pain to the left shoulder. This finding is called the: A. Grey Turner sign B. Kehr sign C. Brudzinski sign D. Cullen sign

B. Kehr sign

When a patient sustains a spinal cord injury above the C3 region, which of the following is likely to happen? A. Belly breathing due to the loss of power to move the intercostal muscles B. Loss of the ability to breathe due to loss of ability of phrenic nerves to function C. Cardiogenic shock D. Severe pain radiating from C3 down to L1

B. Loss of the ability to breathe due to loss of ability of phrenic nerves to function

A patient with a chest injury has a blood pressure of 100/60 mmHg and a pulse rate of 120 beats/min. Which of the following additional findings should make you suspect a pericardial tamponade? A. The pulse becomes irregular B. Repeat BP of 90/68 mm Hg C. Flattening of the jugular veins D. Unilaterally absent breath sounds

B. Repeat BP of 90/68 mm Hg

You are treating a patient who fell hard on her right side when she fell off a bike. Exposure of the patient's chest reveals a large bruise on the lateral aspect of the right side of the chest. When you palpate the area, the patient yells out in extreme pain and states that she cannot take a deep breath. What condition should you suspect? A. Cardiac tamponade B. Rib fractures C. Spontaneous pneumothorax D. Open pneumothorax

B. Rib fractures

Which of the following statements regarding abdominal eviscerations is correct?Select one: A. Most eviscerations occur to the left upper quadrant. B. The protruding organs should be kept warm and moist. C. The organs should be replaced carefully to avoid heat loss. D. Adherent material is preferred when covering an evisceration.

B. The protruding organs should be kept warm and moist.

The MOST reliable sign of a head injury is: A. a pulse that is rapid and thready. B. a decreased level of consciousness. C. an abnormally low blood pressure. D. decreased sensation in the extremities.

B. a decreased level of consciousness.

The meninges, along with the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) that circulates in between each meningeal layer, function by: A. regenerating brain cells after they have been damaged. B. acting as a shock absorber for the brain and spinal cord. C. delivering oxygen directly to the CNS. D. producing leukocytes that protect the brain from infection.

B. acting as a shock absorber for the brain and spinal cord.

While jogging, a 19-year-old male experienced an acute onset of shortness of breath and pleuritic chest pain. He is conscious and alert with stable vital signs. Your assessment reveals that he has diminished breath sounds over the left side of the chest. You should: A. recognize that he needs a needle decompression. B. administer oxygen and transport to the hospital. C. circumferentially tape a dressing around his chest. D. immediately perform a rapid head-to-toe exam.

B. administer oxygen and transport to the hospital.

In cases of sexual assault, which of the following is true? A. you should always examine the genitalia for any sign of injury B. advise the patient not to wash, urinate, or defecate C. in addition to recording the facts, it is important to include your personal thoughts D. you should use plastic bags when collecting items such as clothes

B. advise the patient not to wash, urinate, or defecate

During your assessment of a 29-year-old female with significant deformity to her left elbow, you are unable to palpate a radial pulse. Your transport time to the hospital is approximately 40 minutes. You should: A. splint the elbow in the position of deformity and transport immediately. B. apply gentle manual traction in line with the limb and reassess for a pulse. C. carefully straighten the injured arm and secure it with padded board splints. D. make two or three attempts to restore distal circulation by manipulating the elbow.

B. apply gentle manual traction in line with the limb and reassess for a pulse.

A short backboard or vest-style immobilization device is indicated for patients who: A. are found supine and have stable vital signs. B. are in a sitting position and are clinically stable. C. require prompt extrication from an automobile. D. are sitting in their car and are clinically unstable.

B. are in a sitting position and are clinically stable.

Injuries to the external male genitalia _______.Select one: A. frequently lead to hypovolemic shock B. are rarely life-threatening C. usually result in permanent damage D. are often life-threatening

B. are rarely life-threatening

After your partner assumes manual in-line stabilization of the patient's head, you should: A. apply an appropriately sized rigid cervical collar. B. assess distal neurovascular status in the extremities. C. thoroughly palpate the patient's head for deformities. D. use four people to log roll the patient onto a backboard.

B. assess distal neurovascular status in the extremities.

Your documentation on a sexual assault victim should _______.Select one: A. describe the status of the suspect(s) B. be objective and factual C. include your opinion of the nature of the incident D. be subjective and summarize the crime

B. be objective and factual

Bone marrow produces: A. platelets. B. blood cells. C. lymphocytes. D. electrolytes.

B. blood cells.

The musculoskeletal system refers to the:Select one: A. involuntary muscles of the nervous system. B. bones and voluntary muscles of the body. C. nervous system's control over the muscles. D. connective tissue that supports the skeleton.

B. bones and voluntary muscles of the body.

In contrast to Lyme disease, Rocky Mountain spotted fever:Select one: A. causes painful joint swelling after a few days or weeks. B. can cause paralysis and cardiorespiratory collapse. C. may be confused with rheumatoid arthritis. D. presents with flu-like symptoms and a bull's-eye rash.

B. can cause paralysis and cardiorespiratory collapse.

A temporary loss or alteration of part or all of the brain's abilities to function without physical damage to the brain MOST accurately describes a(n): A. cerebral contusion. B. cerebral concussion. C. intracranial hemorrhage. D. intracerebral hematoma.

B. cerebral concussion.

Signs and symptoms of a tension pneumothorax include all fo the following EXCEPT: A. profound cyanosis B. collapsed jugular veins C. Altered mental status D. unilaterally absent breath sounds

B. collapsed jugular veins

When a warm hand is immersed in water that is 70°F (21°C), heat is transferred from the hand to the water through a process called:Select one: A. evaporation. B. conduction. C. radiation. D. convection.

B. conduction.

Which of the following nerves allow sensory and motor impulses to be sent from one nerve directly to another? A. somatic B. connecting C. peripheral D. autonomic

B. connecting

Your presence is requested by law enforcement to assess a 33-year-old female who was sexually assaulted. The patient is conscious and obviously upset. As you are talking to her, you note an impressive amount of blood on her clothes in the groin area. Her blood pressure is 98/58 mm Hg, her pulse is 130 beats/min, and her respirations are 24 breaths/min. You should:Select one: A. visualize the vaginal area and pack the vagina with sterile dressings. B. control any external bleeding, administer oxygen, and transport at once. C. allow her to change her clothes and take a shower before you transport. D. arrange for a rape crisis center representative to speak with the patient.

