Structural Kinesiology 1,2,3

Wolff's law

States that bone in a healthy individual will adapt to the loads it is placed under. When a particular bone is subjected to increased loading, the bone will remodel itself over time to become stronger to resist that particular type of loading.

all or none principle

States that regardless of the number involved, the individual muscle fibers within a given motor unit will fire and contract either maximally or not at all.

passive tension

Tension in muscles that is due to externally applied forces and is developed as a muscle is stretched beyond its normal resting length.

accessory motions

The actual change in relationship between the articular surface of one bone relative to another, characterized as roll, spin, and glide.

joint cavity

The area inside the joint capsule of diarthrodial or synovial joints.

kinesthesis

The awareness of the position and movement of the body in space; sense that provides awareness of bodily position, weight, or movement of the muscles, tendons, and joints.

spinal cord

The common pathway between the central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system.

periosteum

The dense, fibrous membrane covering the outer surface of the diaphysis.

ground reaction force

The force of the surface reacting to the force placed on it, as in the reaction force between the body and the ground when running across a surface.

anatomical position

The position of reference in which the subject is in the standing position, with feet together and palms of hands facing forward

forces

The product of mass times acceleration

myotatic

The reflexive contraction that occurs as a result of the motor neurons of a muscle being activated from the CNS secondarily to a rapid stretch occurring in the same muscle; the knee jerk or patella tendon reflex is an example.

stretch reflex

The reflexive contraction that occurs as a result of the motor neurons of a muscle being activated from the CNS secondarily to a rapid stretch occurring in the same muscle; the knee jerk or patella tendon reflex is an example.

range of motion

The specific amount of movement possible in a joint.

isokinetics

Type of dynamic exercise usually using concentric and/or eccentric muscle contractions in which the speed (or velocity) of movement is constant and muscular contraction (usually maximal con-traction) occurs throughout the movement.

tetanus

When stimuli are provided at a frequency high enough that no relaxation can occur between muscle contractions.

threshold stimulus

When the stimulus is strong enough to produce an action potential in a single motor unit axon and all of the muscle fibers in the motor unit contract.

extensibility

ability of muscle to be stretched back to its original length following contraction

Contractility

ability of muscle to contract and develop tension or internal force against resistance when stimulated

elasticity

ability of muscle to return to its original length following stretching

balance

ability to control equilibrium,either static or dynamic

shape and fiber arrangement of muscle affects

ability to exert force

prime movers

able to contribute significantly more to the joint movement than other agonist

The Law of _______ states that a change in the acceleration of a body is directly proportional to the force causing it and inversely proportional to the mass of the body.

acceleration

the rate of change in velocity

acceleration

Nerves that bring impulses from receptors in the skin, joints, muscles, and other peripheral aspects of the body to the CNS are known as:

afferent

Muscles which cause or control joint motion through a specified plan of motion are known as _____ muscles.

agonist

assisters or assistant movers

agonist muscles that contribute less

static friction

amount of friction between two objects that have not yet begun to move

mass

amount of matter in a body

Slightly movable joints are classified as:

amphiarthrodial

change in location of a rotating body

angular displacement

muscles represent what in levers

applied force

synergist

assist in action of agonist

joints represent what in levers

axis

the point in a joint about which a bone moves or turns to accomplish joint movement

axis of rotation

what is an example of 3rd class lever

bicep curl, MA,1 A-F-R

what is an example of a 3rd class lever

biceps brachii in elbow flexion

the study of mechanics as it related to the functional and anatomical analysis of biological systems,especially humans

biomechanics

Muscle with fibers running obliquely on both sides from a central tendon are known as:

bipennate

static equilibrium

body at complete rest/motionless

The portion of the central nervous system that integrates all central nervous system activity through excitation and inhibition of desired neuromuscular functions is the:

brain stem

The epiphysis is formed from:

cancellous,spongy,trabecular bone

epiphyseal plate

cartilage plate seperating the diaphysis and the epiphysis during bony growth' commonly referred to as growth plate

muscle contraction can be used to

cause, control, and prevent joint movement

concentric contraction

causes motion

interneurons

center or connecting neurons that conduct impulses from sensory neurons to motor neurons

The two major divisions of the nervous system are the ______ nervous system and the ________ nervous system.

