module 3

What is forced migration?

- refers to movements of international refugees and internally displaced people as a result of natural or environmental disasters, chemical or nuclear disasters, famine, conflicts, insecurity, violence, and in some cases also due to the implementation of development projects.

Why was the growth of the agricultural sector in the border region critical for the process of industrialization experienced in Mexican border cities?

-(1950) city of Monterrey was responsible for 25% of Mexico's industrial output -industrial corridor between San Antonio, TX and Monterrey NL

What were some of the effects of the 1965 tariff law implemented by the U.S. government?

-1965 Tariff Law -U.S. good assembled in whole or in part OUTSIDE of the U.S., with a tariff to be paid only only on value added Results -became cheaper to have goods assembled abroad and import them than to produce or assemble them in the U.S. -production began to shift to Mexico

Why maquiladoras prefer to employ a high number of women for manufacturing processes?

-because they are uneducated and work for cheap in poor labor conditions

Why did multiple corporations relocate manufacturing into Mexican border cities?

-cheaper production costs

What are some of the major causes of forced migration globally?

-earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, extreme temp, floods, and storms, or any chemical disaster

What were the objectives of the Programa Nacional Fronterizo (PRONAF) implemented by the Mexican government?

-established in 1961 in Mexico -stimulate commerce and tourism in Mexican border cities -make U.S. goods accessible to the rising mexican middle class

What are the working conditions in some of the maquiladoras?

-low skilled labor which makes laborers easily replaced -dirty facilities that are poorly ventilated -workers work long hours with little breaks and no benefits -have been criticised in Mexico for having employees with little training handle dangerous chemicals

What are some of the economic factors that facilitates population growth on U.S. and Mexican border cities in the period between 1930 and 1970?

-mexican border states developed the most modern, commercial mass production, export oriented agriculture in the country

What factors enabled the growth of Maquiladoras in Mexican border cities?

-mexico opening its economy to foreign trade Maquiladoras -assembly plants -assemble inputs into final goods

What is the economic model known as Import Substitution Industrialization (ISI)?

-period between 1950 & 1970 in Mexico -known as the "Mexican Miracle" -Avg growth rate of 6.3% -by end of 1960 Mexico employed 58% more people than in 1940 -started after WW2 -GOAL is to protect, strengthen, and grow local industries through a variety of tactics including tariffs, import quotas, and subsidized government loans

What were some of the outcomes of PRONAF?

-promoted commerce through the creation of shopping centers in the Mexican border cities * Unexpected Result -more mexican citizens shopping in the U.S. than American citizens shopping iN Mexico

What were the key features of ISI in Mexico?

-replacing foreign imports with domestic production -Reduction of foreign dependency by increasing tariffs -protection and expansion of the domestic market -facilitating the import of needed capital goods -creating necessary infrastructure of transportation (highways, bridges, and other networks) improved connectivity -U.S. provided crucial stimuli by the increasing demand for Mexican imports

What was the focus of the 1965 Border Industrialization Program (BIP) implemented by the Mexican government?

-stimulate the growth of the manufacturing sector in Northern Mexican states -provide employment for workers displaced by the end of the Bracero Program in 1964

What were some of the major changes on the overall U.S. policy approach to border security after the terrorist attacks on New York and Washington on September 11, 2001?

2002 - Homeland Security Act, 2006 , Secure Fence Act

What have been some of the negative impacts of NAFTA?

80% of jobs that were lost in the US were in the manufacturing industry, wages were suppressed in US, Mexican farmers put out of business, destroyed environment in Mexico

What is the Product Life Cycle Theory (PLCT)?

A theory involving four stages that describes a period of time in which a product is developed, brought in, and eventually brought back out of the market

What are the leading causes of forced migration in Central American countries?

Conflict and violence (not really sure)

As discussed in the video watched in class, why do families experience double victimization?

Families lose a loved one then often don't get justice and closure because of improper investigations by authorities leading to body of the deceased never being recovered

What are some of the key features of international migration?-

Globally, the stock of international migrants reached 244 million in 2015, up by 41% since 2000. Around 740 million are internal migrants. Women account for 48% of the global international migrant stock. 72% of the global migrant stock are of working age.

