Module 1: Getting Started with Windows Server 2019

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Basic input/output system (BIOS)

-Program stored on hardware of a computer -used to start an OS after computer is powered on

Non-Volatile Memory Express (NVMe)

-SSD tech -fast transfer speeds within a small form factor

Editions

-Specific version of windows server -contains a unique set of features designed for a particular environment

Broadcast

-TCP/IP communication destined for all computers on a network

Media access control (MAC) address

-Unique 48-bit hexadecimal number that manufacturers add to each physical network interface they manufacture

Storage Spaces

-Windows server feature -allows you to create and manage volumes from multiple storage devices

Unified Extensible Firmware Interface (UEFI)

-a BIOS standard that is used on modern computers

Multitasking

-ability to run multiple processes simultaneously on a system

Azure active directory

-active directory services provided by Microsoft's Azure cloud

1-3e: Microsoft Hyper-V server 2019

-also a Hyper-V hypervisor -small footprint version that contain powershell -creating and managing virtual machines

1-3d: windows storage server 2019

-cannot be purchase directly from Microsoft -central storage center for data

cmdlets

-command within windows Powershell

Shell

-command-line interface

Docker

-common software -allows OS to host containers

Internet service providers (ISPs)

-company that provides internet access

logical processors

-component (or core) within a physical processor -acts as a standalone processor

Active Directory Certificate services

-component of active directory -provides centralized management of encryption certificates within a domain

Group Policy

-component of active directory -provides centralized management of windows computers within a domain

Windows subsystem for Linux (WSL)

-component of windows 10 and windows server 2019 -allows you to run Linux applications on windows kernel

Client

-computer on network -access resources on other computers

Server

-computer on network -share resources to other computers

Hyper-V Containers

-container provided a separate copy of windows server 2019 kernel via components provided by Hyper-V

Kernel

-core component of OS -executes processes on computer hardware

routers

-device capable of transferring packets from 1 network to another

Uninterruptible power supply (UPS)

-device contains battery storage -used to supply power to computers in event of a power outage

Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP)

-most common network protocol used on internet -provides for reliable communication

IP version 4 (IPv4)

-most common version of IP used on internet -uses a 32bit addressing scheme organized into different classes

Computer name

-name that you specify on a windows computer -used to generate computer's host name and NetBIOS name

Demilitarized Zone (DMZ)

-network -uses network-based firewalls to protect access to servers that are contained within

peer-to-peer networking

-network design -each computer manages access to its own resource independently

Local area networks (LANs)

-network in which computers are all in close physical proximity

Proxy servers

-network servers that accepts internet requests from other computers on same LAN and obtains desired resource on their behalf

Perimeter network

-network that uses network based firewalls to protect access to servers that are contained within

Resilient File System (ReFS)

-new file system used on windows server systems -additional reliability features -support for storage spaces

Classless interdomain routing (CIDR) notation

-notation that is often used to represent an IP address and its subnet mask

Advanced threat protection (ATP)

-optional component of Microsoft defender -provide cloud-based inspection for malware and network traffic

Server core app compatibility feature on demand (FOD)

-optional package -installed on server core to provide additional frameworks required for certain applications

Host ID

-portion of an IP address that denotes host

Network ID

-portion of an IP address that denotes network

ANDing

-process by which binary bits are compared to calculate network -host IDs from an IP address and subnet mask

Redundant Array of Independent Disks (RAID)

-process of combining storage spaces of several hard disk drives into 1 larger, logical storage unit

Authentication

-process of proving your identity to a computer -with username and password

Sandboxing

-process of running separate web apps within separate containers

thin provisioning

-process of using a virtual hard disk file -dynamically expands as needed -up to maximum size

thick provisioning

-process of using a virtual hard disk file that has a fixed size

protected process

-process that is isolated from other processes on a system

Capacity Planning

-process used to determine hardware and software requirements based on current and future needs of users within an organization

Failover

-process whereby a server within a cluster assumes -Role of another server within cluster that has failed

Clustering

-process whereby several different servers can respond to client requests as a single entity

Single sign-on

-process whereby users authenticate once a domain controller to prove their identity to other computers within same domain

Physical processor

-processor that is represented by a single piece of hardware

Internet Control Message protocol version 6 (ICMPv6)

-protocol -used by computers to obtain an IPv6 configuration from a router on network

Dynamic Host configuration protocol (DHCP)

-protocol -used to automatically obtain IP configuration from a server on network

Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP)

-protocol used on internet -provide error messages and network related info

Teredo

-protocol used to encapsulate IPv6 packets with an IPv4 network

Unicast

-IP communication that is destined for a single computer

Active Directory

-Microsoft components and software -provide single sign-on -centralized management of computers on a network

