Module 1
Socioeconomic status (SES) refers to:
a person's position within society based on occupational, educational, and economic characteristics
Cohort effects are due to all of the following EXCEPT:
actual age of the individual
In the nature-nurture issue, nature refers to an organism's _____; nurture refers to its _____.
biological inheritance; environmental experiences
While ethological theory stresses _____ factors, ecological theory emphasizes _____ factors.
biological; environmental
The research method that involves an in-depth look at a single individual is a(n):
case study
In terms of interpreting correlational research, it is important to remember that correlation does not mean the same as:
causation
Compared with adults in earlier decades, U.S. adults now are more likely to be:
childless
According to the APA guidelines, after the study has been completed, participants should be informed of its purpose and the methods that were used. This is known as:
debriefing
Continuing into our late thirties, the _____ period of development is the time we establish our economic independence.
early adulthood
Travis spends a great deal of time working and trying to establish his career. He is also wondering if he should move in with his girlfriend and about their long-term prospects. Travis is most likely in the _____ period of development.
early adulthood
Advancements in methods used to assess physiological measures are now allowing scientists to examine ______ in studies of biological influences on development.
genes
Observing behavior in real-world settings and making no effort to manipulate or control the situation is called ______ observation.
naturalistic
Professor Castillo is studying the aggression of preschool children during recess. He has several observers recording the children's behavior, but none of them are allowed to interfere with the children at play; they simply record what they see. Professor Castillo is using:
naturalistic observation
Supporters of the importance of _____ acknowledge that extreme environments, such as those that are psychologically barren or hostile, can prevent healthy development.
nature
Dr. Jacobs studies identical twins from birth to two years old to learn about similarities and differences in their development. Dr. Jacobs is interested in the development issues of:
nature and nature.
When she was a child, Anna's home was wrecked by a tornado and her neighbor was killed. More than 30 years later, she is still terrified of storms. This is an example of how a ____ event can influence a person's development.
non-normative life
Keith has won the lottery and now has more money than he ever dreamed of having. This incident will likely affect Keith's development and is an example of a:
non-normative life event
Dr. Nasrin believes that associating behavior with consequence can shape the probability of a behavior occurring. He is arguing that _____ conditioning is important for behavioral modification.
operant
According to Piaget's theory, two processes underlie children's cognitive construction of the world:
organization and adaptation.
The _____ issue involves the degree to which early traits and characteristics persist through life or change through life.
stability-change
By using physiological measures, researchers have found that cortisol, a hormone produced by the adrenal gland, is linked to:
stress level.
Floyd is conducting an extensive market study and has hired a big group of college students to hand out a standard set of questions to shoppers at malls and supermarkets and to seek their responses. Which of the following methods of data collection is Floyd using?
survey
Dr. Alondro is an information-processing psychologist, thus he is most likely to emphasize:
that individuals manipulate information, monitor it, and strategize about it.
A researcher is interested in the effect of exercise on stamina in elderly patients. The patients are randomly assigned to be in a high-exercise or low-exercise training program for eight weeks. At the end of the program, their stamina is measured by seeing how long they can walk comfortably on a treadmill. In this study, the dependent variable is:
the number of minutes on the treadmill
The longitudinal method of research consists of studying:
the same individuals over a long period of time
According to Freud, our adult personality is determined by:
the way we resolve conflicts between sources of pleasure at each stage and the demands of reality.
The life expectancy in the United States is currently:
79 years
Which theory stresses the importance of the environment in all facets of development?
Behavioral
Hidalgo, eight, is very good at addition and subtraction, but he has a hard time understanding the complex algebraic problems that his 14-year-old sister does. Hidalgo is currently in which of Piaget's stages of development?
Concrete operational
In an experimental study, the _____ group serves as a baseline against which the effects of the manipulated condition can be compared.
Control
"Individuals are changing beings in a changing world." Which characteristic of development is reflected in this statement?
Development is contextual
If you believe in Paul Baltes's perspective of life-span development, which of the following statements would you NOT agree with?
Development is unidirectional.
Mary is three years old and in preschool. Identify the development period that Mary is currently in.
Early childhood
Erik Erikson's developmental theory consists of _____ stages that last from the first year of life to _____.
