Module 3/ Quiz 2

At the highest point on the y axis of a survival curve everything is

alive

Used to show the relationship between a continuous and categorical variable, data is summarized by using "box and whiskers"

box plot

What is Kelvin?

A ratio, it has an absolute zero (0= absence of heat)

Outcome Variable

Dependent Variable

The middle score of the data set for a set that has been arranged in order of magnitude

Median

The gold standard for skewed data

Median or Interquartile Range

Long tail to the left, mean is on the left side of the peak

Negative Skew

Can nominal data be ranked?

No

Gender

Nominal

Looking at genetics overtime and tracking that down

Phylogenetic Tree Plot

2 Examples of Tree Plots

Phylogenetic and Decision

Nominal/ Ordinal Measurements = _____ Graph

Pie Chart/ Bar Graph

Measure of CT used for nominal data

mode

Numeric values that can be ordered sequentially and that do not naturally fall into discrete ranges

continuous

A branching chart that represents the logical sequence or pathway of a clinical or public health decision

decision tree

A box plot will display extreme

outliers

Used to describe, show, or summarize data in a meaningful way

descriptive statistics

A graph in which you are charting categorical data vs. continuous, the dots will make bars

dot plot

Example of percentile

growth charts

Continuous level of measurement where there is a meaningful zero

ratio

Chart in which there are spaces in between categories, the information is in nominal order

Bar Chart

What kind of graphs exhibit nominal data?

Bar graph, pie chart

How can we assess outliers in the data?

Box Plot, Bell Curve, Histogram, Measures of Central Tendency(Mean/Median/Mode)

In a basic data file, what is entered into the rows of the data set?

Cases; Information on individual case or person

Measure that provides a single value that summarizes an entire distribution of data

Central Location/ Central Tendency

Comparison of studies for a meta-analysis, compares same stat across ALL studies

Forest Plots

Descriptive statistics that uses ordinal data?

Frequencies, mode, median, percentiles

Chart used with continuous data, no categories or ranges

Histogram

Interval/Ratio Measurements = __________ Graph

Histogram

Graphs that use ratio

Histogram, boxplot, stem & leaf

Measure of CT to use at least ordinal and interval level; can have a skew in fact it is a way to deal with skew

Median

Manipulated Variable

Independent Variable

Midpoint of the data

Median

Allows conclusions to be drawn, used to make inferences

Inferential Statistics

The data that falls between the third quartile and the first quartile

Interquartile Range

The middle 50% of the data; used most commonly with the median

Interquartile Range

Hemoglobin A1C

Interval

Continuous data where there is equal distance between the values and no absolute zero

Interval Data

temperature in Fahrenheit, standardized exam score

Interval Measurement

Higher level data use?

Interval or Ratio

What measure of CT is particularly susceptible to outliers?

Mean

A model of your data set; the most common value

Mean (Average)

In a normal population what is the same

Mean, Median and Mode

3 Measures of Central Location

Mean, Median, Mode

Descriptive statistics that uses ratio data?

Mean, SD, Skewness, Kurtosis

The most popular option or most frequent score used by the data set

Mode

Nominal Means

Name (race, religion, marital status, color)

Categorical data that ranks data but difference between the ranks is unknown

Ordinal Data

Ranking of favorites, Student letter grades, Race finisher, Likert scale

Ordinal data

When mean, median and mode are not the same number

Outlier

Numbers that can throw off/skew the data

Outliers

Skews are caused by

Outliers

Range from 0-100, splits the results into 100 pieces and sees how many fall above and below that value

Percentile

Long tail is on the right, mean is on the right side of the peak

Positive Skew

Variable View

Yellow tab at bottom left, columns are looking at different aspects of the variables

Formula for figuring out Interquartile Range

Q3-Q1, Represents the central portion of distribution from 25th to 75th percentile

Data View

Yellow tab at bottom left, row- cases and columns- variables; looks the same as other basic data files

Maximum-Minimum in a spread

Range

Maximum-Minimum, Reported as a single number

Range

5 Measures of Dispersion?

Range, Standard deviation, Quartiles/Interquartile Range, Variance, Percentiles/ Percentages

Height, age, weekly food spending

Ratio

The most detailed level of measurement

Ratio

Diagram between two continuous variables

Scatter plot

A representation of not having enough data to represent the population

Skew

How data is spread around the central point?

Spread (dispersion)

Uses a formula that uses the mean, HAS to have a normal distribution

Standard Deviation

What is the gold standard for scale data that is normally distributed?

Standard Deviation and Mean

Refers to the variability we might expect in the arithmetic means of repeated samples taken from the same population

Standard Error

An absolute number, percentage or proportion of survival over time; Shows differences in groups or one group

Survival Curve

We choose which mean/median/mode to use based on what two things?

The level of measurement; the skew

On a survival curve time is always_____, and survival is always ______

Time=X; Survival=y

A characteristic that can vary (i.e. height, sex, vaccination status)

Variable

In a basic data file, what is entered into the columns of the data set?

Variables; info for each variable; ex: race, date, birth

Needs Normal distribution, uses the mean

Variance

Vertical

Y-Axis

A dot plot uses dots to show the relationship between a categorical variable on the ______-axis and a continuous variable on the _______- axis

X- categorical, Y- continuous

Horizontal

X-Axis

Is Median susceptible to outliers or skewed data?

Yes, but less affected than mean

Can you have more than one mode?

Yes; Bimodal

what type of graphs use ordinal data?

bar graph, pie chart, stem & leaf

Cannot be sequentially ordered or differentiated from each other using a mathematical method

categorical

Descriptive statistics are measures of

central tendency and dispersion

A forest plot is also called a

confidence interval plot

A square, with branches, representing the choices in the decision-tree diagram

decision node

Descriptive statistics that use nominal data

frequencies, percentages, can determine mode

The ____________ variable influences change in the ___________ variable

independent; dependent

Measure of CT in which you at least need scale level data, has to have a normal distribution

mean

Descriptive statistics that uses interval data?

mean, median, SD, skewness and Kurtosis

Examples: yes/no, marital status, type of car owned

nominal data

categorical data that is discrete/ arbitrary

nominal data

Satisfaction with healthcare measured on a 4 point scale with 1= not satisfied and 4= extremely satisfied

ordinal

What can you find under measure in the variable view?

ordinal, nominal, or scale options

The number over 100 , how much of a population takes up that space

percentage

The line in the middle of a box plot represents

range

A graph in which everything runs together, continuous vs continuous

scatter plot

If everything is perfectly lined up there is said to be no

skew

Normal distribution has no

skew

What type of graphs use interval data?

stem & leaf, boxplot, histogram

The first column or variable of an epidemiologic database usually contains

that person's name, initials, or identification number

Does ordinal data have rank?

yes, but intervals between ranks are not equal