B. control any external bleeding, administer oxygen, and transport at once.

When treating a patient with an amputation of the penile shaft, your top priority is: A. locating the amputated part B. controlling bleeding C. keeping the remaining tissue dry D. delaying transport until bleeding is controlled

B. controlling bleeding

Common signs and symptoms of a sprain include all of the following, EXCEPT: A. swelling. B. deformity. C. ecchymosis. D. point tenderness.

B. deformity.

The MOST significant hazard associated with splinting is:Select one: A. compression of nerves, tissues, and vasculature. B. delaying transport of a critically injured patient. C. reduction in circulation distal to the injury site. D. aggravation of the injury or worsened pain.

B. delaying transport of a critically injured patient.

Air in the abdominal cavity can cause all of the following EXCEPT: A. pain B. diarrhea C. infection D. tissue ischemia and infarction

B. diarrhea

A supracondylar or intercondylar fracture is also known as a fracture of the: A. radial head. B. distal humerus. C. proximal radius. D. olecranon process.

B. distal humerus.

A Colles fracture involves a fracture of the: A. distal ulna. B. distal radius. C. proximal radius. D. radius and ulna.

B. distal radius.

Paradoxical motion is a sign of a _________ A. sucking chest wound B. flail chest C. tension pneumothorax D. cardiac tamponade

B. flail chest

Hyperextension injuries of the spine are MOST commonly the result of:Select one: A. diving. B. hangings. C. falls. D. compression.

B. hangings.

Common signs and symptoms of heat exhaustion include all of the following, EXCEPT:Select one: A. headache. B. hot, dry skin. C. nausea. D. tachycardia.

B. hot, dry skin.

You respond to a residence for a 40-year-old female who was assaulted by her husband; the scene has been secured by law enforcement. Upon your arrival, you find the patient lying supine on the floor in the kitchen. She is semiconscious with severely labored breathing. Further assessment reveals a large bruise to the left anterior chest, jugular venous distention, and unilaterally absent breath sounds. As your partner is supporting her ventilations, you should: A. perform a focused secondary exam. B. immediately request ALS support. C. obtain a set of baseline vital signs. D. insert an oropharyngeal airway.

B. immediately request ALS support.

A 45-year-old male was working on his roof when he fell approximately 12′,landing on his feet. He is conscious and alert and complains of an ache in his lower back. He is breathing adequately and has stable vital signs. You should: A. obtain a Glasgow Coma Score value and give him oxygen. B. immobilize his spine and perform a focused secondary exam. C. allow him to refuse transport if his vital signs remain stable. D. perform a rapid head-to-toe exam and immobilize his spine.

B. immobilize his spine and perform a focused secondary exam.

During your rapid secondary assessment of a 19-year-old female with multiple trauma, you note bilateral humeral deformities and a deformity to the left midshaft femur. Her skin is diaphoretic and her pulse is rapid and weak. Your partner has appropriately managed her airway and is maintaining manual stabilization of her head. The MOST appropriate treatment for this patient includes: A. applying and inflating the pneumatic antishock garment (PASG) and transporting. B. immobilizing her to a backboard and rapidly transporting. C. applying a traction splint to immobilize her femur. D. carefully splinting each of her deformed extremities.

B. immobilizing her to a backboard and rapidly transporting.

Late signs of abdominal injury include all of the following EXCEPT: A. distention B. increased blood pressure C. change in mental status D. pale, cool, moist skin

B. increased blood pressure

You are transporting a 42-year-old male who experienced blunt abdominal trauma. He is receiving oxygen at 12 L/min via a nonrebreathing mask and full spinal precautions have been applied. During your reassessment, you note his level of consciousness has decreased and his respirations have become shallow. You should:Select one: A. perform a comprehensive secondary assessment to determine why his clinical status has changed. B. insert an airway adjunct if he will tolerate it and begin assisting his ventilations with a BVM. C. suction his oropharynx to ensure it is clear of secretions and then increase the oxygen flow rate to 15 L/min. D. reassess his vital signs and then notify the receiving hospital of the change in his clinical status.

B. insert an airway adjunct if he will tolerate it and begin assisting his ventilations with a BVM.

During your primary assessment of a semiconscious 30-year-old female with closed head trauma, you note that she has slow, shallow breathing and a slow, bounding pulse. As your partner maintains manual in-line stabilization of her head, you should: A. perform a focused secondary assessment of the patient's head and neck. B. instruct him to assist her ventilations while you perform a rapid assessment. C. apply 100% oxygen via a nonrebreathing mask and obtain baseline vital signs. D. immediately place her on a long backboard and prepare for rapid transport.

B. instruct him to assist her ventilations while you perform a rapid assessment.

Bleeding within the brain tissue itself is called a(n): A. epidural hematoma. B. intracerebral hematoma. C. subdural hematoma D. intracranial hematoma.

B. intracerebral hematoma.

In any case of trauma to a female patient, you should always determine if the patient: A. is on birth control B. is pregnant C. is currently menstruating D. has a history of ovarian cysts

B. is pregnant

Once a cervical collar has been applied to a patient with a possible spinal injury, it should not be removed unless:Select one: A. sensory and motor functions remain intact. B. it causes a problem managing the airway. C. lateral immobilization has been applied. D. the patient adamantly denies neck pain.

B. it causes a problem managing the airway.

In order for sweating to be an effective cooling mechanism: A. the relative humidity must be above 90% B. it must be able to evaporate from the body. C. the body must produce at least 1 L per hour. D. several layers of clothing must be worn.

B. it must be able to evaporate from the body.

You respond to an 18 year old high school football player who was hit in the right flank with a helmet several hours ago. He is complaining of pain in the area. He is alert and oriented. His airway is open and his respirations are within normal limits. His pulse is regular. He has a radial pulse. He tells you that he is noticing blood in his urine. Based on this information, the patient is likely to have an injury to the: A. liver B. kidney C. gallbladder D. appendix

B. kidney

In pediatric patients, the liver and spleen are _______.Select one: A. more protected by the thorax compared to adults B. larger in proportion to the abdomen C. less likely to bleed when injured D. smaller in proportion to the abdomen

B. larger in proportion to the abdomen

A high school football player was injured during a tackle and complains of neck and upper back pain. He is conscious and alert and is breathing without difficulty. The EMT should: A. remove his helmet and shoulder pads. B. leave his helmet and shoulder pads in place. C. remove his helmet, but leave his shoulder pads in place. D. leave his helmet in place, but remove his shoulder pads.

