Structural Kinesiology 1,2,3
Wolff's law
States that bone in a healthy individual will adapt to the loads it is placed under. When a particular bone is subjected to increased loading, the bone will remodel itself over time to become stronger to resist that particular type of loading.
all or none principle
States that regardless of the number involved, the individual muscle fibers within a given motor unit will fire and contract either maximally or not at all.
passive tension
Tension in muscles that is due to externally applied forces and is developed as a muscle is stretched beyond its normal resting length.
accessory motions
The actual change in relationship between the articular surface of one bone relative to another, characterized as roll, spin, and glide.
joint cavity
The area inside the joint capsule of diarthrodial or synovial joints.
kinesthesis
The awareness of the position and movement of the body in space; sense that provides awareness of bodily position, weight, or movement of the muscles, tendons, and joints.
spinal cord
The common pathway between the central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system.
periosteum
The dense, fibrous membrane covering the outer surface of the diaphysis.
ground reaction force
The force of the surface reacting to the force placed on it, as in the reaction force between the body and the ground when running across a surface.
anatomical position
The position of reference in which the subject is in the standing position, with feet together and palms of hands facing forward
forces
The product of mass times acceleration
myotatic
The reflexive contraction that occurs as a result of the motor neurons of a muscle being activated from the CNS secondarily to a rapid stretch occurring in the same muscle; the knee jerk or patella tendon reflex is an example.
stretch reflex
The reflexive contraction that occurs as a result of the motor neurons of a muscle being activated from the CNS secondarily to a rapid stretch occurring in the same muscle; the knee jerk or patella tendon reflex is an example.
range of motion
The specific amount of movement possible in a joint.
isokinetics
Type of dynamic exercise usually using concentric and/or eccentric muscle contractions in which the speed (or velocity) of movement is constant and muscular contraction (usually maximal con-traction) occurs throughout the movement.
tetanus
When stimuli are provided at a frequency high enough that no relaxation can occur between muscle contractions.
threshold stimulus
When the stimulus is strong enough to produce an action potential in a single motor unit axon and all of the muscle fibers in the motor unit contract.
extensibility
ability of muscle to be stretched back to its original length following contraction
Contractility
ability of muscle to contract and develop tension or internal force against resistance when stimulated
elasticity
ability of muscle to return to its original length following stretching
balance
ability to control equilibrium,either static or dynamic
shape and fiber arrangement of muscle affects
ability to exert force
prime movers
able to contribute significantly more to the joint movement than other agonist
The Law of _______ states that a change in the acceleration of a body is directly proportional to the force causing it and inversely proportional to the mass of the body.
acceleration
the rate of change in velocity
acceleration
Nerves that bring impulses from receptors in the skin, joints, muscles, and other peripheral aspects of the body to the CNS are known as:
afferent
Muscles which cause or control joint motion through a specified plan of motion are known as _____ muscles.
agonist
assisters or assistant movers
agonist muscles that contribute less
static friction
amount of friction between two objects that have not yet begun to move
mass
amount of matter in a body
Slightly movable joints are classified as:
amphiarthrodial
change in location of a rotating body
angular displacement
muscles represent what in levers
applied force
synergist
assist in action of agonist
joints represent what in levers
axis
the point in a joint about which a bone moves or turns to accomplish joint movement
axis of rotation
what is an example of 3rd class lever
bicep curl, MA,1 A-F-R
what is an example of a 3rd class lever
biceps brachii in elbow flexion
the study of mechanics as it related to the functional and anatomical analysis of biological systems,especially humans
biomechanics
Muscle with fibers running obliquely on both sides from a central tendon are known as:
bipennate
static equilibrium
body at complete rest/motionless
The portion of the central nervous system that integrates all central nervous system activity through excitation and inhibition of desired neuromuscular functions is the:
brain stem
The epiphysis is formed from:
cancellous,spongy,trabecular bone
epiphyseal plate
cartilage plate seperating the diaphysis and the epiphysis during bony growth' commonly referred to as growth plate
muscle contraction can be used to
cause, control, and prevent joint movement
concentric contraction
causes motion
interneurons
center or connecting neurons that conduct impulses from sensory neurons to motor neurons
The two major divisions of the nervous system are the ______ nervous system and the ________ nervous system.