Eight; late adulthood
One of the differences between Sigmund Freud and Erik Erikson is that:
Erikson emphasized the importance of both early and later experiences
Fernando believes that behavior is strongly influenced by biology, is tied to evolution, and is characterized by critical or sensitive periods. He is most likely taking a(n) _____ approach.
Ethological
The belief that infants attach to a caregiver through a biological mechanism similar to what Lorenz found with goslings reflects the _____ perspective of development.
Ethological
Which theory stresses the importance of biology and critical or sensitive periods in human development?
Ethological
The _____ consists of links between a social setting in which the individual does not have an active role and the individual's immediate context, but it still influences the development of the individual.
Exosystem
Palma and her husband Frankie are in their late forties. They are leaders in their community and supervisors in their respective careers. Which of the following developmental periods are they in?
Middle adulthood
When teaching his psychology class, Professor Sharma accentuates that developmental change occurs throughout adulthood as well as childhood. Professor Sharma is taking a(n) _____ approach to developmental change.
Life-span
Which of the following is NOT true of the five theoretical orientations to development?
Many of their ideas are contradictory rather than complementary.
Keesha's father died unexpectedly in an accident when she was four years old. This incident will likely affect Keesha's development and is an example of a:
Non-normative life event
Keesha's father died unexpectedly in an accident when she was four years old. This incident will likely affect Keesha's development and is an example of a:
Non-normative life event.
_____ include biological processes such as puberty and menopause. They also include sociocultural and environmental processes such as beginning formal education and retirement.
Normative age-graded influences
Identify the correct sequence of the five stages of psychosexual development described in Freud's theory of development.
Oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital
According to Piaget's theory, two processes underlie children's cognitive construction of the world:
Organization and adaptation
_____ characterizes individuals who show greater than average decline as they age through the adult years.
Pathological aging
Which theory BEST explains changes in cognitive development as children age?
Piaget's theory
Lynne, five, loves to draw and color. She represents the world with words and her drawings. According to Piaget's cognitive development theory, Lynne is in the _____ stage of cognitive development.
Preoperational
_____ theories describe development as primarily unconscious and heavily influenced by emotion.
Psychoanalytic
_____ age is an individual's abilities to adapt and adjust compared with those of other individuals of the same chronological age.
Psychological
Nellie, three, bangs her head against the wall repeatedly throughout the day. How could Skinner's concept of operant conditioning be applied to address this behavior?
Reward Nellie when she does not bang her head and punish the head-banging behavior.
Amir is 18 months old, exploring the world through seeing, hearing, and moving around. According to Piaget, he is in which of the following stages of cognitive development?
Sensorimotor
Gina's therapist attributes her delinquent behavior to heredity and to the gross neglect she suffered as a baby at the hands of her alcoholic mother. Gina's therapist appears to be emphasizing the _____ aspect of her development.
Stability
Individuals who have the best biological, social, and psychological age are showing:
Successful aging
Cynthia is conducting a survey on the prevalence and patterns of substance abuse in her city. What could be a problem that Cynthia could encounter while using this method of data collection?
That some participants may not tell the truth and instead give socially acceptable answers.
Brittany is preoccupied with the pursuit of independence and identity and is spending more time with friends and less with family. Her thoughts are more logical, abstract, and idealistic. She is also experiencing rapid physical changes such as gains in height and weight. Which of the following periods of development is Brittany most likely in?
adolescence
Joey has shot up in height over the past year, has developed a deeper voice, and is starting to grow facial hair. He is preoccupied with the pursuit of independence and identity and is spending more time with friends and less with family. Which of the following periods of development is Joey in?
adolescence
Which of the following is NOT a reason older individuals are happier and report more satisfaction with their lives?
an increase in physical problems
The cross-sectional approach to developmental research compares individuals of different ages:
at one time
Two-year-old Julia is learning to talk, and her parents would say that her favorite word is "no." This would be considered normal for a child in Erik Erikson's life-span stage of:
autonomy versus shame and doubt
Development can be defined as the pattern of movement or change that:
begins at conception and continues through the human life span.