B. leave his helmet and shoulder pads in place.

When splinting a possible fracture of the foot, it is MOST important for the EMT to: A. use a pillow as a splint. B. leave the toes exposed. C. apply a pneumatic splint. D. observe for tissue swelling.

B. leave the toes exposed.

A person who experiences a calcaneus fracture after jumping and landing on his or her feet would MOST likely experience an accompanying fracture of the: A. thoracic spine. B. lumbar spine. C. coccygeal spine. D. symphysis pubis.

B. lumbar spine.

Hemoptysis indicated damage to the__________ A. oesophagus B. lungs C. diaphragm D. abdomen

B. lungs

Your primary concern when dealing with an unresponsive patient with an open abdominal injury is: A. covering the wound with a moist dressing B. maintaining the airway C. controlling the bleeding D. monitoring vital signs

B. maintaining the airway

When a patient experiences a severe spinal injury, he or she: A. will likely be paralyzed from the neck down. B. may lose sensation below the level of the injury. C. most commonly has a palpable spinal deformity. D. often loses motor function on one side of the body.

B. may lose sensation below the level of the injury.

When a person is lying supine at the end of exhalation, the diaphragm: A. descends below the level of the navel. B. may rise as high as the nipple line. C. is less prone to penetrating trauma. D. contracts and flattens inferiorly.

B. may rise as high as the nipple line.

A rapid, irregular pulse following blunt trauma to the chest is MOST suggestive of a: A. ruptured aorta B. myocardial contusion C. pericardial tamponade D. tension pneumothorax

B. myocardial contusion

Late signs of peritonitis may include: A. soft abdomen B. nausea C. normal bowel sounds D. diarrhea

B. nausea

A fracture caused by minimal force that is associated with diseases such as cancer and osteoporosis is called a __________ fracture. A. greenstick B. pathologic C. transverse D. comminuted

B. pathologic

In order to avoid exacerbating a patient's injury, it is especially important to use extreme caution when providing positive-pressure ventilation to patients with a: A. flail chest. B. pneumothorax. C. cardiac tamponade. D. myocardial contusion.

B. pneumothorax.

A 45-year-old female was the unrestrained passenger of a small car that rear-ended another vehicle at a moderate rate of speed. She is conscious and alert, but complains of pain to both of her knees. There is visible damage to the dashboard on the passenger's side of the vehicle. In addition to fractures or dislocations of the knees, you should be MOST suspicious for: A. anterior hip dislocation. B. posterior hip dislocation. C. a thoracic spine fracture. D. fracture of the tibia or fibula.

B. posterior hip dislocation.

The PASG is absolutely contraindicated in patients who have: A. pelvic fractures. B. pulmonary edema. C. bilateral femur fractures. D. any trauma below the pelvis.

B. pulmonary edema.

Which of the following types of muscle is under direct voluntary control of the brain? A. cardiac B. skeletal C. smooth D. autonomic

B. skeletal

Moderate elevation in intracranial pressure with middle brain stem involvement is characterized by: A. increased blood pressure, bradycardia, reactive pupils, and rapid respirations. B. sluggishly reactive pupils, widened pulse pressure, bradycardia, and posturing. C. ataxic respirations, unequal pupils, no response to pain, and an irregular pulse. D. fixed and dilated pupils, decreased blood pressure, and irregular respirations.

B. sluggishly reactive pupils, widened pulse pressure, bradycardia, and posturing.

All of the following are hollow abdominal organs, EXCEPT the:Select one: A. ureters. B. spleen. C. bladder. D. stomach.

B. spleen.

A ____________ is a musculoskeletal injury in which there is partial or temporary separation of the bone ends as well as partial stretching or tearing of the supporting ligaments. A. strain B. sprain C. fracture D. dislocation

B. sprain

Skeletal muscle is also referred to as __________ muscle. A. smooth B. striated C. connective D. involuntary

B. striated

Burns associated with lightning strikes are typically:Select one: A. full-thickness. B. superficial. C. partial-thickness. D. third-degree.

B. superficial.

A 31-year-old male was bitten on the leg by an unidentified snake. The patient is conscious and alert and in no apparent distress. Your assessment of his leg reveals two small puncture marks with minimal pain and swelling. In addition to administering oxygen and providing reassurance, further care for this patient should include:Select one: A. elevating the lower extremities and giving antivenin. B. supine positioning, splinting the leg, and transporting. C. applying ice to the wound and transporting quickly. D. transporting only with close, continuous monitoring.

B. supine positioning, splinting the leg, and transporting.

The most common sign of significant abdominal injury is: A. pain B. tachycardia C. rigidity D. distention

B. tachycardia

Patients with chest injuries will often present with _______. A. agonal respirations B. tachypnea C. Kussmaul respirations D. Cheyne-Stokes respirations

B. tachypnea

If a dislocated shoulder has spontaneously reduced before your arrival, the only way to confirm the injury is by noting: A. distal circulation. B. the patient history. C. bruising to the shoulder. D. the presence of deformity.

B. the patient history.

Children are often "belly breathers" because _______. A. they are routinely hypoxic B. their intercostal muscles are not developed C. they are consciously controlling ventilations D. their diaphragm is not functional

B. their intercostal muscles are not developed

Immediate death from blunt chest trauma following a motor vehicle crash is MOST often the result of: A. a tension pneumothorax B. traumatic aortic rupture C. penetrating lung injuries D. a massive cardiac contusion

B. traumatic aortic rupture

Following a head injury, a 20-year-old female opens her eyes spontaneously, is confused, and obeys your commands to move her extremities. You should assign her a GCS score of: A. 12 B. 13 C. 14 D. 15.

C. 14

The cervical spine is composed of _____ vertebrae. A. 5 B. 6 C. 7 D. 8

C. 7

Hypothermia occurs when the core body temperature falls below:Select one: A. 88°F (31°C). B. 98°F (37°C). C. 95°F (35°C). D. 90°F (32°C).

C. 95°F (35°C).

_____ takes place in the solid organs. A. digestion B. Excretion C. Energy production D. Absorption

C. Energy production

In which of the following situations should the EMT splint an injured limb in the position of deformity?Select one: A. When distal circulation and neurological functions are absent B. If transport time to the hospital is greater than 20 to 30 minutes C. If resistance is encountered or the patient experiences severe pain D. If a traction splint will be used to immobilize the injured extremity

C. If resistance is encountered or the patient experiences severe pain

Which of the following statements regarding shoulder dislocations is MOST correct? A. Posterior dislocations are most common. B. They are caused by forced arm adduction. C. Most shoulder dislocations occur anteriorly. D. They involve the acromion process and humerus.

