Module 1&2

How many skeletons were discovered at Mohenjo-Daro

39 skeletons were discovered at Mohenjo-Daro.

What were two advantages of having a "flat roof"

A flat roof was sturdy enough to be walked on and was used as an extra room if people didn't have a courtyard. They also used it as a cool place to sleep and a place to sit with friends

The Indus Valley was home to the first planned cities, what does it mean to be a planned city

A planned city is any community that is carefully planned from beginning to end during the creation of it.

How can archaeologists determine if a place is peaceful or has been exposed to conflict

Archeologist look for any artifacts or changes to the land to find out if there were any conflicts

Which hominid was the first to walk upright?

Australopithecines

What did Charles Masson and British engineers find that lead to the discovery of the lost cities of Mohenjo-Daro and Harappa

Both Charles Masson and British engineers found mysterious brick mounds.

What do you think happened

Both cases have very good evidence. Therefore, I think there was a mixture of the Indus River change in direction and Ghaggar Hakra River dried up to cause the cities to collapse.

Cuneiform script was used to write what other languages

Cuneiform script was used to write in Sumerian, Akkadian, Elamite, Hittite and Urartin

Beside business and trade, what was cuneiform used for

Cuneiform was also used to write stories, myths, and personal letters.

Citystate

Each city and the surrounding land it, functioned much as an independent country does today

What were they used for

Each city in Mesopotamia had a primary god. Therefore the ziggurats were built to show that the city was dedicated to that God since it was the temple for the God. To continue, ziggurats contained a shrine to god at the top which is where the priests would perform sacrifices and other rituals.

Where were homo habilis found?

East Africa

Where were Neanderthals found?

Europe and Southwest Asia

What do some experts believe is the spoken language of the Indus people

Experts believe that the language they spoke was similar to Tamil.

Indus people used money. True or False

False; they exchanged goods instead.

The Rig Vedas describes through poems war with invaders, but historians believe that might not be true. Why

Historians believe that there was not a war because there is not evidence. For instance, the Indus Valley people seemed to be peaceful which supports why there was no evidence of mass killings or war and they left few weapons behind, not enough to fight in war. Historians believed the cities collapsed after natural disasters.

Which hominid was the first to leave Africa?

Homo erectus

Which hominid was the first to use fire?

Homo erectus

which hominid was the first to make stone tools?

Homo habilis

What time period did people start to record the amounts of different crops?

In 3100 B.C. people started to record the amount of different crops.

Harappan Civilization

Indus Valley civilization is sometimes called

What might have happened to the skeletons

Invaders might have came in and killed them.

Which Indus city was an important trading area

Lothal Is an important trading area

Which modern countries are home to the Indus Valley

Pakistan and Northern India is the home the Indus Valley

Sumerians

People first began to settle and farm the flat, swampy lands in southern Mesopotamia before 4500 BC.

Monsoon

Seasonal winds

What were thrown into rubbish pits

Small clay figures were thrown into rubbish pits.

What is the "Great Bath"

The Great Bath was a central bathing area

How did Mesopotamian problems affect trade with the Indus Valley civilization

The Indus Valley civilization main trade partner was the Mesopotamian. When the Mesopotamian were going through political problems the trade networks collapsed. There were less work for workers and manufacturers.

What happened to the Indus Valley civilization

The Indus Valley civilization was abandoned in 1700 BC due to cities becoming overcrowded and blocked drainages.

Where did the Indus people settle

The Indus people settled on the banks of the Indus river.

Does archaeological evidence support the Indus Valley has a peaceful or violent region

The Indus religion was first looked at as a peaceful religion because they found no indications of war but they found some skeletal remains that looked that the cause of death may have been from being beaten with a club. They also had strong walls and gateways which is used as a means of needed protection

What is the Sumerian word for fig cakes

The Sumerian word for fig cake is 'she-er-ku'.

What was usually next to the barley sign

The barley sign usually was next to a number to represent how much barley was being given to the temple or taken away.

Polytheism

The belief in more than one god

Describe the city streets in an Indus Valley city

The city streets were straight which crisscrossed in a grid pattern to form blocks. Main streets were big enough for two bullock cars or elephants. Drains were placed along the edges to carry waste away and had wells for clean water.

What evidence suggests that play/recreation was important to the Indus people

The evidence that suggests play/recreation was because they made toys and small figures of people and animals, using metal and clay.

What did the mother goddess provide

The mother goddess provided health and fertility.

What did the Indus people use the water of the Indus River for

The people used the water to drink, to wash, to irrigate their fields and possibly religious ceremonies

Describe what a seal looks like

The seals often have pictures of animals and put into a piece of clay to make a stamp

What were "seals" used for

The seals were used for creating tags to put on pottery or basket.

