Modern Architecture Exam 2

Josef Hoffmann

Modern design; art nouveau; designed the Prague chair; member of Vienna Secession and founding member of its offshoot, the Wiener Werkstatte (Vienna Workshop)

Adolf Loos wrote Vienna off as a "potemkin's village"

Something that is made to seem grand, elaborate, or prosperous for the purposes of impressing.

Ringstrasse

Eclectic style. The Great boulevard of Vienna that replaced outdated medieval walls is an example of the urban redesign of the late nineteenth century. Outer ring of Vienna that serves as a ring road in Vienna.

Louis Sullivan's "Tall Office Building Artistically Considered" 1896

1st - story below ground 2nd - ground floor for commercial spaces 3rd - second story accessed by stairs 4th - infinite number of stories, tier upon tier 5th - top on the pile

Otto Wagner's Moderne Architektur

"WE SHOULD SEE IN ARCHITECTURE THE HIGHEST EXPRESSION OF MAN'S ABILITY, BORDERING ON THE DIVINE. And rightly so! Proof of this lies in the mysterious and overwhelming power that architectural works have on man, practically forcing him to contemplate. Architecture must therefore be described as the most powerful Expression of art." "The architect with his happy combination of idealism and realism has been praised as the crowning glory of modern man." Wagner studied in Vienna and Berlin which exposed him to the influences of Neo- renaissance forms and Semper's interpretations of Schinkel's classicism. Wagner's work shifted to a new rational style with his commission for the Subway stations for the city of Vienna.In 1895, his work "Moderne Architektur" (coining the term Modern Architecture) was published stating that architecture should adapt to "modern life."According to Wagner, architecture has to answer the demandsof the current era, apply new materials and scientific discoveries and reflect people's own democratic views.Wagner designed many train stations and referred to floral and natural patterns for decoration.

Jugendstil

"Youth Style" German Art Nouveau - Birth of Modernist Design

Otto Wagner

-"nothing that is not practical can be beautiful" -Artist and one of the founders and first presidents of the Vienna Secession. Works: -Painted the Woman in Gold. -Austrian Postal Savings Bank -Wrote that Modern Architecture should correspond with the new materials & technology available. -believed we must lessen our reliance on historical forms; function of architecture is more important than form or style; end eclecticism; architecture should represent intellectual and practical needs of modern people.

Wainwright Building by Louis Sullivan

-1890, designed by Sulilvan -First modern skyscraper -Articulates a commercial base as a distinct unit, and then the repeating function of office spaces as a distinct unit. -Sullivan came up with a new language for tall office buildings. -Sullivan held contempt for ornamentation, and this building was truly a modern skycraper -St. Louis, Missouri

Austrian Postal Savings Bank, Vienna by Otto Wagner, 1906

-1904; Otto Wagner designed; move away from Art Nouveau and move more into modern architecture with functional beauty -Constructed using reinforced concrete-represents Wagners first move from Art Nouveau and Neoclassicism -The entire facade is covered with square marble plates. The entire facade is covered with square marble plates. -The building's harmonious synthesis between form and functionality was highly acclaimed by critics.-The metal rivets do not obstruct the facade but resemble decorative elements. -The use of marble also makes the maintenance and cleaning of the facade very easy and inexpensive, another important functional element in Wagner's design. - marble blocks with iron bolts capped with aluminum: squares, circles -Geometrical ornament -Repetitions-And part-to-whole comparisons -small squares create large scales -Minimalistic -Focus on Geometry -New materials such as glass and aluminum -aluminum grid structures and posts -glass used in skylight and floor tiles -Two types of rhythms for geometrical patters:

Louis Sullivan

-America's most influential Architect -Worked under Jenney -Frank Lloyd Wright studied under him -simplistic/geometric style-coined the term "form follows function" -Architecture connected to nature

Josef Hoffmann, Palais Stoclet, Brussels, 1905-1911

-Arts and crafts. -Artistic elite of Europe would go to. -Non domestic, volumetric -Has a mosaic called the tree of life, by Gustav Klimt -Has a very elegant contemporary design, even in the bathroom. -Secession architecture tends to be very anti historian, reaching for new ideas. -Vienna Secession movement in modernism became all the rage. Pattern and design reigned.

Frank Lloyd Wright

-Considered America's greatest architect. Pioneered the concept that a building should blend into and harmonize with its surroundings rather than following classical designs. -Thought that poetry of form is necessary and that ornament should be of the thing, not on it -believed in designing structures that were in harmony with humanity and its environment; organic architecture; deeply individualistic ideas; horizontality and domestic space

William Le Baron Jenney

-Father of the American Skyscraper -Engineer: specialized in commercial buildings; all about efficiency -His firm created the 1st railroad neighborhood system -Put his own spin on Neoclassical because didn't like it -1st Building: the Ludington (1891) = 1st structure to be completely clad in terracotta-Molding & bas relief on buildings -Thought he solved the problem of fire proofing

Wiener Werkstatte

-Josef Hoffman, one of the major theorist for the Wiener Werkstatte-Avoid natural/organic patterns derived from nature-Called for "geometrical ornament."

Secession building by Joseph Maria Olbrich

-Joseph Maria Olbrich designed the Secession Building to display the art of Klimt and the members of the group. -Icon of the Vienna Secession. The dome and stylized facade became a symbol of the movement. -Art Noveau style

Villa Henny, Rob van't Hoff, Netherlands 1915

-Was undeniably influenced by Wright's prairie houses.

Hendrik Petrus Berlage

-believed structure was the redeeming quality of architecture. -loved America -most famous work is the stock exchange building.