C. Most shoulder dislocations occur anteriorly.

When should you visually inspect the external genitalia on your patient?Select one: A. Only when ordered by medical direction B. Anytime the patient agrees to treatment and transport C. Only when there is a complaint of severe pain or other injury D. Always during the secondary assessment

C. Only when there is a complaint of severe pain or other injury

Which of the following musculoskeletal injuries would pose the greatest threat to a patient's life?Select one: A. Nondisplaced long bone fractures B. An amputated extremity C. Pelvic fracture with hypotension D. Bilateral femur fractures

C. Pelvic fracture with hypotension

Which of the following would be the LEAST likely to occur in a patient with a core body temperature of between 89°F (32°C) and 92°F (33°C)? A. Confusion B. Stiff muscles C. Tachycardia D. Bradypnea

C. Tachycardia

Which of the following statements regarding a basilar skull fracture is correct? A. Bloody CSF commonly leaks from the nose. B. In most cases, mastoid bruising occurs. C. The absence of raccoon eyes or Battle's sign does not rule it out. D. They are typically the result of local, low-energy trauma to the head.

C. The absence of raccoon eyes or Battle's sign does not rule it out.

What is ventilation? A. The process of delivering oxygen to the cells B. The process of removing carbon dioxide and waste products from the body C. The body's ability to move air in and out of the chest and lung tissue D. The exchange of gases across the alveoli of the lungs

C. The body's ability to move air in and out of the chest and lung tissue

A subluxation occurs when: A. ligaments are partially severed. B. a fracture and a dislocation exist. C. a joint is incompletely dislocated. D. a bone develops a hairline fracture.

C. a joint is incompletely dislocated.

An indicator of an expanding intracranial hematoma or rapidly progressing brain swelling is:Select one: A. acute unilateral paralysis following the injury. B. a progressively lowering blood pressure. C. a rapid deterioration of neurologic signs. D. an acute increase in the patient's pulse rate.

C. a rapid deterioration of neurologic signs.

Common signs and symptoms of a serious head injury include all of the following, EXCEPT:Select one: A. CSF leakage from the ears. B. decerebrate posturing. C. a rapid, thready pulse. D. widening pulse pressure

C. a rapid, thready pulse.

Compared to adults, infants and children are at higher risk for hypothermia for all of the following reasons, EXCEPT: A. a smaller amount of body fat. B. a decreased ability to shiver. C. a relatively small surface area. D. a smaller overall muscle mass.

C. a relatively small surface area.

A flail chest occurs when: A. multiple ribs are fractured on both sides of the thoracic cage. B. more than three ribs are fractured on the same side of the chest. C. a segment of the chest wall is detached from the thoracic cage. D. a segment of fractured ribs bulges during the inhalation phase.

C. a segment of the chest wall is detached from the thoracic cage.

Pneumothorax is defined as A. accumulation of air between the lungs B. blood collection within the lung tissue C. accumulation of air in the pleural space D. blood collection within the pleural space

C. accumulation of air in the pleural space

A 76-year-old male experienced sudden pain to his left thigh when he was standing in line at the grocery store. Your assessment reveals ecchymosis and deformity to the distal aspect of his left femur, just above the knee. Distal circulation and sensory and motor functions are intact. The MOST appropriate method of splinting this injury involves: A. applying a traction splint to realign the deformity. B. applying and fully inflating the pneumatic antishock garment (PASG). C. applying padded board splints to both sides of the leg. D. binding the legs together and elevating them 6″ to 8″

C. applying padded board splints to both sides of the leg.

With regard to musculoskeletal injuries, the zone of injury is defined as the:Select one: A. part of the body that sustained secondary injury. B. area of obvious deformity over the site of impact. C. area of soft-tissue damage surrounding the injury. D. exact part of the bone or joint that was disrupted.

C. area of soft-tissue damage surrounding the injury.

You have applied a zippered air splint to a patient's left arm. During transport, the patient complains of increased numbness and tingling in his left hand. You reassess distal circulation and note that it remains present. Your MOST appropriate action should be to: A. elevate the injured arm and reassess distal sensory function. B. inflate the splint with more air until the patient is comfortable. C. assess the amount of air in the splint and let air out as necessary. D. remove the air splint and reimmobilize with padded board splints.

C. assess the amount of air in the splint and let air out as necessary.

The body's functions that occur without conscious effort are regulated by the _________ nervous system. A. sensory B. somatic C. autonomic D. voluntary

C. autonomic

A man jumped from the roof of his house and landed on his feet. He complains of pain to his heels, knees, and lower back. This mechanism of injury is an example of:Select one: A. distraction. B. hyperflexion. C. axial loading. D. hyperextension.

C. axial loading.

Which of the following structures is regulated by smooth muscle? A. heart B. skeleton C. blood vessels D. diaphragm

C. blood vessels

Coordination of balance and body movement is controlled by the: A. medulla. B. cerebrum. C. cerebellum. D. brain stem.

C. cerebellum.

You are transporting a stable patient with a possible pneumothorax. The patient is receiving high-flow oxygen and has an oxygen saturation of 95%. During your reassessment, you find that the patient is now confused, hypotensive, and profusely diaphoretic. What is MOST likely causing the patient's deterioration? A. a total collapse of the affected lung B. hidden bleeding in the thoracic cavity C. compression of the aorta and vena cava D. blood accumulation in the pleural space

C. compression of the aorta and vena cava

The hormone responsible for the actions of the sympathetic nervous system is: A. insulin. B. thyroxine. C. epinephrine. D. aldosterone.

C. epinephrine.

A(n) __________ fracture occurs in the growth section of a child's bone and may lead to bone growth abnormalities. A. greenstick B. diaphyseal C. epiphyseal D. metaphyseal

C. epiphyseal

The MOST important immediate treatment for patients with a head injury, regardless of severity, is to: A. immobilize the entire spine. B. administer high-flow oxygen. C. establish an adequate airway. D. transport to a trauma center.

C. establish an adequate airway.

Assessing a person's neurovascular status following a musculoskeletal injury includes all of the following, EXCEPT: A. assessing motor function. B. assessing sensory function. C. evaluating proximal pulses. D. determining capillary refill.

C. evaluating proximal pulses.

The body's natural cooling mechanism, in which sweat is converted to a gas, is called:Select one: A. convection. B. radiation. C. evaporation. D. conduction.

C. evaporation.

All of the following terms refer to a body part that is cold but not frozen, EXCEPT:Select one: A. trench foot. B. frostnip. C. frostbite. D. immersion foot.