central and peripheral

gaster

central fleshy contractile portion of the muscle that gerneally increases diameter as the uscle contracts

The portion of the central nervous system that is a major integrator of sensory impulses and providing feedback relative to motion is the:

cerebellum

The portion of the central nervous system that is at the level of control and provides for the creation of voluntary movement as aggregate muscle action, but not as specific muscle activity is the:

cerebral cortex

displacement

change in position or location of an object from its original point of reference

ration between the force needed to overcome friction over the force holding the surface together

coefficient of friction

A knuckle joint is technically known as a __________ joint.

condyloid

Which joint types do not have motion in the transverse plane?

condyloid

basal ganglia

controls maintenance of postures and equilibrium, learned movements, sensory integration for balance and rhythmic activities

eccentric motion

controls motion

cerebellum

controls timing and intensity of muscle activity to assist in the refinement of movements

cerebral cortex

creation of voluntary movement, interprets sensory stimuli from

dermatome

defines area of skin supplied by specific spinal nerve

endosteum

dense fibrous membrane covering the inside of the cortex of long bones

A defined area of skin supplied by the dorsal or sensory root fibers of a single spinal nerve is known as a:

dermatome

kinematics

description of motion, including consideration of time, displacement, velocity, acceleration, and space factors of a system's motion

cortex

diaphyseal wall of long bones, formed from hard dense compact bone

All freely movable joints are classified as:

diarthrodial

insertion

distal attachment of muscle

resistance arm

distance between the axis and the point of resistance application

Nerves that carry impulses to the outlying regions of the body from the CNS are known as:

efferent

The fibrous membrane covering the inside surface of the cortex is the:

endosteum

The growth plate at each of a long bone is known as the ______ plate.

epiphyseal

Thin and broad muscles, originating from broad, fibrous, sheet-like aponeuroses are known as:

flat

what are the 5 main parallel muscles types

flat, sphicter, strap, radiate, fusiform

if the axis is close to resistance it is for what type of movement

force

MA>1

force motion

A lever system with the resistance between the force and the fulcrum is best designed for:

force movements

eccentric force

force that is applied in a direction not in line with the center of rotation of an object with a fixed axis. In objects without a fixed axis, it is an applied force that i not in line with the object's center of gravity

A hollow or depression in a bone is a:

fossa

sagittal plane is always what axis

frontal

something adducting or abducting is in what plane

frontal

In the lever system the point of rotation is known as the

fulcrum

Spindle-shaped muscles with a central belly that tapers to tendons on each end are known as:

fusiform

what are leverage systems used for

gain mechanical advantage

Which joint types do not have motion in the frontal plane?

ginglymus

An instrument used to measure the range of motion in a joint is known as a (an):

goniometer

greater cross section diameter of muscle=

greater force exertion

parallel muscles produce a

greater range of motion than pennate

shortening resistance arm allows for

greater resistance to be moved if force and force arm remain constant

helping synergist

help move joint in desired manner and simultaneously precent undesired action

speed

how fast an object is moving, or the distance an object travels in a specific amount of time

relaxation phase

in a single muscle fiber contraction it is the phase following contraction phase in which the muscle fibers begin relaxing last 50 milliseconds

latent period

in a single muscle fiber contraction, it is the brief period of a few milliseconds following the stimulus before the contraction phase begins.

contraction phase

in a single muscle fiber contraction, it is the phase following the latent perion in which the muscle fiber actually begins shortening' lasting about 40 milliseconds

velocity

includes the direction and describes the rate of displacement

bran stem

integrates all CNS activity the excitation and inhibition, functions in arousal or maintaing a wakeful state

there is what type of relationship between length of the two lever arms

inverse

what are the 4 properties that are related to muscles ability to produce force and movement

irritability, excitability, contractibility, extensibility, elasticity

A(n) _______ contraction occurs when tension is developed in the muscles but the length does not change.

isometric

arthroses

joint or articulation between two or more bones

The _____ plane divides the body into a front and back half.

lateral

the longer the force arm the...

less force required to move the lever if the sesitance and resistance arm remain constant

antagonist

located on opposite side of joint from agonist, work in cooperation with agonist muscles by relaxing & allowing movement

endochondral bones

long bones that develop from hyaline cartilage masses after embryonic stage

diaphysis

long cylindrical portion or shaft of long bone

The tibia is ______ to the fibula.