central and peripheral
gaster
central fleshy contractile portion of the muscle that gerneally increases diameter as the uscle contracts
The portion of the central nervous system that is a major integrator of sensory impulses and providing feedback relative to motion is the:
cerebellum
The portion of the central nervous system that is at the level of control and provides for the creation of voluntary movement as aggregate muscle action, but not as specific muscle activity is the:
cerebral cortex
displacement
change in position or location of an object from its original point of reference
ration between the force needed to overcome friction over the force holding the surface together
coefficient of friction
A knuckle joint is technically known as a __________ joint.
condyloid
Which joint types do not have motion in the transverse plane?
condyloid
basal ganglia
controls maintenance of postures and equilibrium, learned movements, sensory integration for balance and rhythmic activities
eccentric motion
controls motion
cerebellum
controls timing and intensity of muscle activity to assist in the refinement of movements
cerebral cortex
creation of voluntary movement, interprets sensory stimuli from
dermatome
defines area of skin supplied by specific spinal nerve
endosteum
dense fibrous membrane covering the inside of the cortex of long bones
A defined area of skin supplied by the dorsal or sensory root fibers of a single spinal nerve is known as a:
dermatome
kinematics
description of motion, including consideration of time, displacement, velocity, acceleration, and space factors of a system's motion
cortex
diaphyseal wall of long bones, formed from hard dense compact bone
All freely movable joints are classified as:
diarthrodial
insertion
distal attachment of muscle
resistance arm
distance between the axis and the point of resistance application
Nerves that carry impulses to the outlying regions of the body from the CNS are known as:
efferent
The fibrous membrane covering the inside surface of the cortex is the:
endosteum
The growth plate at each of a long bone is known as the ______ plate.
epiphyseal
Thin and broad muscles, originating from broad, fibrous, sheet-like aponeuroses are known as:
flat
what are the 5 main parallel muscles types
flat, sphicter, strap, radiate, fusiform
if the axis is close to resistance it is for what type of movement
force
MA>1
force motion
A lever system with the resistance between the force and the fulcrum is best designed for:
force movements
eccentric force
force that is applied in a direction not in line with the center of rotation of an object with a fixed axis. In objects without a fixed axis, it is an applied force that i not in line with the object's center of gravity
A hollow or depression in a bone is a:
fossa
sagittal plane is always what axis
frontal
something adducting or abducting is in what plane
frontal
In the lever system the point of rotation is known as the
fulcrum
Spindle-shaped muscles with a central belly that tapers to tendons on each end are known as:
fusiform
what are leverage systems used for
gain mechanical advantage
Which joint types do not have motion in the frontal plane?
ginglymus
An instrument used to measure the range of motion in a joint is known as a (an):
goniometer
greater cross section diameter of muscle=
greater force exertion
parallel muscles produce a
greater range of motion than pennate
shortening resistance arm allows for
greater resistance to be moved if force and force arm remain constant
helping synergist
help move joint in desired manner and simultaneously precent undesired action
speed
how fast an object is moving, or the distance an object travels in a specific amount of time
relaxation phase
in a single muscle fiber contraction it is the phase following contraction phase in which the muscle fibers begin relaxing last 50 milliseconds
latent period
in a single muscle fiber contraction, it is the brief period of a few milliseconds following the stimulus before the contraction phase begins.
contraction phase
in a single muscle fiber contraction, it is the phase following the latent perion in which the muscle fiber actually begins shortening' lasting about 40 milliseconds
velocity
includes the direction and describes the rate of displacement
bran stem
integrates all CNS activity the excitation and inhibition, functions in arousal or maintaing a wakeful state
there is what type of relationship between length of the two lever arms
inverse
what are the 4 properties that are related to muscles ability to produce force and movement
irritability, excitability, contractibility, extensibility, elasticity
A(n) _______ contraction occurs when tension is developed in the muscles but the length does not change.
isometric
arthroses
joint or articulation between two or more bones
The _____ plane divides the body into a front and back half.
lateral
the longer the force arm the...
less force required to move the lever if the sesitance and resistance arm remain constant
antagonist
located on opposite side of joint from agonist, work in cooperation with agonist muscles by relaxing & allowing movement
endochondral bones
long bones that develop from hyaline cartilage masses after embryonic stage
diaphysis
long cylindrical portion or shaft of long bone
The tibia is ______ to the fibula.