C. frostbite.

You are dispatched to a motor vehicle collision. Your patient is a 42-year-old restrained woman. The air bag did deploy, and the woman has abrasions on her face. She is complaining of pain to both her chest and abdomen. Her airway is open and respirations are within normal limits. Her pulse is a little rapid but strong and regular. She has distal pulses. In assessing this patient, which of the following statements is NOT true? A. bowel sounds can be difficult to hear in the field B. palpation is typically performed first with light touch C. if light touch elicits pain, perform deep palpation to assess further injury D. if you find an entry wound, you should always assess for an exit wound

C. if light touch elicits pain, perform deep palpation to assess further injury

In which of the following situations should the EMT splint an injured limb in the position of deformity? A. when distal circulation and neurological functions are absent B. if transport time to the hospital is greater than 20 to 30 minutes C. if resistance is encountered or the patient experiences severe pain D. if a traction splint will be used to immobilize the injured extremity

C. if resistance is encountered or the patient experiences severe pain

A 17-year-old football player collided with another player and has pain to his left clavicular area. He is holding his arm against his chest and refuses to move it. Your assessment reveals obvious deformity to the midshaft clavicle. After assessing distal pulse, sensory, and motor functions, you should: A. perform a rapid secondary assessment. B. straighten his arm and apply a board splint. C. immobilize the injury with a sling and swathe. D. place a pillow under his arm and apply a sling.

C. immobilize the injury with a sling and swathe.

Signs of injury to the kidney may include any of the following EXCEPT: A. bruises or lacerations on the overlying skin B. shock C. increased urgency of urination D. hematuria

C. increased urgency of urination

Abdominal pain, vomiting, and fever are most likely due to _______.Select one: A. hemorrhage B. hypovolemia C. infection D. evisceration

C. infection

A simple pneumothorax: A. is caused by penetrating chest trauma. B. heals on its own without any treatment. C. is commonly caused by blunt chest trauma. D. often has a nontraumatic cause.

C. is commonly caused by blunt chest trauma.

In contrast to the brown recluse spider, the black widow spider: A. is very small and has a violin-shaped marking on its back. B. has a bite that usually produces local pain but no systemic signs or symptoms. C. is large and has a red-orange hourglass mark on its abdomen. D. has a bite that is typically painless until a blister develops.

C. is large and has a red-orange hourglass mark on its abdomen.

The presence of tachycardia following a significant abdominal injury: A. indicates a state of decompensated shock B. should be assumed to be a sign of shock C. is most commonly caused by severe pain D. is always accompanied by hypo tension

C. is most commonly caused by severe pain

A tight-fitting motorcycle helmet should be left in place unless:Select one: A. the patient complains of severe neck or back pain. B. the helmet is equipped with a full face shield or visor. C. it interferes with your assessment of the airway. D. the patient must be placed onto a long backboard.

C. it interferes with your assessment of the airway.

Lacerations to the scalp: A. bleed minimally because the scalp has few vessels. B. uncommonly cause hypovolemic shock in children. C. may be an indicator of deeper, more serious injuries. D. are most commonly associated with skull fractures.

C. may be an indicator of deeper, more serious injuries.

Placing a pregnant patient in a supine position during the third trimester of pregnancy:Select one: A. results in spontaneous urinary incontinence if the bladder is full. B. often causes hypotension secondary to cardiac compression C. may decrease the amount of blood that returns to the heart. D. is recommended if the patient has severe abdominal discomfort.

C. may decrease the amount of blood that returns to the heart.

Atrophy is a condition that occurs when: A. increased use of skeletal muscle causes an increase in its strength. B. the tendons that attach muscle to bone become stretched or injured. C. muscle decreases in size and function because of disease or trauma. D. carbon dioxide, lactic acid, and other wastes accumulate in the muscle.

C. muscle decreases in size and function because of disease or trauma.

Which of the following fractures has the greatest potential for internal blood loss and shock? A. hip B. femur C. pelvis D. humerus

C. pelvis

Open abdominal injuries are also known as: A. blunt injuries B. eviscerations C. penetrating injuries D. peritoneal injuries

C. penetrating injuries

A 77-year-old woman slipped and fell on a throw rug and landed on her left hip. She denies striking her head or losing consciousness. Assessment of her left leg reveals that it is shortened and externally rotated. Distal pulses, sensory, and motor functions are intact. You should: A. manually stabilize her left leg, apply a traction splint, and then secure her to a long backboard or scoop. B. carefully slide a long backboard underneath her, keep her in a supine position, and apply a splint to her leg. C. place her onto a scoop stretcher, pad around her left hip with pillows, and secure her to the scoop with straps. D. bind both of her legs together with triangular bandages and carefully secure her onto the ambulance stretcher.

C. place her onto a scoop stretcher, pad around her left hip with pillows, and secure her to the scoop with straps.

A 28-year-old male was struck in the chest with a baseball bat during an altercation. He is conscious and alert and complains of severe chest pain. Your assessment reveals a large area of ecchymosis over the sternum and a rapid, irregular pulse. In addition to providing supplemental oxygen, you should: A. apply bulky dressings to the sternum. B. apply an AED and assess his BP. C. prepare for immediate transport. D. determine if he has cardiac problems.

C. prepare for immediate transport.

You are transporting a 28-year-old man with a frostbitten foot. The patient's vital signs are stable and he denies any other injuries or symptoms. The weather is treacherous and your transport time to the hospital is approximately 45 minutes. During transport, you should:Select one: A. administer oxygen via a nonrebreathing mask. B. cover his foot with chemical heat compresses. C. protect the affected part from further injury. D. rewarm his foot in 102°F to 104°F (38.9°C to 40°C) water.

C. protect the affected part from further injury.

A "hip" fracture is actually a fracture of the:Select one: A. pubic symphysis. B. femoral shaft. C. proximal femur. D. pelvic girdle.

C. proximal femur.

All of the following male genitalia lie outside the pelvis cavity EXCEPT the: A. urethra B. penis C. seminal vesicles D. testes

C. seminal vesicles

A _______ is an injury to the ligaments, the articular capsule, the synovial membrane, and the tendons crossing the joint. A. dislocation B. strain C. sprain D. torn ligament

C. sprain

During your assessment of a patient with blunt chest trauma, you note paradoxical movement of the left chest wall. As your partner is administering oxygen to the patient, you should: A. request a paramedic to decompress the chest. B. make note of it and continue your assessment. C. stabilise the chest wall with a bulky dressing. D. reassess the adequacy of the patient's breathing.