medial

torque

moment of force. the turning effect of an eccentric force

linear motion

motion along a line

angular motion

motion involving rotation around an axis

is it easier to maintain balance when moving or stationary

moving

myotome

muscle or group of muscles supplied by specific spinal nerve

what does extrinsic refer to with muscles

muscle that arise or originate outside to body part they act on

aggregate muscle action is

muscles work in groups rather than independently to achieve a given joint motion

neurons

nerve cell that is the basic functional unit of the nervous system responsible for generating and transmitting impulses

sensory neurons

neurons that transmit impulses to the spinal cord and brain from all parts of the body

neutralizer

neutralize the action of another muscle to prevent undesirable movements

dynamic equilibrium

occurs when all of the applied and inertial forces acting on the moving body are in balance, resulting in movement with unchanging speed or direction

New bone is formed by specialized cells known as:

osteoblast

The two major types of fiber arrangements that essentially all skeletal muscles may be grouped into are:

parallel and pennate

force arm

perpendicular distance between the location of force application and the axis. The shortest distance from the axis of rotation to the line of action of the force. Aka MOMENT ARM or torque arm

what does intrinsic refer to with muscles

pertaining to muscles within or belonging solely to body part upon which they act

An imaginary two-dimensional surface through which a limb or body segment is moved is known as a:

plane of motion

what is an example of 2nd class lever

plantar flexion

center of gravity

point at which all of the body's mass and weight are equally balances or equally distributed in all direction

active insufficiency

point reached when a muscle becomes shortened to the point that it cannot generate or maintain active tension

there is what type of relationship between force components and resistance components

porportional

pennate muscles arrangement is for

power

impulse

product of force and time

force

product of mass times acceleration

dendrites

projection from nueron cell that transmits impulses to nueron and cell body

irritability

property of muscles being sensitive or responsive to chemical electrical or mechanical stimuli

muscles provide

protection, dynamic stability of joint, posture and support, and produce a majority of total body heat

orgin

proximal attachment of muscle

give an example of a 2nd class lever

pushup , always MA>1, for force A-R-f

momentum

quality of motion, which is equal to mass times velocity

short lever is good for

quickness

amplitude

range of muscle fiber length between maximal & minimal lengthening

fundamental position

reference position essentially the same as anatomical position except arms are at the sides and palms are facing body

stability

resistance to a change in the body's acceleration; the resistance to a disturbance of the body's equilibrium

inertia

resistance to action or change; resistance to acceleration or deceleration. Inertia is the tendency for the current state of motion to be maintained, regardless of whether the body segment is moving at a particular velocity or is motionless

rolling friction

resistance to an object rolling across a surface; such as a ball rolling across a court

mechanical advantage= ?/?

resistance/force

lever

rigid bar that turns around an axis of rotation or fulcrum

something flexing or extening is in the what plane

sagittal

what axis is the frontal plane using

sagittal

what are the two divisions of the PNS

sensory (afferent to cns) and motor (efferent away from cns)

action

specific movement of joit resulting from a concentric contraction of a muscle which crosses joint

human leverage system is built for

speed and ROM

if axis is close to forece it is for what type of motion

speed and ROM

A lever system with the force between the fulcrum and the resistance is best designed for:

speed and range of motion

MA<1

speed and range of motion example= triceps in elbow extension

Circular muscles which surround openings and function to close them upon contraction are known as:

sphincter

equilibrium

state of zero acceleration in which there is no change in speed or direction of the body

passive insufficiency

state reached when a opposing muscle becomes stretched to the point where it can no longer lengthen and allow movement

maximal stimulus

stimulus strong enough to produce action potentials in all of the motor units of a particular muscle

dynamic

study of mechanics involving systems in motion with acceleration

static

study of mechanics involving the study of systems that are in a contstant state if motion, whether at rest with no motion or moving at a constant velocity without acceleration. Involves all forces acting on the body being in balance, resulting in the body being in equilibrium

stabilizers

surround joint or body part, contract to fixate or stabilize the area to enable another limb or body segment to exert force & move

apneurosis

tendinous expansion of dense fibrous connective tissue that is sheetlike in appearance and resembles a flat tendon

active tension

tension in muscles that is generated via an active contraction of the respective muscles fibers in that muscle