Guaranty Building, Louis Sullivan, 1895, Buffalo, New York

-illustrates "forms follow functions -ornamentation was organic, intricate design -Featured intricate panels of terrocotta -raised pilasters uninterrupted going vertically to suggest verticality. -recessed spandrels to help allow the vertical pilasters to suggest verticality. -also features the commercial base

Chicago School

-known for the steel framework and emphasis on form following the function of the building; aka commercial style; cam about from development of cheap, versatile steel and America's rapid social and economic growth; at the turn of the 20th century

Art Noveau

-modern with craftsmanship integrated -Art Noveau attempted to bridge the gap between neoclassical art and modern culture. -desire to abandon the historical styles of the nineteenth century; reaction against eclectic styles; organic and geometric forms; sought to revive good workmanship; continuation of William Morris arts & crafts style; sought to restore the importance of decorative arts

Lois Sullivan

-was an American architect, and has been called the "father of skyscrapers" and "father of modernism". -believed form follows function and outlined his principles for designing tall buildings and verticality.

Adolf Loos

-wrote Ornament and Crime -- about how ornamentation causes unnecessary costs and labor to be expended -strongly opposed ornamentation and believed modern architecture shouldn't have it; critical of Art Nouveau because of that. -Loved the U.S. and Chicago school because he loved the utilitarianism, functionalism, and lack of interest in style. -Adolf Loos is responsible for a push towards architectural minimalism, and rejection of ornament.

François Hennebique's monolithic reinforced concrete joint

1882, joint integrated separate elements of construction, such as the column and the beam, into a single monolithic element.

Sagrada Familia Church by Antoni Gaudi

1882; Art Nouveau; Barcelona; ornamented, but not historical

Biltmore Estate by George Washington Vanderbilt II, Frederick Law Olmsted, Richard Morris Hunt

1888; eclectic style; Asheville, NC

Karlsplatz Railway Station

1890s; Otto Wagner designed it; Art Nouveau style

Miss Cranston's Tea House: Willow Tea Room

1903; Art Nouveau; Mackintosh chair style

Penn Station by McKim, Meade, and White

1906; eclectic style

Muller House by Adolf Loos

1930; Adolf Loos designed it; little to no ornamentation; very modern

Wendingen

Art and Architecture magazine which featured Frank Lloyd Wright.

Gottfried Semper's 4 elements of architecture

Attempt to explain the origins of architecture with a basis in Anthropology 1) The hearth -Fire/Ceramics 2) Roof- Carpentry 3) Enclosure - Weaving orTextile 4) Mound - Stone Masonry Not trying to justify neoclassical forms but rather develop a new design style. The Hearth- The use of fire being at the core of the building due to it social association.The use of ceramics. Semper is very focused on materiality. Architectural wall coverings and claddings exhibit patterns derived from formerly textile covers. Pavements correspond to carpets - surrounded by a hem for example, offering "all over" ornaments as opposed to "up and down" ornaments that define the wall coverings. Materials have changed from textile to stone or plaster, the initial principles care carried forward.

World's Colombian Exposition of 1893

Burnham planned the World's Colombian Exposition. -Committee made up of Chicago architects -this fair reflected the polarity in the U.S. particularly between N.Y.C. and Chicago. -New York didn't use the steal frame as aesthetic in their building. -Neo-renaissance look was implemented across the fair. -Daniel H. Burnham collaborated with Frederick Law Olmsted who designed the landscape organized around a central spine water baison, with expo buildings on each side.

William Lebaron Jenney, Home Insurance Building in Chicago, 1885

First attempt at using the bird cage skeletal iron structure. exterior walls remained masonry for integrity metal columns on the exterior rather than thick bulky masonry walls he thinned the exterior masonry to allow for larger windows and left a curtain wall space.

"Prairie style"

Frank Lloyd Wright's prairie style was characterized by: slab foundation horizontality open floor plan good fire places built in furniture boxed windows outreaching walls and planes

Freidrich Nietzsche, Thus spoke Zarathustra

German philosopher who wanted to end relgion in modern society, and proposed the idea of a "superman." Nietzsche has his character Zarathustra posit the Übermensch as a goal for humanity to set for itself.

Übermensch

Ideal "Superman." the ideal superior man of the future who could rise above conventional Christian morality to create and impose his own values, originally described by Nietzsche in Thus Spake Zarathustra.

Vienna Secession

Movement including painters, sculptors, and architects. A group that formed around a few architects. That attempted to unite craftsmanship and modernity. -founded on 3 April 1897 by artist Gustav Klimt, designer Koloman Moser, architects Josef Hoffmann and Joseph Maria Olbrich, Max Kurzweil, Wilhelm Bernatzik and others. The architect Otto Wagner joined the group shortly after it was founded

Taliesin West Scottsdale, AZ Frank Lloyd Wright 1938-59

Was his winter home and school in Arizona until death-He wanted to keep his buildings alligned with their surroundings, so modeled after Arizona landscape-used local, desert materials (rocks, wood, boulders) to keep with surroundings and preserve concrete

Raumplan

a German term (raum = room = space) used to described Adolf Loos' method of designing with clearly defined, bound spaces ("rooms") that do not freely flow into adjacent spaces, although strategic sight lines and sectional relationships may link spaces together.

Ward Willits House Frank Lloyd Wright 1901-1902 Chicago, Illinois

long short prairie style house which hugged the land and plays with heights. Blending of brick, wood, and stonework.

Sullivan Center

by Louis Sullivan, 1899, Chicago