C. stabilise the chest wall with a bulky dressing.

You respond to a local lake where a diver complains of difficulty breathing that occurred immediately after rapidly ascending from a depth of approximately 30 feet. On assessment, you note that he has cyanosis around his lips and has pink froth coming from his nose and mouth. You should:Select one: A. suction his mouth and nose, keep him supine and elevate his legs to prevent air bubbles from entering his brain, administer high-flow oxygen, and transport to a hyperbaric chamber. B. place him in a semi-sitting position, suction his mouth and nose, apply a continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) device, and transport to the closest emergency department. C. suction his mouth and nose, apply high-flow oxygen, monitor the patient's breath sounds for a pneumothorax, and contact medical control regarding transport to a recompression facility. D. position him supine with his head elevated 30°, suction his mouth and nose, hyperventilate him with a bag-valve mask, and contact medical control for further guidance

C. suction his mouth and nose, apply high-flow oxygen, monitor the patient's breath sounds for a pneumothorax, and contact medical control regarding transport to a recompression facility.

During your primary assessment of a 19-year-old unconscious male who experienced severe head trauma, you note that his respirations are rapid, irregular, and shallow. He has bloody secretions draining from his mouth and nose. You should:Select one: A. assist his ventilations with a BVM. B. pack his nostrils to stop the drainage of blood. C. suction his oropharynx for up to 15 seconds. D. immobilize his spine and transport immediately.

C. suction his oropharynx for up to 15 seconds.

Joints are bathed and lubricated by _______ fluid. A. cartilaginous B. articular C. synovial D. cerebrospinal

C. synovial

Skeletal muscle is attached to the bone by tough, ropelike, fibrous structures called:Select one: A. ligaments. B. fascia. C. tendons. D. cartilage.

C. tendons.

Most of the serious injuries associated with scuba diving are caused by:Select one: A. alcohol consumption. B. cold water temperature. C. too rapid of an ascent. D. too rapid of a descent.

C. too rapid of an ascent.

The body's ability to move air in and out of the lungs is called__________ A. respiration B. perfusion C. ventilation D. inspiration

C. ventilation

Distended jugular veins, narrowing pulse pressure, and muffled heart tones are collectively know as_____ A. Cushing triad B. Fran-Starling mechanism C. Kehr sign D. Beck's triad

D. Beck's triad

Which of the following medications increases a person's risk of a heat-related emergency? A. Tylenol B. Asprin C. Motrin D. Diuretics

D. Diuretics

Which of the following statements regarding the cranium is correct? A. The skull is a subdivision of the cranium. B. Thirty percent of the cranium is occupied by blood. C. The cranium protects the structures of the face. D. Eighty percent of the cranium is occupied by brain tissue.

D. Eighty percent of the cranium is occupied by brain tissue.

Which of the following statements regarding striated muscle is correct? A. Striated muscle is involuntary because you have no conscious control over it. B. Most of the body's striated muscle is found within the walls of the blood vessels. C. Striated muscle tissue is attached directly to the bones by tough bands of cartilage. D. It forms the major muscle mass of the body and usually crosses at least one joint.

D. It forms the major muscle mass of the body and usually crosses at least one joint.

Which of the following is an early sign of pit viper envenomation?Select one: A. Signs and symptoms of hypoperfusion B. Syncope and bleeding at distal sites C. General weakness and diaphoresis D. Local swelling and ecchymosis

D. Local swelling and ecchymosis

What are the two most common injuries caused by penetrating chest trauma? A. Flail chest and simple pneumothorax B. Commotio cordis and hemopneumothorax C. Pulmonary and myocardial contusion D. Open pneumothorax and cardiac tamponade

D. Open pneumothorax and cardiac tamponade

Which of the following MOST accurately describes hyperthermia?Select one: A. Heat evaporates a significant amount of body water. B. The body eliminates more heat than it can generate. C. The core body temperature exceeds 99.5°F (37°C). D. The body is exposed to more heat than it can lose.

D. The body is exposed to more heat than it can lose.

You should suspect a kidney injury anytime the patient presents with _______.Select one: A. abdominal distention B. nausea C. dyspnea D. a hematoma in the flank region

D. a hematoma in the flank region

Suspect kidney damage if the patient has a history or physical evidence of all of the following EXCEPT: A. an abrasion, laceration, or contusion in the flank B. a penetrating wound in the region of the lower rib cage or the upper abdomen C. fractures on either side of the lower rib cage D. a hematoma in the umbilical region

D. a hematoma in the umbilical region

When used alone, diagonal shoulder safety belts can cause all of the following EXCEPT: A. a bruised chest B. a lacerated liver C. decapitation D. a ruptured appendix

D. a ruptured appendix

An open pneumothorax occurs when: A. extreme pleural pressure causes the lung to rupture. B. a fractured rib perforates the tissue of the lung. C. air enters the pleural space from a perforated lung. D. air enters the pleural space from outside the body.

D. air enters the pleural space from outside the body.

When performing a history on a patient with abdominal trauma, which of the following questions would be appropriate regarding trauma? A. is there an blood in your stool? B. does your pain go anywhere? C. do you have any nausea, vomiting, or diarrhea? D. all of the above

D. all of the above

You are called to the local bar where a fight has taken place. The police department tells you that you have a 36 year old man who has been stabbed twice in the abdomen. Upon your arrival, the patient is alert and oriented. His airway is open. His respirations are at 24 breaths/min, pulse is rapid, regular and weak. He has distal pulses. With the penetrating trauma, you should assume that the object: A. has penetrated the peritoneum B. has entered the abdominal cavity C. has possibly injured one or more organs D. all of the above

D. all of the above

The zone of injury includes the: A. adjacent nerves. B. adjacent blood vessels. C. surrounding soft tissue. D. all of the above.

D. all of the above.

During your assessment of a 29-year-old female with significant deformity to her left elbow, you are unable to palpate a radial pulse. Your transport time to the hospital is approximately 40 minutes. You should:Select one: A. carefully straighten the injured arm and secure it with padded board splints. B. make two or three attempts to restore distal circulation by manipulating the elbow. C. splint the elbow in the position of deformity and transport immediately. D. apply gentle manual traction in line with the limb and reassess for a pulse.