What are the different narratives deployed regarding the disappearance of and violence toward women in Ciudad Juárez?

Gov't not taking action due to corruption within gov't and police force, and cartels influencing the extremely low justice rate for murder (98% of cases go unpunished). Victims shared common characteristics and so did the nature of the crimes committed against them

Do you consider international migrants a risk for the national security of a country? Why? -

I do not think they are, because they are the people trying to escape the violence, why would they come to the states, to start something they just left.

What are your thoughts on the criminalization of migrants?

I think it is a way of stereotyping, they target minorities, and give them an unfair disadvantage.

How does the PLCT facilitates a better understanding of the relocation of manufacturing into bordercities?

In the early 80s many goods sold in the US were assembled in border maquiladoras because of comparative advantages (cheap labor, lack of regulation, more women were working). Then, the number of competitors increased when European, Japanese, Taiwanese, and South Korean investors began to establish industries at the border under the maquiladora program.

What are the key features in each stage of the PLCT?

Introduction: low sales, high cost per customer, financial losses, few competitors Growth: increasing sales, cost per customer falls, profit rises, increasing number of customers, more competitors Maturity: peak sales, cost per customer lowest, profits high, mass market, stable number of competitors Decline: falling sales, cost per customer low, profits fall, customer bass falls, number of competitors fall

What are some of the environmental concerns associated to the border fence/wall?

It prevents animals from getting to where they want to be, they need to go back and forth across the border, blocks water from animals and it can cause flooding, it can reduce genetic diversity which can lead to an animals extinction.

What were some of the factors that motivated the creation of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA?)

Member countries wanted to reduce trading costs, increase business between themselves, help North America be more competitive in the global market

What were the main objectives of NAFTA?

Member countries wanted to reduce trading costs, increase business between themselves, help North America be more competitive in the global market

What is the response of Mexican authorities to the demand for justice in Ciudad Juárez, Mexico?

People are scared to talk because threat of the cartels, and police force is corrupt with cartels paying them off

What have been the main benefits of NAFTA?

Quadrupled trade, lowered prices, increased economic growth, created jobs, increased foreign direct investment, reduced government spending

As discussed in class, how did Melissa W. Wright use a feminist analysis to study gendered violence in Northern Mexico?

She investigates the dynamics that link politics, the economy,and culture. Also looks at the importance of context, and gender identities

What are some of the strategies used by the families and organizations to contest the narrative deployed by Mexican authorities?

Take matters into their own hands and searching for bodies of loved ones, organizing movements advocating for women and justice

What is the meaning of the concept femicide?

The killing of girls and women

Who has benefited the most from the implementation of NAFTA?

United States

What are some of the factors "pushing" Central American immigrants to leave their countries by joining the caravans?

They are scared for their safety, the gang violence and murder rates were extremely high so they are trying to flee.

How does the Mexican government use the narrative on drug trade violence to normalize gendered violence in in Ciudad Juárez, Mexico?

They blame the violence on the cartels to mask the issue of femicide, and often blame women for their own deaths with media presenting the victims as prostitutes

What is NAFTA?

Trilateral agreement removing tariffs between the three countries

What is the relationship between NAFTA, Maquiladoras, and femicide in Ciudad Juárez, Mexico?

With the implementation of NAFTA the volume of trade and goods traveling across the border increased, and with that came the increase in drugs coming into the US. Cartel violence was more prevalent in border maquiladoras and women were often the victims.

Do you consider NAFTA a successful trade agreement? Why?

Yes, GDP increased significantly in each of the member countries and prices remained low and trade between the countries was encouraged

What are some of the effects of thinking about the border strictly in law enforcement terms, as a matter of security and nothing else?

You have to think about the people you are not letting in and about the people you are kicking out. Some laws allow families to be torn apart

iNTERNATIONAL MIGRATION

push"factors in the origin: poverty, limited employment opportunities, low wages, scarcity, conflicts, insecurity, overpopulation, violence, environmental hazards and disaster. a series of "Pull" factors in the destination: employment opportunities, higher wages, higher quality of life, security, education, healthcare, peace,