Betty, 66 years old, is in great physical shape. She works out at the gym every day, and recently her doctor told her she is in exceptionally good health. Betty is young in terms of her _____ age.
biological
Determining _____ age involves knowing the functional capacities of a person's vital organs.
biological
Ramada, 69, an avid golfer and fitness enthusiast, recently got a comprehensive health exam done, and her physician remarked that her vital organs were in such good shape that her _____ age was about 10 years less than her chronological age.
biological
The younger the person's _____ age, the longer the person is expected to live, regardless of chronological age.
biological
Which of Urie Bronfenbrenner's environmental systems consists of the patterning of environmental events and transitions over the individual's life course, as well as sociohistorical circumstances?
chronosystem
Putting together a two-word sentence and solving a crossword puzzle are examples of _____ processes that affect development.
cognitive
_____ processes refer to changes in the individual's thought, intelligence, and language.
cognitive
A _____ is a group of people who are born at a similar point in history and share similar experiences.
cohort
A child who can reason logically about specific or physical examples but is unable to think in abstract terms is currently in which of Piaget's stages of development?
concrete operational
Hidalgo, eight, is very good at addition and subtraction, but he has a hard time understanding the complex algebraic problems that his 14-year-old sister does. Hidalgo is currently in which of Piaget's stages of development?
concrete operational
Dr. Wong is a cognitive developmental theorist, so we know that he will stress the importance of _____ in understanding development.
conscious thoughts
In _____ research, the goal is to describe the strength of the relationship between two or more events or characteristics.
correlational
Dr. McLean has designed a study to test the cognitive skills of people in their thirties, fifties, and seventies where data are collected over the course of a day through a series of tests. What type of research approach is Dr. McLean using?
cross sectional
Dr. Wilman is researching the roles women occupy in families in both Japan and the United States. Dr. Wilman is conducting a(n) _____ study.
cross-cultural
Vygotsky's theory emphasizes how _____ guide(s) cognitive development.
culture and social interaction
Dr. Sanchez provided pet therapy dogs on a college campus and then observed if, and if so how long, students interacted with the dogs. Dr. Sanchez is conducting _____ research.
descriptive
Roger looks back on his life and feels that he failed to reach his potential, squandered opportunities, and hurt a lot of people. At 82 years of age, he knows it is too late to make amends. Roger is slipping into:
despair
Nature versus nurture, stability versus change, and continuity versus discontinuity are considered _____ issues.
developmental
Which of the following is NOT one of the four types of age considered in a life-span perspective?
developmental age
Behaviorism essentially holds that we can study scientifically only what can be:
directly observed and measured.
Non-normative life events:
do not happen to all people
_____ is a time of establishing personal and economic independence, career development, and, for many, selecting a mate, learning to live with someone in an intimate way, starting a family, and rearing children.
early adulthood
Professor Vaugn believes that while individual theories are adequate to explain various elements of our physical, cognitive, and psychosocial development, no single theory is adequate to explain all facets of human development. Professor Vaugn believes in the ______ theoretical orientation.
eclectic
The belief that no single theory of development is adequate to explain the rich complexity of life-span development, while acknowledging that each has useful things to offer, reflects the _____ theoretical orientation.
eclectic
Erik Erikson's developmental theory consists of _____ stages that last from the first year of life to _____.
eight; late adulthood
Sarah is a wife and mother. She just received a promotion at work that requires her to travel more, and the absence from home has caused conflict with her husband. From her child's point of view, this conflict is happening in the:
exosystem
A(n) _____ is a carefully regulated procedure in which one or more factors is manipulated (independent variable) to see if there is a change in another factor (dependent variable).
experiment
Sandrine is now able to use abstract thought as well as logic; Piaget would argue that she is in the _____ stage of development.
formal operational
In the continuity-discontinuity issue in development, continuity refers to _____, whereas discontinuity implies ______.
gradual change; distinct stages
The maximum life span of humans:
has not changed since the beginning of recorded history
The term "generativity" as described in Erikson's seventh stage of development primarily reflects a concern for:
helping the younger generation to develop and lead useful lives
Dr. Perkins predicts that children who spend more than two years playing a musical instrument will score higher on IQ tests than children who do not play music. This testable prediction is known as a(n):
hypothesis
Jessica, 16, is in the process of deciding what she wants to study in college. She wants to be an engineer one day and a painter the next day. Erik Erikson would say that Jessica is in the _____ stage of development.
