Module 15

Adding iron can stimulate productivity in the ocean.

11. What does the iron hypothesis state? • Adding iron can stimulate productivity in the ocean. • Removing rusty iron fragments from the ocean floor will be good for most marine organisms. • Seeding clouds with finely ground iron can promote rainfall. • Planting genetically developed iron-rich trees can foster carbon removal in forests.

All of these are correct.

12. Variations in Earth's orbit that influence long-term climate changes include: • the wobbling of Earth's axis of rotation (precession). • None of these is correct. • the shape of Earth's orbit (eccentricity). • All of these are correct. • the tilt of Earth's axis of rotation (obliquity).

True

About 47% of the incoming shortwave solar radiation from the Sun is absorbed by the oceans and the continents. • True • False

reversal of Earth's magnetic field

All of the following are observed changes that the oceans are experiencing as a result of global climate change EXCEPT _______________. • increasing ocean temperatures • reversal of Earth's magnetic field • increasing hurricane activity • changes in deep-water circulation

Kyoto Protocol.

An international agreement to voluntarily limit greenhouse gas emissions is called the: • Coriolis Protocol. • United Nations Environmental Programme. • Kyoto Protocol. • Keating Conference. • IPCC.

47%

Approximately what percentage of incoming solar radiation is absorbed by the oceans and continents? • 23% • 47% • 75% • 30% • 35%

respiration.

Burning of fossil fuels is chemically similar to: • metabolism. • autotrophic processes. • photosynthesis. • chemosynthesis. • respiration.

False

Carbon dioxide (CO2) has the greatest infrared absorption per molecule compared to other anthropogenically produced greenhouse gases. • True • False

True

Carbon dioxide (CO2) has the greatest relative contribution to increasing the greenhouse effect compared to other anthropogenically produced greenhouse gases. • True • False

False

Elevated levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, with subsequent absorption by the oceans, have caused an increase in ocean pH. • True • False

N2 (molecular nitrogen)

Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern. • CH4 (methane) • N2O (nitrous oxide) • CO2 (carbon dioxide) • O3 (ozone) • N2 (molecular nitrogen)

lithosphere

Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern. • lithosphere • biosphere • cryosphere • geosphere • atmosphere

anthropogenic CO2 inputs

Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern. • tectonic plate movement • variation in the Earth's orbit • volcanic activity • anthropogenic CO2 inputs • changes in solar input

All of these are correct.

Hazards associated with sea level rise include all of the following except: • drowning of beaches. • permanent inland flooding. • accelerated coastal erosion. • increasing damage from storms. • All of these are correct.

True

If all greenhouse gas emissions by humans were reduced to zero, the Earth is still projected to keep warming for the foreseeable future. • True • False

fossil fuels greenhouse effect heat budget paleoclimatology

Match the term or phrase with the best descriptor. Use each answer once, more than once, or not at all. • fossil fuels oil and natural gas • greenhouse effect process that influences the te • heat budget model of heat exchange for E • paleoclimatology study of ancient climates

increase in elevation.

Natural causes for global climate change include all of the following except: • tectonic plate movement. • changes in solar input. • increase in elevation. • variation in the Earth's orbit. • volcanic activity.

False

Sea surface temperatures have remained unchanged during the past 50 years. • True • False

30%.

Since 1750, the amount of carbon dioxide in our atmosphere has increased by almost: • 40%. • 20%. • 50%. • 10%. • 30%.

water vapor.

The atmospheric component that naturally contributes to the majority of greenhouse warming on Earth is: • ozone. • nitrous oxide. • carbon dioxide. • water vapor. • methane.

401

The concentration of atmospheric carbon dioxide in 2016 was ______ parts per million and is increasing by about 2 parts per million each year. • 280 • 401 • 1500 • 395

False

The concentration of methane (natural gas) exhibits the greatest current rate of increase compared to other greenhouse gases. • True • False

True

The greenhouse effect is caused by gases that allow sunlight to pass through but trap heat energy before it is radiated back to space. • True • False

into deep-sea waters and especially sea floor sediments

The ocean's biological pump reduces the amount of carbon dioxide that enters the ocean by "pumping" it ______________. • into deep-sea waters and especially sea floor sediments • back into the atmosphere where it came from • into turbidity currents that periodically occur along continental margins and trap the gas • directly into the bellies of marine organisms, such as large fish and whales, through osmosis 10. Planetary atmospheric processes include many feedback loops. What are feedback loops?

absorbing surplus heat energy.

The world's oceans play a role in reducing global warming by: • increasing oceanic primary productivity. • moving carbon dioxide and nutrients from the deep ocean to the surface ocean. • CO2 and sequestering C2O above the thermocline. • trapping CO in sea ice. • absorbing surplus heat energy.

They are processes that modify an end result.

They are circular-moving loops of water that occur in offshore areas. • They are processes that modify an end result. • They are various types of instruments used for measuring atmospheric properties. • They involve feeding organisms that live in the atmosphere.

water vapor

What is the main naturally occurring gas in the atmosphere that contributes the greatest amount of greenhouse warming? • carbon dioxide • water vapor • oxygen • methane

All of these are consequences of global warming

Which of the following is not a consequence of global warming? • Shifts in the world-wide distribution of plant and animal communities • Droughts in prime agricultural areas • Melting of glacial ice • All of these are consequences of global warming • Increasing hurricane intensity

The further back in time we go, actual measurements become less complete and more unreliable.

Why do scientists use proxy data to reconstruct past climates? • Proxy data have already been published in established scientific journals. • Proxy data are in close proximity to the laboratories of climate scientists. • Proxy data fit into computer models better. • The further back in time we go, actual measurements become less complete and more unreliable.