Modern Arch. & Planning Midterm IDs
Biggest critic of indust., lover of gothic churches/medieval times Believed that if we chose the right arch. Style, bring back the missing morals (arch. determinism) Gothic architecture as a cure against the ills of industrialization. The Gothic as "honest," and "truthful" architecture, conveying social and religious values through memory, emotion Houses of Parliament - One of earliest critics of industrialization Pattern book maker Converted to Roman Catholocism His book consisted of vignettes around the drawing of a building Medieval society was superior Through architecture they might improve society in England
Augustus Pugin
1760-1834, and his book Precis et Leçons d'Architecture (Lessons of Architecture published in 1802) on spatial organization. The general design philosophy based on a close reading of the program of ecole des beaux-arts. Importance of establishing a hierarchical relationship among the various spaces and distributing these spaces symmetrically along major and minor axis. Note: Parti (basic concept), marche (sequence of spaces through the building), composition, distribution and disposition.
Durand
-Critique of Beaux-Arts training in the writings and teachings - Wrote Entretiens sur l'Architecture (Discourse on Architecture) a collection of his lectures published between 1863-1872. Viollet-le-Duc's advocacy of structural rationalism and Gothic revival. ex: use of iron for market hall and concert hall. Thought beaux-arts ignored new technology, should use history as a spring board for future How arch. Should be taught: 1: how to imitate the past 2: how to make that for your current times
Eugène Emanuel Viollet-le Duc
1853-1870 "Surgical approach" to social and urban problems: Urban and administrative redesign of Paris under Napoleon III & Haussmann Extensive demolitions and creation of new boulevards, underground sewer system, street lighting, and integration of rail and street networks. Displaced people Haussmanization; bought land from landowners to evacuate people Had to borrow private loans heavily - (1) The reuse of urban and monumental elements already in place, e.g. exterior and interior boulevards, grande croissée, Arc de Triomphe (by J.-F.-T. Chalgrin, et al., 1806-37) and the Place de l'Etoile. - 2) Cooperation between state and market, and provision for strict building guidelines for private development. Pre-Haussmannian building regulations in Paris: e.g. Rue Rivoli from 1802 (Charles Percier and P.L.F. Fontaine) as model for continuous street architecture. Wanted visual cohesion, enforced zoning (3) Boulevards as instruments of urban beautification, crowd control, improved communication, and economic development. - Unstable regime, civil unrest, the boulevards made it easier for military to get thru - Transportation drove population growth - Helped to establish greater control over city of Paris - Gas lamps in the streets and underground pipelines
Haussmann
(1819-1900) Return to craftsmanship, too disconnected bc technology Didn't want industrial materials in buildings that are meant to be art Seven Lamps of Architecture, 1849 & Stones of Venice, 1851-3 Venetian Gothic is the superior style of arch.
John Ruskin
Search for fundamental laws and criteria for making and evaluating architecture in France The classical past as good architecture, and a source of fundamental principles Ideas of Abbe Marc-Antoine Laugier (Essay on Architecture, 1753) Primitive huts and desire to rationalize structure and strip away illusion, ambiguity complexity Social critiques on Rococo designs "The Primitive Hut" Conservation of materials Pure functionalism One of the most radical critiques First one to theorize about streamlining architecture Purest structure, beginning of architecture First manifesto of architecture
Marc-Antoine Laugier
Owen's Report to the Committee for the Relief of the Poor (1817). Note: self-sufficient community combining aspects of town and country; cloister-like arrangement (parallelogram) with communal facilities and modern services, surrounded by a greenbelt.
Owenite Village
(1834-1896) and the Arts and Crafts critique of design in industrial society. Morris & Co. (1861) established as a guild of artists and craftsmen for producing handmade furniture, stained glass, tapestry, and wallpaper. - Red House, Bexley Heath, England, 1859, Philip Webb (1831-1815) for Morris. Note: vernacular references, antihistoricism, unity of art and craft, exposed brick façade, informal (free plan) layout.
William Morris