D. apply gentle manual traction in line with the limb and reassess for a pulse.

Following direct trauma to the left upper back, a 44-year-old male presents with diaphoresis and restlessness. His blood pressure is 100/50 mm Hg, his pulse rate is 120 beats/min and weak, and his respirations are 24 breaths/min and labored. Your assessment reveals abrasions and contusions over the left scapula. You should: A. hyperventilate him with a bag-mask device and monitor his oxygen saturation. B. apply high-flow oxygen, perform a detailed secondary assessment, and transport. C. focus your assessment on his scapulae and clavicles and apply high-flow oxygen. D. apply high-flow oxygen, consider spinal precautions, and transport without delay.

D. apply high-flow oxygen, consider spinal precautions, and transport without delay.

A 54-year-old male experienced an avulsion to his penis when his foreskin got caught in the zipper of his pants. He was able to unzip his pants and remove the foreskin prior to your arrival. Your assessment reveals that he is in severe pain and that the avulsion is bleeding moderately. The MOST appropriate treatment for this patient includes:Select one: A. covering the avulsion with moist, sterile dressings. B. administering 100% oxygen via a nonrebreathing mask. C. requesting a paramedic to administer pain medication. D. applying direct pressure with a dry, sterile dressing.

D. applying direct pressure with a dry, sterile dressing.

A female patient with a suspected spinal injury is breathing with a marked reduction in tidal volume. The MOST appropriate airway management for her includes: A. hyperventilating her at 30 breaths/min. B. administering oxygen via a nonrebreathing mask. C. ventilation assistance to maintain an oxygen saturation of 90%. D. assisting ventilations at an age-appropriate rate.

D. assisting ventilations at an age-appropriate rate.

Closed chest injuries are typically caused by _______. A. flying debris B. high-velocity weapons C. penetrating trauma D. blunt trauma

D. blunt trauma

You are transporting a patient with blunt abdominal trauma. The patient is unstable and is experiencing obvious signs and symptoms of shock. Your estimated time of arrival at the hospital is less than 10 minutes. After treating the patient appropriately, you should:Select one: A. begin documenting the call on the patient care form. B. perform a comprehensive secondary assessment. C. forgo the hospital radio report because of his condition. D. closely monitor him and reassess him frequently.

D. closely monitor him and reassess him frequently.

Drowning is MOST accurately defined as:Select one: A. water in the lungs following submersion in water. B. death beyond 24 hours after submersion in water. C. temporary survival after submersion in water. D. death from suffocation after submersion in water.

D. death from suffocation after submersion in water.

Difficulty breathing and a sunken appearance of the anterior abdominal wall is MOST indicative of a ruptured:Select one: A. aorta. B. spleen. C. stomach. D. diaphragm.

D. diaphragm.

The disruption of a joint in which the bone ends are no longer in contact is called a: A. strain. B. sprain. C. fracture. D. dislocation.

D. dislocation.

A supracondylar or intercondylar fracture is also known as a fracture of the:Select one: A. olecranon process. B. radial head. C. proximal radius. D. distal humerus.

D. distal humerus.

The tough, fibrous outer meningeal layer is called the: A. pia mater. B. arachnoid. C. gray mater. D. dura mater.

D. dura mater.

When immobilizing a patient on a long backboard, you should: A. have the patient exhale before fastening the torso straps. B. secure the torso and then center the patient on the board. C. follow the commands of the person at the patient's torso. D. ensure that you secure the torso before securing the head.

D. ensure that you secure the torso before securing the head.

Which of the following head injuries would cause the patient's condition to deteriorate MOST rapidly? A. cerebral contusion B. subdural hematoma C. cerebral concussion D. epidural hematoma

D. epidural hematoma

When splinting an injury of the wrist, the hand should be placed: A. into a fist. B. in a straight position. C. in an extended position. D. in a functional position.

D. in a functional position.

The treatment for relieving a tension pneumothorax involves: A. placing a bulky dressing over the affected side of the chest B. assisting the patient's breahting with increased tidal volume C. surgically removing the portion of the lung that is damaged D. inserting a needle through the rib cage into the pleural space

D. inserting a needle through the rib cage into the pleural space

You arrive at the scene of a major motor vehicle crash. The patient, a 50-year-old female, was removed from her vehicle prior to your arrival. Bystanders who removed her state that she was not wearing a seatbelt. The patient is unresponsive, tachycardic, and diaphoretic. Your assessment reveals bilaterally clear and equal breath sounds, a midline trachea, and collapsed jugular veins. You should be MOST suspicious that this patient has experienced a: A. tension pneumothorax. B. pericardial tamponade. C. massive hemothorax. D. laceration of the aorta.

D. laceration of the aorta.

You are dispatched to a residence for a young female who was kicked in the abdomen by her boyfriend. While en route to the scene, you should ask the dispatcher if: A. the severity of the injury is known. B. the patient is conscious. C. there are other patients involved. D. law enforcement is at the scene.

D. law enforcement is at the scene.

When caring for a patient with a possible head injury, it is MOST important to monitor the patient's: A. pupil size. B. blood pressure. C. pulse regularity. D. level of consciousness.

D. level of consciousness.

Bones are connected to other bones by bands of tough fibrous tissues called: A. bursa. B. tendons. C. cartilage. D. ligaments.

D. ligaments.

You receive a call to a residence for a sick patient. Upon your arrival, you find the patient, a 53-year-old diabetic male, lying down on his front porch. His wife tells you that he had been mowing the lawn in the heat for the past 3 hours. The patient is confused and has hot, moist skin. His pulse is weak and thready, and his blood pressure is 90/50 mm Hg. You should:Select one: A. administer one tube of oral glucose and reassess his mental status. B. perform a head-to-toe assessment and look for signs of trauma. C. place him in a sitting position and have him drink 1 L of water. D. load him into the ambulance and begin rapid cooling interventions.

D. load him into the ambulance and begin rapid cooling interventions.

The first signs of peritonitis include all of the following EXCEPT: A. severe abdominal pain B. tenderness C. muscular spasm D. nausea

D. nausea

The venom of a black widow spider is toxic to the:Select one: A. cardiovascular system. B. renal system. C. respiratory system. D. nervous system.

D. nervous system.

The _________ nervous system consists of 31 pairs of spinal nerves and 12 pairs of cranial nerves. A. central B. somatic C. autonomic D. peripheral

D. peripheral

When a hollow organ is punctured during a penetrating injury to the abdomen:Select one: A. it commonly protrudes through the injury site. B. it will bleed profusely and rapidly cause shock. C. the abdomen will become instantly distended. D. peritonitis may not develop for several hours.