Host Operating System

-OS used to host a type 2 hypervisor

Packets

-Package of data formatted by a network protocol

Virtualization

-Process of running several separate OS concurrently on a single computer

Privileged mode

-mode that is given highest priority on a system

1-2: Windows server 2019 features

-Active Directory -Security -Volume and filesystem features -Performance and reliability -Administration tools -Small footprint installation options -Hybrid cloud features -Linux application support

Windows Containers

-Components allow docker to provide containers on windows server 2019 OS

Rufus

-Free software program -used to write contents of an ISO image to a bootable USB flash drive

AMD-V

-Hardware-assisted virtualization support -available in some AMD processors

Intel VT

-Hardware-assisted virtualization support -available in some Intel Processors -(for Intel)

Domain Name Space (DNS)

-Hierarchical namespace -used for host names

Shielded Virtual Machines

-Hyper-V feature -allows virtual machines hard disk files to be encrypted

Generation 2 virtual machine

-Hyper-V virtual machine emulates newer hardware -performs faster than Gen1 virtual machine

Generation 1 virtual machine

-Hyper-V virtual machine that emulates older hardware

default gateway

-IP address of router on network -used to send packets to remote networks

Loopback IP address

-IP address that refers to local computer only

Networks

-2 or more computers -together via network media -able to exchange info

Keyboard-video-mouse (KVM) switch

-device often used on server racks -allows single keyboard, mouse, and monitor to be shared by all of rackmount servers

Hybrid cloud

-environment that integrates services that run on-premises to services within cloud

Storage tiers

-feature allows an OS to store more frequently accessed data on faster storage devices within a volume that spans multiple storage devices

Storage pinning

-feature allows you to specify physical location of different types of data within a volume that spans multiple storage devices

nested virtualization

-feature of Hyper-V -allows you to run virtual machines within other virtual machines

Encrypting File System (EFS)

-feature of NTFS -allows for encryption of individual files and folders

Checkpoints/Snapshots

-feature of hypervisors -allows you to restore a virtual machine to a previous point in time

Internet Explorer Enhanced Security Configuration (IEESC)

-feature on windows server -prevents internet explorer web browser from connecting to websites that are not within its trusted sites list

Azure Backup

-feature that allows you to backup on-premises data to Microsoft's Azure cloud

Azure update management

-feature that allows you to manage windows updates from Microsoft's Azure cloud

Azure site recovery

-feature that allows you to provide services within Microsoft's Azure cloud -in the event of an on-premises server failure

-Automatic Private IP addressing (APIPA)

-feature that automatically configures a network interface -using an IPv4 address on 169.254.0.0 network, or an IPv6 address on FE80 network

Windows server 2019 basic security features

-file and folder permissions -security policies -encryption of data -event auditing -various authentication methods -server management and monitoring tools

data deduplication

-file system feature that ensures duplicate files -only stored once on physical storage device

ISO image file

-file that stores a virtual filesystem -written to a removable media device such as a DVD or USB flash drive

Journaling

-filesystem feature -allows for quick file recovery following a power failure

Burnaware

-free software program -used to write contents of an ISO image to a DVD

Microsoft Management Console (MMC)

-graphical management console -provides a series of snap-ins -used to manage components of windows

Sever manager

-graphical management tool included within windows server

Hyper-V manager

-graphical tool -used to install, manage, and interact with Hyper-V virtual machines

Trusted Platform module (TPM)

-hardware component within a computer BIOS -contains encryption keys and related info

Second level address translation (SLAT)

-hardware-assisted virtualization tech -available in modern processors that coordinates use of memory between virtual machines and physical memory

Fully Qualified Domain Names (FQDNS)

-host name -follows DNS naming convention

Type 2 Hypervisors

-hypervisor runs as a program within an OS -common type 2 hypervisors: VMware workstation, Oracle virtual box and Parallels workstation

Type 1 hypervisor

-hypervisor runs directly on computer hardware -common type 1 hypervisor: VMware ESX/ESXi and Linux KVM

Boot protocol (BOOTP)

-legacy protocol -used to automatically obtain IP configuration from a server on network

User datagram protocol/internet Protocol (UDP/IP)

-less reliable -faster version of TCP/IP protocol

Client access License (CAL)

-license for a network connection to a server

Multiple Activation Key (MAK)

-license key -can be activated on internet for a set number of windows computers

Generic volume license key (GVLK)

-license key -purchased for use within an organization -often embedded into installation media

Domain

-logical grouping of computers on a network -provides centralized management and single sign-on

Workgroup

-logical grouping of computers on network -Implement peer-to-peer networking

Windows server configuration wizard (sconfig.cmd)