medial
torque
moment of force. the turning effect of an eccentric force
linear motion
motion along a line
angular motion
motion involving rotation around an axis
is it easier to maintain balance when moving or stationary
moving
myotome
muscle or group of muscles supplied by specific spinal nerve
what does extrinsic refer to with muscles
muscle that arise or originate outside to body part they act on
aggregate muscle action is
muscles work in groups rather than independently to achieve a given joint motion
neurons
nerve cell that is the basic functional unit of the nervous system responsible for generating and transmitting impulses
sensory neurons
neurons that transmit impulses to the spinal cord and brain from all parts of the body
neutralizer
neutralize the action of another muscle to prevent undesirable movements
dynamic equilibrium
occurs when all of the applied and inertial forces acting on the moving body are in balance, resulting in movement with unchanging speed or direction
New bone is formed by specialized cells known as:
osteoblast
The two major types of fiber arrangements that essentially all skeletal muscles may be grouped into are:
parallel and pennate
force arm
perpendicular distance between the location of force application and the axis. The shortest distance from the axis of rotation to the line of action of the force. Aka MOMENT ARM or torque arm
what does intrinsic refer to with muscles
pertaining to muscles within or belonging solely to body part upon which they act
An imaginary two-dimensional surface through which a limb or body segment is moved is known as a:
plane of motion
what is an example of 2nd class lever
plantar flexion
center of gravity
point at which all of the body's mass and weight are equally balances or equally distributed in all direction
active insufficiency
point reached when a muscle becomes shortened to the point that it cannot generate or maintain active tension
there is what type of relationship between force components and resistance components
porportional
pennate muscles arrangement is for
power
impulse
product of force and time
force
product of mass times acceleration
dendrites
projection from nueron cell that transmits impulses to nueron and cell body
irritability
property of muscles being sensitive or responsive to chemical electrical or mechanical stimuli
muscles provide
protection, dynamic stability of joint, posture and support, and produce a majority of total body heat
orgin
proximal attachment of muscle
give an example of a 2nd class lever
pushup , always MA>1, for force A-R-f
momentum
quality of motion, which is equal to mass times velocity
short lever is good for
quickness
amplitude
range of muscle fiber length between maximal & minimal lengthening
fundamental position
reference position essentially the same as anatomical position except arms are at the sides and palms are facing body
stability
resistance to a change in the body's acceleration; the resistance to a disturbance of the body's equilibrium
inertia
resistance to action or change; resistance to acceleration or deceleration. Inertia is the tendency for the current state of motion to be maintained, regardless of whether the body segment is moving at a particular velocity or is motionless
rolling friction
resistance to an object rolling across a surface; such as a ball rolling across a court
mechanical advantage= ?/?
resistance/force
lever
rigid bar that turns around an axis of rotation or fulcrum
something flexing or extening is in the what plane
sagittal
what axis is the frontal plane using
sagittal
what are the two divisions of the PNS
sensory (afferent to cns) and motor (efferent away from cns)
action
specific movement of joit resulting from a concentric contraction of a muscle which crosses joint
human leverage system is built for
speed and ROM
if axis is close to forece it is for what type of motion
speed and ROM
A lever system with the force between the fulcrum and the resistance is best designed for:
speed and range of motion
MA<1
speed and range of motion example= triceps in elbow extension
Circular muscles which surround openings and function to close them upon contraction are known as:
sphincter
equilibrium
state of zero acceleration in which there is no change in speed or direction of the body
passive insufficiency
state reached when a opposing muscle becomes stretched to the point where it can no longer lengthen and allow movement
maximal stimulus
stimulus strong enough to produce action potentials in all of the motor units of a particular muscle
dynamic
study of mechanics involving systems in motion with acceleration
static
study of mechanics involving the study of systems that are in a contstant state if motion, whether at rest with no motion or moving at a constant velocity without acceleration. Involves all forces acting on the body being in balance, resulting in the body being in equilibrium
stabilizers
surround joint or body part, contract to fixate or stabilize the area to enable another limb or body segment to exert force & move
apneurosis
tendinous expansion of dense fibrous connective tissue that is sheetlike in appearance and resembles a flat tendon
active tension
tension in muscles that is generated via an active contraction of the respective muscles fibers in that muscle
what are the 4 mechanical loading which cause tissue damage
tention, compression, shear, bending, torsion
mechanical advantage
the advantage gained through the uses of machines to increase or multiply the applied force in performing a task; enables a relatively small force to be applied to move a much greater resistance; determined by dividing the load by the effort
kinetic friction
the amount of friction occurring between two objects that are sliding upon one another
central nervous system
the cerebral cortex, basal ganglia, cerebellum, brain stem, and spinal cord.t
distance
the path of movement; refers to the actual sum length of units of measurement traveled
kinetics
the study of forces associated with the motion of a body
dynamics
the study of mechanics involving systems in motion with acceleration
mechanics
the study of physical actions of force; can be subdiveded into static and dynamic
something rotating is in what plane
transverse
Which joints or joint types do not have motion in the sagittal plane?