What were three items that were buried with Indus people

The three items that were buried with the Indus people were clay pots, clay figures, and beads.

What two materials are the jewelry made from

The two materials the jewelry is made from is gold and agate.

What type of tree is shown on many of the seals

The type of tree shown on many of the seals is the fig tree.

Explain how natural disasters could have played a major role in the fall of the Indus Valley civilization

There is evidence shown that the Indus River changed directions in flow. Due to all the main cities being along the river, they would not be able to grow crops, their main source of food, because with the river change in direction floods would keep happening.

Cultural diffusion

This process in which a new idea or a product spreads from one culture to another

About how many characters did the writing system have

This writing system had at least about 400 picture-sign characters in the writing system.

Explain the process of trade in the Indus cities

Trade in cities consisted the traders buying the materials for the workers to make product then sell their finished products in return for others

How do we know that the Indus Valley people ate well

We know that they ate well because of the teeth on their skeletons.

How do we know that dogs were among the variety of pets the children had

We know that they had dogs because they found dog bones

What is a citadel

What was everyday life like in the Indus Valley? A citadel is a fortress on high ground that normally belongs to the priests and rulers

Who taught the children to read and write

Who taught them religious lessons? The children would learn to read and write from a scribe and religious lessons from a priest

How big were they

Ziggurats were big with the biggest one being Babylon recording seven levels reaching 300 feet tall with the base being 300 by 300 feet.

What did ziggurats look like

Ziggurats were square shaped at the base with each level smaller than the one before. Ziggurats were similar to step pyramids.

Civilizations

a form of culture characterized by cities, specialized workers, complex institutions, record keeping, and advanced technology

Hominid

a human or other creature that walks upright

Institution

a long-lasting pattern of organization in a community

Culture

a people's unique way of life

Dynasty

a series of rulers from a single family

Cuneiform

a system of writing meaning "wedge-shaped",

Name AND describe FOUR different jobs one could have in the Indus Valley

a. Craft worker- many people made things to earn a living such weaving and life's necessities b. Builder- they would make the buildings and houses in the cities from clay, soil, and water to make bricks after put in a fire c. Farmer- they provided the people of the cities to eat. They planted different seeds for different season d. Trader- they used finished products to trade for materials for other projects. It was a major role in the city community

What are 3 components of culture? Give examples.

a. common practices-clothing b. shared understandings- language c. social organization-government

what are 5 characteristic of a civilization

advanced cities,complex institutions,record keeping, specialized workers, and advanced technology

Where were Homo Erectus found?

africa, asia, and europe

which hominid was around 4 million years ago?

australopithecines

Empire

brings together several peoples, nations, or previously independent states under the control of one ruler

which hominid was around 8000 B.C.?

cro-magnon

Where were Cro-Magnons found?

europe

Slashandburnfarming

farming method in which people clear fields by cutting and burning trees and grasses, the ashes of which serve to fertilize the soil

Nomad

high, Loy mobile people who moved from place to place foraging, or searching, for new sources of food

which hominid was around 2 million years ago?

homo erectus

which hominid was around 3 million years ago?

homo habilis

Artifacts

human-made objects

Ziggurat

means "mountain of god."pyramid-shaped monument that is a massive, tiered structure towers over the city, located in the temple

which hominid was around 1 million years ago?

neanderthal

which hominid was the first to have ritual burials?

neanderthal

Huntergatherer

nomadic groups whose food supply depends on hunting animals and collecting plant foods

Subcontinent

often refer to the landmass that includes India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh

Scribe

professional record keepers

Bronze age

refers to the time when people began using bronze, rather than copper and stone, to fashion tools and weapons

Fertile crescent

region's curved shape and the richness of its land led scholars

Artisan

skilled workers who make goods by hand

Where were Australopithecines found?

southern and eastern africa

Neolithic Age

the New Stone Age, lasting from about 8000 B.C. to as early as 3000 B.C.

Paleolithic age

the Old Stone Age, lasting from about 2.5 million years ago to 8000 B.C.

Neolithic revolution

the agricultural revolution, the far-reaching changes in human life resulting from the beginnings of farming

Monotheism

the belief that there is only one god

Specialization

the development of skills in a specific kind of work.

Excavation

the digging up of earth in order to search for something such as remains

Ur

the site of a highly sophisticated civilization, a flourishing urban civilization

Hammurabi

the sixth king of the first Babylonian Dynasty

Homo Sapien

the species name for modern humans

Historiography

the study and writing of history with an emphasis on the careful examination of information or data, often from the analysis of evidence.

Domestication

the taming of animals

Barter

trading goods and services without money

Technology

ways of applying knowledge, tools, and inventions to meet people's needs