-management tool included within server core -used to manage server settings

1-3a: Windows Server 2019 Essentials Edition

-maximum users: 25 -Licensing: per server -maximum memory: 64 GB -maximum processor sockets: 2 -can join domain: only to enable migration -maximum file sharing connections: 16.8 million -maximum remote access connections: 50 -Hyper-V: no -Containers: no -Hyper-V containers: no

1-3b: windows server 2019 standard edition

-maximum users: Limited by number of CALs -Licensing: Per processor core -maximum memory: 24 TB -maximum processor sockets: 64 -can join domain: yes -maximum file sharing connections: 16.8 million -maximum remote access connections: unlimited -Hyper-V: yes (2 virtual machines) -Containers: yes (unlimited) -Hyper-V containers: yes (up to 2)

1-3c: windows server 2019 Data center edition

-maximum users: Limited by number of CALs -Licensing: Per processor core -maximum memory: 24 TB -maximum processor sockets: 64 -can join domain: yes -maximum file sharing connections: 16.8 million -maximum remote access connections: unlimited -Hyper-V: yes (unlimited virtual machines) -Containers: yes (unlimited) -Hyper-V containers: yes (unlimited)

small footprint

-minimal OS installation

1U servers

-rack mount server height of 1.75 inches -larger rackmount servers have a height that is a multiple of a 1U server -"U" is for unit -2 hard drives and 2 processors

IP version 6 (IPv6)

-recent version of IP -used by some hosts on internet -128-bit addressing scheme

Active Directory-based Activation role

-role that can installed on a domain controller -provide automatic activation for computers -joined to same active directory domain

subnet mask

-series of 4 8-bit numbers that determine network -host portions of an IP addresses

Internet Protocol (IP) address

-series of 4 8-bit numbers that represent a computer on a network

Blade servers

-server can be housed within a single rackmount server

Cloud servers

-server located within a datacenter on internet

On-Premises Servers

-server located within an organization

Domain Controllers

-server within a domain that authenticates other computers -provides for centralized management

Windows server Azure network adapter

-service that allows you to integrate on-premises servers with servers -services hosted within Microsoft's azure cloud

Key management services (KMS)

-service that runs on a windows server computer -allows for activation of other computers on an organization's network

Protocol

-set of rules of communication -used between computers on a network

Kubernetes

-set of software components -used to centrally manage containers within a cloud or on-premises environment

Windows Management Instrumentation (WMI)

-set of specifications and frameworks -used to view ad manage windows OS settings

Windows Powershell

-shell included within windows OS -scripting features -used to perform system management -created in 2006

Octets

-single -8-bit section of an IPv4 address

Threads

-single unit of execution within a process

Nano server

-small footprint windows server installation option -provides a bare minimum set of services for running web apps and a small number of server services

server core

-small footprint windows server installation option -does not provide a graphical desktop

Hypervisor

-software component -provides for virtualization

virtual processors

-software-defined logical processor within a virtual machine

Storage area network (SAN)

-storage array -accessed by 1 or more servers on a server rack

Solid state disk (SSD)

-storage device -comprised of non-volatile memory chips

Containers

-subset of an OS -provides unique service on network

Microsoft Azure

-suite of cloud services -provided by Microsoft

attack surface

-sum total of all avenues -attackers can potentially use to obtain access to a system

Network address translation (NAT)

-tech that allows a router to obtain internet resources on behalf of computers on network

Software Defined Networking (SDN)

-term that refers to software components and frameworks -provides network functionality for virtual machines and containers

Internet of Things (IoT)

-term that refers to worldwide collection of small internet connected devices

Powershell scripts

-text file with a .ps1 extension -contains powershell cmdlets and control structures for later execution

Rackmount servers

-thin form factor -house server hardware -installed in a server rack -may contain different OS

New Technology File System (NTFS)

-traditional file system used on windows server systems

Hyper-V

-type 1 hypervisor created by Microsoft

Preemptive multitasking

-type of multitasking in which each process is isolated from other processes on system

NetBIOS name

-unique name for a windows computer -broadcast to other computers on LAN

Guest operating system

-virtual OS that is run on a hypervisor

Virtual Machines

-virtual OS that is run on a hypervisor

Internet Information services (IIS)

-web server software included in windows server

Windows admin center

-web-based graphical management tool available for windows server

Windows server catalog

-website that lists hardware devices -supported by windows OS

Storage Replicas

-window server feature -allows you to replicate data between different windows server systems

Desired state Configuration

-windows feature that allows you to configure computers based on a template

Storage Spaces Direct

-windows server feature -allows combined storage within a cluster to be made available as a single volume to users on netwrork

Storage Migration Service

-windows server feature -allows you to move data between servers and the cloud

Cloud

-worldwide collection of publicly accessible servers on internet


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