trochoid
force couples
two or more forces are pulling in different directions on an object causing the object to rotate around an axis
glide
type of accessory motion characterized by specific point on one articulating surface coming in contact with a series of point on another surface
what are the three arrangements of pannate
uni,bi, and multipennate
Muscles with fibers running obliquely from a tendon on one side only are known as:
unipennate
palpation
using sense of touch to feel or examine a muscle or other tissue
longer lever is good for
velocity
what axis is used in transverse place
vertical
roll
A type of accessory motion characterized by a series of points on one articular surface contacting with a series of points on another articular surface.
spin
A type of accessory motion characterized by a single point on one articular surface rotating clockwise or counterclockwise about a single point on another articular surface.
ligaments
A type of tough connective tissue that attaches bone to bone to provide static stability to joints
3RD CLASS LEVER HAS WHAT ARRANGMENT
A-F-R
2ND CLASS LEVER HAS WHAT ARRANGEMENT
A-R-F
axon
An elongated projection that transmits impulses away from the neuron cell body.
hyaline cartilage
Articular cartilage; covers the end of bones at diarthrodial joints to provide a cushioning effect and reduce friction during movement
if MA=1
Balance
friction
Force that results from the resistance between the surfaces of two objects moving upon one another.
joint capsule
Sleevelike covering of ligamentous tissue surrounding diarthrodial joints
osteoblasts
Specialized cells that form new bone.
osteoclasts
Specialized cells that resorb new bone.
When the fulcrum is between the force and the resistance the lever system is known as a ____ class lever.
1st
When the resistance is between the force and the fulcrum, the lever system is known as a ____ class lever.
2nd
Law of Inertia
A body in motion tends to remain in motion at the same speed in a straight line unless acted on by a force; a body at rest tends to remain at rest unless acted on by a force
Law of Acceleration
A change in the _acceleration_ of a body occurs in the same direction as the force that caused it. The change in acceleration is directly proportional to the force causing it and inversely proportional to the mass of the body.
Treppe
A staircase effect phenomenon of muscle contraction that occurs when rested muscle is stimulated repeatedly with a maximal stimulus at a frequency that allows complete relaxation between stimuli, the second contraction produces a slightly greater tension than the first, and the third contraction produces greater tension than the second.
motor unit
Consists of a single motor neuron and all of the muscle fibers it innervates
action potential
Electrical signal transmitted from the brain and spinal cord through axons to the muscle fibers in a particular motor unit providing the stimulus to contract.
1st class lever has what arrangement
F-A-R
retinaculum
Fascial tissue that retains tendons close to the body in certain places such as around joints like the wrist and ankle
proprioception
Feedback relative to the tension, length, and contraction state of muscle, the position of the body and limbs, and movements of the joints provided by internal receptors located in the skin, joints, muscles, and tendons.
Law of Reaction
For every action there is an _opposite and equal reaction. We provide the action force while the surface provides the reaction force
arthrokinematics
Motion between the actual articular surfaces of the bones at a joint
osteokinematic motion
Motion of the bones relative to the three cardinal planes, resulting from physiological movements.
true synergist
Muscles that contract to prevent an undesired joint action of the agonist and have no direct effect on the agonist action
aggregate muscle action
Muscles working together in groups rather than independently to achieve given joint motions
motor neurons
Neurons that transmit impulses away from the brain and spinal cord to muscle and glandular tissue.
peripheral nervous system
Portion of the nervous system containing the sensory and motor divisions of all the nerves throughout the body except those found in the central nervous system.
median
Relating to, located in, or extending toward the middle,
