Modern Architecture Exam No.1

Sant'Elia Futurist Architecture

-Architecture now makes a break with tradition. It must perforce make a fresh start. -The decorative must be abolished -bold groupings and masses, and large-scale disposition of planes -rejects avant-garde

Classicism

-Classical culture: Rome, Greece -Organized in 3 zones vertically -Base, middle, top

20th century

-Classicism persists -Modernism

Lyonel Feininger, "Cathedral of Socialism," from the cover of the first Bauhaus proclamation, 1919 -This black-and-white woodcut served as a cover design for the Bauhaus manifesto by architect and founder Walter Gropius. The image reflects the aura of medievalism that pervaded the initial phase of the Bauhaus, whose academic system harks back to the training employed by Late Gothic craft guilds *Could be compare-contrast essay comparing this to Bruno Taut architecture

-Expressionist aesthetic -A lot more 2-Dimensional

Futurist Manifesto *Could be short answer

-Filippo Tommaso Marinetti 1876-1944 -extreme, but newfound optimism for the future -focus on simultaneity, dynamism & speed -"We will destroy the museums, libraries, academies of every kind, will fight moralism, feminism, every opportunistic or utilitarian cowardice

Gothic v. Classical

-Gothic: vertical emphasis, asymmetry -Classical: Horizontal emphasis, symmetry

19th century

-Historicism -"Battle of the styles"

De Stijl movement *Could be short answer

-Led by painters Theo van Doesburg & Piet Mondrian -The Netherlands-based De Stijl movement embraced an abstract, pared-down aesthetic centered in basic visual elements such as geometric forms and primary colors. Partly a reaction against the decorative excesses of Art Deco, the reduced quality of De Stijl art was envisioned by its creators as a universal visual language appropriate to the modern era, a time of a new, spiritualized world order

Lazlo Maholy-Nagy

-Metal workshop in Weimar

Bruno Taut, Glass Pavilion, Werkbund Exhibition, Cologne, Germany, 1914 (Davies p. 72)

-No functional purpose; just to show off properties of glass -inspired by glass architecture

Plan v section v elevation

-Plan-overall map of building -Section-cut-through of a building -Elevation-Expresses grid of concrete frame

Scheerbart Glass Architecture

-Spread organically -Lets in colored glass -"The surface of the Earth would change greatly if brick architecture where every=where displaced by glass architecture" -transportable glass buildings can also be manufactured; particularly well suited for exhibition purposes -lets in sunlight, light of moon & stars

Le Corbusier, Villa Stein / de Monzie, Garches (near Paris), 1926- 1928

-The cubical feeling is broken only with oval shapes, inspired by the chimneys of the big transatlantic luxury ships. -split-level staircase

Avant-garde

-comes from military terminology -gets adopted in mid-late 18th century France -Talking about innovators of architecture/design -new creations of buildings that other architects will follow

Loos Ornament and Crime

-ornamentation = deeply flawed -regards house as utilitarian object -ornamentation does not heighten my joy in life or the joy in life of any cultivated person -the evolution of culture is synonymous with the removal of ornament from utilitarian objects

Le Corbusier's 5 Points of Architecture

1) Pilotis 2) free designing of the ground plan 3) free design of the façade 4) Horizontal windows 5) Roof gardens

What is architecture?

It consists of: firmitatis, utilitatis, venustatis (Vitruvius, Ten Books on Architecture; Latin text, 25 B.C.E.) -Could be translated to: durability, convenience & beauty OR strength, utility & grace

German Expressionism

Looking back to early modern artistic forms (like Gropius who was involved in this)

Doesburg's small Weimar school in Bauhaus

Rejection of academies in Europe Taught "high art": painting, sculpture, architecture *everything taught because other mediums were considered "low art"

Fordism

System of standardized mass production attributed to Henry Ford. In the mid-1920s, Henry Ford's innovative mass production methods reduced the cost of a Model T to $280; Fordism: Henry Ford (1863-1947) as international emblem of US mass production expertise

Taylorism

Taylorism: functional, scientific, efficiency studies of management that included descriptions of the body as/working in tandem with a machine; created by Frederick Winslow Taylor (1856-1915)

Modernism

The prevailing orthodoxy of 20th-century architecture; it defined itself partly as non-historicism, inventing architectural design anew. Some saw it as the expression of irresistible new technological and social process - mass production, democracy, secularism.

Historicism

The tendency to design new buildings in imitation of old ones; it was the prevailing orthodoxy of 19th-century architecture

The Bauhaus:

Weimar, 1919-1925 Dessau, 1925-1932 Berlin, 1932-1933 -Wanted them all to study architecture, woodworking, textiles, etc. -he wanted to create "Community of crafts people" -Rethinking the education of the designer

modern architecture

defined historically as the architecture of a European and American avant-garde with roots in 19th- century experiments with new materials, reaching its height of development in the 1920s, and declining with the so-called International Style of the post-World War II period (Hornbeck)

Expressionist

i.e. Van Gough Express inner-reality/inner state of mind of artist use of materials like glass, metals, stone, etc. architecture can change lives, ways of thinking

Johannes Itten, Expressionist

painter hired to teach the Vorkurs at the Bauhaus