identity versus identity confusion
The elementary school years where children need to direct their energy toward mastering knowledge and intellectual skills is when Erikson's stage of _____ takes place.
industry versus inferiority
Jonathan is almost completely dependent on his parents for his wants and needs and is only just beginning to acquire language skills and sensorimotor coordination. Which of the following development periods is Jonathan in?
infancy
According to the APA guidelines, all participants must know what their research participation will involve and what risks might develop. This guideline addresses which of the following issues?
informed consent
The final stage of Erik Erikson's developmental theory is:
integrity versus despair.
During early adulthood, Erik Erikson's developmental stage of _____ occurs.
intimacy versus isolation
Which of the following is NOT one of the questions researchers using the observation technique must answer prior to conducting their research?
is this a nature or nurture issue?
Caitlin, age 25, has a good job as a financial analyst but she has few friends and has had no success in dating. She admits that being close to others is a problem for her. According to Erikson's psychosocial theory, Caitlin is at a risk of reaching the state of:
isolation
Dr. Xong, a developmental researcher, is interested in studying the influence of video games on the moral development of children. If Dr. Xong wants to control the type of game the children are exposed to and how long the children play the game, he should use:
laboratory research
Jessica spends a lot of time thinking about the choices she has made in her life and the events she has witnessed. She is adjusting to decreasing strength and health, and she has made several lifestyle changes as a result. Jessica is most likely in the _____ period of development.
late adulthood
_____ has the longest span of any period of development and the number of people in this age group has been increasing dramatically.
late adulthood
Late adulthood is a time of:
life review, adjustment to new social roles, and diminishing strength and health.
On your first day of class, Professor Red-Elk claims that for too long we have focused on the development of young children, especially infants. She argues that the development of adults and elderly people is just as important. This professor is articulating a(n) _____ approach.
life-span
The idea that no age period is more important than any other highlights the life-span perspective that development is:
lifelong
The idea that no one age period dominates development emphasizes that the life-span perspective believes development is:
lifelong
Dr. Hansen plans to survey her research participants every two years for as many years as she can, charting how their parenting styles changes with age. She is using a _____ technique.
longitudinal
The _____ involves the culture in which individuals live.
macrosystem
Carol had a terrible day at work. When she gets home she realizes her frustration is spilling over to her family life, causing her daughter to cry. This pattern is happening in the:
mesosystem
Larry had a great time in school today, and when the fourth grader gets home from school he treats his sister much better than usual. This pattern is happening in the:
mesosystem
The _____ involves relations between microsystems or connections between contexts found within the microsystem.
mesosystem
According to Urie Bronfenbrenner's ecological theory, a person's family, peers, school, and neighborhood constitute his or her:
microsystem
Peter is a senior partner at his law firm and is an important member of his church and community. Both of his children are in college. Peter's situation is most representative of which period of development?
middle adulthood
Dr. Tepper-Harmon believes that life-span development cannot be studied without considering biological, socioemotional, and cognitive dimensions. Dr. Tepper-Harmon believes that development is:
multidimensional.
During adolescence, as individuals establish romantic relationships, other relationships with friends may decrease. This illustrates how throughout life, some dimensions or components of a dimension expand and others shrink, or how development is:
multidirectional
Many individuals become wiser as they age, but their performance on tasks that require speed in processing information starts to decline. This illustrates how throughout life, some dimensions or components of a dimension expand and others shrink, or how development is:
multidirectional
Psychologists, sociologists, anthropologists, neuroscientists, and medical researchers all share an interest in understanding development through the life span. This indicates how development is:
multidisciplinary
_____ characterizes individuals for whom psychological functioning often peaks in early middle age, remains relatively stable until the late fifties to early sixties, and then shows modest decline.
normal aging
The finding that most women enter menopause by age 51 is an example of how a biological process can exert a _____ influence on development.
normative age-graded
The cultural makeup of the U.S. population has changed over the past few years due to immigration and other factors. Such long-term changes in the genetic and cultural makeup of a population are part of:
normative historical change
Influences that generally affect a generation—for example, the effect of the Vietnam war on the baby boomers—are considered _____ influences.