what are the 4 mechanical loading which cause tissue damage

tention, compression, shear, bending, torsion

mechanical advantage

the advantage gained through the uses of machines to increase or multiply the applied force in performing a task; enables a relatively small force to be applied to move a much greater resistance; determined by dividing the load by the effort

kinetic friction

the amount of friction occurring between two objects that are sliding upon one another

central nervous system

the cerebral cortex, basal ganglia, cerebellum, brain stem, and spinal cord.t

distance

the path of movement; refers to the actual sum length of units of measurement traveled

kinetics

the study of forces associated with the motion of a body

dynamics

the study of mechanics involving systems in motion with acceleration

mechanics

the study of physical actions of force; can be subdiveded into static and dynamic

something rotating is in what plane

transverse

Which joints or joint types do not have motion in the sagittal plane?

trochoid

force couples

two or more forces are pulling in different directions on an object causing the object to rotate around an axis

glide

type of accessory motion characterized by specific point on one articulating surface coming in contact with a series of point on another surface

what are the three arrangements of pannate

uni,bi, and multipennate

Muscles with fibers running obliquely from a tendon on one side only are known as:

unipennate

palpation

using sense of touch to feel or examine a muscle or other tissue

longer lever is good for

velocity

what axis is used in transverse place

vertical

roll

A type of accessory motion characterized by a series of points on one articular surface contacting with a series of points on another articular surface.

spin

A type of accessory motion characterized by a single point on one articular surface rotating clockwise or counterclockwise about a single point on another articular surface.

ligaments

A type of tough connective tissue that attaches bone to bone to provide static stability to joints

3RD CLASS LEVER HAS WHAT ARRANGMENT

A-F-R

2ND CLASS LEVER HAS WHAT ARRANGEMENT

A-R-F

axon

An elongated projection that transmits impulses away from the neuron cell body.

hyaline cartilage

Articular cartilage; covers the end of bones at diarthrodial joints to provide a cushioning effect and reduce friction during movement

if MA=1

Balance

friction

Force that results from the resistance between the surfaces of two objects moving upon one another.

joint capsule

Sleevelike covering of ligamentous tissue surrounding diarthrodial joints

osteoblasts

Specialized cells that form new bone.

osteoclasts

Specialized cells that resorb new bone.

When the fulcrum is between the force and the resistance the lever system is known as a ____ class lever.

1st

When the resistance is between the force and the fulcrum, the lever system is known as a ____ class lever.

2nd

Law of Inertia

A body in motion tends to remain in motion at the same speed in a straight line unless acted on by a force; a body at rest tends to remain at rest unless acted on by a force

Law of Acceleration

A change in the _acceleration_ of a body occurs in the same direction as the force that caused it. The change in acceleration is directly proportional to the force causing it and inversely proportional to the mass of the body.

Treppe

A staircase effect phenomenon of muscle contraction that occurs when rested muscle is stimulated repeatedly with a maximal stimulus at a frequency that allows complete relaxation between stimuli, the second contraction produces a slightly greater tension than the first, and the third contraction produces greater tension than the second.

motor unit

Consists of a single motor neuron and all of the muscle fibers it innervates

action potential

Electrical signal transmitted from the brain and spinal cord through axons to the muscle fibers in a particular motor unit providing the stimulus to contract.

1st class lever has what arrangement

F-A-R

retinaculum

Fascial tissue that retains tendons close to the body in certain places such as around joints like the wrist and ankle

proprioception

Feedback relative to the tension, length, and contraction state of muscle, the position of the body and limbs, and movements of the joints provided by internal receptors located in the skin, joints, muscles, and tendons.

Law of Reaction

For every action there is an _opposite and equal reaction. We provide the action force while the surface provides the reaction force

arthrokinematics

Motion between the actual articular surfaces of the bones at a joint

osteokinematic motion

Motion of the bones relative to the three cardinal planes, resulting from physiological movements.

true synergist

Muscles that contract to prevent an undesired joint action of the agonist and have no direct effect on the agonist action

aggregate muscle action

Muscles working together in groups rather than independently to achieve given joint motions

motor neurons

Neurons that transmit impulses away from the brain and spinal cord to muscle and glandular tissue.

peripheral nervous system

Portion of the nervous system containing the sensory and motor divisions of all the nerves throughout the body except those found in the central nervous system.

median

Relating to, located in, or extending toward the middle,