D. peritonitis may not develop for several hours.

When immobilizing a child on a long backboard, you should: A. secure the head prior to securing the torso and legs. B. defer cervical collar placement to avoid discomfort. C. place the child's head in a slightly extended position. D. place padding under the child's shoulders as needed.

D. place padding under the child's shoulders as needed.

The MOST reliable indicator of an underlying fracture is: A. guarding. B. severe swelling. C. obvious bruising. D. point tenderness.

D. point tenderness.

Crepitus and false motion are:Select one: A. only seen with open fractures. B. indicators of a severe sprain. C. most common with dislocations. D. positive indicators of a fracture.

D. positive indicators of a fracture.

The EMT must assume that any unwitnessed water-related incident is accompanied by:Select one: A. cold-water immersion. B. an air embolism. C. alcohol intoxication. D. possible spinal injury.

D. possible spinal injury.

Because the depth of an open abdominal wound is often difficult to determine:Select one: A. the abdomen must be vigorously palpated. B. the EMT must perform a thorough exam. C. vital signs should be monitored frequently. D. prompt transport to the hospital is essential.

D. prompt transport to the hospital is essential.

Following blunt trauma to the chest, an 18-year-old female presents with respiratory distress, shallow breathing, and cyanosis. Her blood pressure is 80/50 mm Hg, and her pulse is 130 beats/min and thready. You should: A. apply 100% oxygen via a nonrebreathing mask B. place her supine and elevate her lower extremities C. perform a rapid head-to-toe assessment D. provide ventilation assistance with a BVM

D. provide ventilation assistance with a BVM

High air temperature reduces the body's ability to lose heat by: A. evaporation B. convection C. conduction D. radiation

D. radiation

Which of the following nerves carry information from the body to the brain via the spinal cord? A. motor B. central C. somatic D. sensory

D. sensory

When assessing a patient with a hemothorax, you will MOST likely find: A. jugular venous engorgement B. ipsilateral tracheal deviation C. distant or muffled heart tones. D. signs and symptoms of shock

D. signs and symptoms of shock

You should be MOST suspicious that a patient has experienced a significant head injury if his or her pulse is:Select one: A. irregular. B. weak. C. rapid. D. slow.

D. slow.

What type of muscle contracts and relaxes to control the movement of the contents within its structures? A. cardiac B. skeletal C. striated D. smooth

D. smooth

Common signs of a skull fracture include all of the following, EXCEPT: A. mastoid process bruising. B. ecchymosis around the eyes. C. noted deformity to the skull. D. superficial scalp lacerations.

D. superficial scalp lacerations.

An air embolism associated with diving occurs when: A. the alveoli completely collapse due to high pressure. B. high water pressure forces air into the mediastinum. C. the diver hyperventilates prior to entering the water. D. the diver holds his or her breath during a rapid ascent.

D. the diver holds his or her breath during a rapid ascent.

All of the following systems contain organs that make up the contents of the abdominal cavity EXCEPT: A. the digestive system B. the urinary system C. the genitourinary system D. the limbic system

D. the limbic system

An open fracture is MOST accurately defined as a fracture in which:Select one: A. a large laceration overlies the fracture. B. bone ends protrude through the skin. C. a bullet shatters the underlying bone. D. the overlying skin is no longer intact.

D. the overlying skin is no longer intact.

The body's natural protective mechanisms against heat loss are: A. respiration and vasoconstriction. B. shivering and vasodilation. C. vasodilation and respiration. D. vasoconstriction and shivering.

D. vasoconstriction and shivering.

Which of the following sets of vital signs depicts Cushing's triad? A. blood pressure, 190/110 mm Hg pulse, 55 beats/min respirations, 30 breaths/min B.blood pressure, 90/50 mm Hg pulse, 120 beats/minrespirations, 10 breaths/min C.blood pressure, 200/100 mm Hg pulse, 140 beats/min pulse, 140 beats/min respirations, 28 breaths/min D.blood pressure, 80/40 mm Hg pulse, pulse 30 beats/min respirations, 32 breaths/min

D.blood pressure, 80/40 mm Hg pulse, pulse 30 beats/min respirations, 32 breaths/min

epiphyseal fracture

a break at the location of the growth plate, which can affect growth of the bone

Any unresponsive trauma patient should be assumed to have: a) an accompanying spinal injury. b) a history of diabetes mellitus. c) a severe intracranial hemorrhage. d) internal bleeding in the abdomen.

a) an accompanying spinal injury.

When controlling bleeding from a scalp laceration with a suspected underlying skull fracture, you should: a) elevate the patient's head and apply an ice pack. b) avoid excessive pressure when applying the bandage. c) apply firm compression for no longer than 5 minutes. d) apply manual pressure and avoid applying a bandage.

b) avoid excessive pressure when applying the bandage.

The MOST common and serious complication of a significant head injury is: a) a hypoxic seizure. b) cerebral edema. c) a skull fracture. d) acute hypotension.

b) cerebral edema.

greenstick fracture

bending and incomplete break of a bone; most often seen in children

comminuted fracture

bone is broken into two or more fragments

incomplete fracture

bone is not broken all the way through

Rapid deceleration of the head, such as when it impacts the windshield, causes: a) primary impact to the posterior aspect of the brain, resulting in compression injuries, bruising, or torn blood vessels. b) stretching or tearing of the anterior aspect of the brain and compression injuries or bruising to the posterior aspect of the brain. c) compression injuries or bruising to the anterior portion of the brain and stretching or tearing to the posterior portion of the brain. d) compression injuries and contusions to the anterior, posterior, and lateral aspects of the brain.

c) compression injuries or bruising to the anterior portion of the brain and stretching or tearing to the posterior portion of the brain.

When the parasympathetic nervous system is activated: a) hormones are released that prepare the body for stress. b) heart rate and blood pressure increase. c) the heart rate decreases and the blood vessels dilate d) blood is shunted away from the digestive organs.

c) the heart rate decreases and the blood vessels dilate

subdural hematoma

collection of blood under the dura mater

Which of the following statements regarding motor nerves is correct? a) They perform special functions such as sight, smell, and hearing. b) They are part of the CNS and control reflexes. c) They transmit information from the body to the brain via the spinal cord. d) They carry information from the CNS to the muscles.

d) They carry information from the CNS to the muscles.

pathologic fracture

fracture caused by diseased or weakened bone

anterograde amnesia

inability to remember events after the injury

oblique fracture

occurs at an angle across the bone

transverse fracture

occurs straight across the bone

spiral fracture

ragged break occurs when excessive twisting forces are applied to a bone

cerebral edema

swelling of brain associated with traumatic head injury