normative history-graded
When comparing the effects of homeschooling and traditional classrooms on students' social development, researchers are exploring:
nurture
Danny's mother is even tempered, fair, and tactful. Seeing this, Danny, too, is growing up to be a polite, good-natured boy. This imitation or modeling of behavior mirrors the concept of _____ in Bandura's social cognitive theory.
observational learning
The 35-year-old grandmother, the 65-year-old father of a preschooler, the 15-year-old surgeon, and the 70-year-old student all serve to illustrate that:
old assumptions about the proper timing of life events no longer govern out lives.
Bandura's most recent model of learning and development includes three elements: behavior, environment, and:
person/cognition
In Bandura's most recent model of learning and development, the part that refers to thinking, planning, and individuals' belief that they can control their own experiences is:
person/cognition
"You can't teach an old dog new tricks." This old saying contests Paul Baltes's life-span perspective that views development as being:
plastic
_____ refers to the capacity for change.
plasticity
A child who has just begun to represent the world with words, images, and drawings is in the _____ stage of cognitive development.
preoperational
Lynne, five, loves to draw and color. She represents the world with words and her drawings. According to Piaget's cognitive development theory, Lynne is in the _____ stage of cognitive development.
preoperational
Based on his belief that patients who talked about their problems could be restore their psychological health, Freud developed a technique called:
psychoanalysis
Dr. Berenstein holds the view that behavior is merely a surface characteristic and that a true understanding of development requires analyzing the symbolic meanings of behavior and the deep inner workings of the mind. Dr. Berenstein can be described as a(n):
psychoanalytic theorist
The finding that a higher level of conscientiousness was protective feature in older adults provides evidence that _____ age is an important developmental consideration.
psychological
The theory that was created by Erik Erikson is known as a _____ theory of development.
psychosocial
Piaget's stages are age related, distinct, and represent _____ changes.
qualitative
The concept of discontinuity is characterized by:
qualitative change
If you endorse Paul Baltes's perspective of life-span development, you would view development as a process that involves growth, maintenance, and ____________.
regulation of loss
B.F. Skinner was a behaviorist; as such he would argue that the most important things that shape development are:
rewards and punishments
McKenzie, age two, wants to do everything on her own. Her mother punishes her when she attempts to pour her own milk or tries to answer the phone. Erikson would say that McKenzie is likely to develop a sense of:
shame and doubt
The finding that individuals who have better social relationships with others tend to live longer than individuals who are lonely provides evidence that _______ is an important developmental consideration.
social age
When people are grouped based on similar occupations, educational achievements, and financial circumstances, they are being grouped by:
socioeconomic status
A toddler's aggressive attack on a playmate and an adolescent's joy at the senior prom are examples of _____ processes that affect development.
socioemotional
_____ processes involve changes in the individual's relationships with other people, changes in emotions, and changes in personality.
socioemotional
A coherent set of ideas that helps to explain data and make predictions is called a(n):
theory
The _____ approach to the study of development emphasizes extensive change from birth to adolescence, especially during infancy, little or no change in adulthood, and decline in old age.
traditional
Kelly responds to her infant son's needs in a consistent and timely way. When he is tired she puts him down for a nap, and when he is hungry she feeds him. Erikson would say that Kelly is helping her son to develop a sense of:
trust
Edwin was a neglected child in his infancy. Now, at 31 years of age, he is highly cynical about the world and feels that no one can be relied upon. Whenever he is in a relationship with a woman, he has tremendous feelings of suspicion toward his partner, and these feelings eventually lead to the breakup of the relationship. According to Erikson's psychosocial theory, this is a good indication that Edwin did not successfully resolve the _____ stage of development, which in turn is causing him to experience _____ in his current developmental stage.
trust versus mistrust; isolation
The first stage in Erikson's theory is:
trust vs. mistrust
Two developmental psychologists are having a conversation. One follows a traditional approach to developmental change; the other follows the life-span approach. Which of the following issues would they most likely differ on?
whether most developmental change occurs from birth to adolescence or throughout adulthood as well as childhood.
