Module 3 - Renaissance Period

Most famous writer in English by writing plays and poems that examine human emotions, loyalty, ambition, love, hate, greed, and self-sacrifice

William Shakespeare

The 127/154 sonnets written by Shakespeare are address to who?

a mysterious "dark lady"

Allegory

concept, theme or idea manifested in a physical way

Chiaroscuro

creation of illusion of depth through gradations of light and shade

What did protestantism stress in its art and architecture?

simplicity and piety

Renaissance humanism stressed individuals role in __________

social and political order

How many plays and sonnets did William Shakespeare write?

38 and 154

Playwrights adopted a _______ structure that became primary organization device of plays

5 act

heresy

A challenge to or rejection of the orthodox doctrine of a religion or church.

dialect

A form of language which is particular to a group of people, such as those belonging to a region or social class

sonnet

A form of poem that commonly contains 14 lines.

rationalism

A point of view that emphasizes the role of reason, over the senses, in gaining knowledge.

The Prince

A political treatise written by Niccolò Machiavelli (1467-1527) in which he claims that the ends justify the means and that those with political power should use whatever advantage they have to keep it and control the populace.

madrigal

A polyphonic vocal work, usually written for four or five voices, setting a pastoral poem to music, performed without instrumental accompaniment, and intended for secular use.

Protestant Reformation

A religious movement of the 16th century to reform the Roman Catholic Church that resulted in the creation of Protestant churches.

In Praise of Folly

A satirical essay written by Desiderius Erasmus (1466-1536) in which he criticizes the abuses and corruption of Catholic doctrine in parts of the Catholic Church.

Renaissance Man

A term describing an individual with broad knowledge and versatile talents spanning many intellectual and artistic disciplines.

allegory

A work of art which represents some abstract quality or idea, often religious or political, by means of symbolic representation.

Silk Road

An overland route from Constantinople to Beijing used in the trade of silks and spices between Europe and the Far East; it was eventually blocked by the Ottoman Empire and travel by sea became more popular.

Reformation art

Art movement of the 16th century, largely in Northern Europe, that reflected religious views of Protestant Reformation.

Explorers process of fashioning one's sense of self according to set of socially acceptable standards

Baldassare Castiglione's The Courtier

What technique lead artists to consider perspective?

Chiaroscuro

Many embraced __________ believing all humans were created in image of God and because of this possess dignity, potential, beauty and worth, embraced classical and secular knowledge in the natural world

Christian humanism

Many authors combined ________ and ________ learning into Christian humanism to reconcile the conflicts between the two

Christian, classical

Sculptures were inspired by

Classical humanism, rediscovery of classical forms and principals

maritime

Connected to the sea or seafaring.

Which humanist criticized clergy corruption and sought reform within the Chruch itself?

Desiderius Erasmus

What was the first multinational corporation built on the spice trade?

Dutch East India Company, established first stock exchange to manage shares

Where did the Protestant Reformation spread?

Europe, formed sects and branches that veered away from ceneralized power

Martin Luther

German theologian who initiated the Protestant Reformation; argued that salvation is granted on the basis of faith rather than deeds or works.

Erasmus produced a scholarly edition of the New Testament that included ________ for the first time

Greek text in print

What themes are present in The Prince?

Humanism, Individualism, self-Fashioning. importance of political state rather than religious, creation of one's public identify based on interest, power of self-determination and free will, darker side and belief in human possibility

What themes are present in Doctor Faustus?

Quest for Knowledge, Sin, Protestant Influence

Sought to be defined as knowledge rather than depth of faith, fostered public personas to represent uniqueness

Individualism

What are the themes present in The Courtier?

Individualism, Self Fashioning

Prose

Language that flows naturally as opposed to language that conforms to the beat of a rhythm such as in poetry.

Best known political treatises, advanced the abandonment of conventional morality for sake of power and authority, represented darker side of belief in human possibility and potential

Machiavelli's The Prince

Treatment of religion directly reference Protestant Reformation and internal struggle between good and evil, wrote historical tragedy of Doctor Faustus

Marlowe

Who initiated the Protestant Reformation?

Martin Luther

What themes are present in Hamlet?

Mirroring, Cycle of Violence, Suicide, Humanism, Truth

Italian, Renaissance thinker, account for politics with a nonreligious realism, The Prince, fear is "supported by the dread of pain, which is ever present"

Niccolo Machiavelli

blank verse

Poetry written in a metered fashion, typically iambic pentameter, but which does not rhyme

Which philosopher affirmed that "man is the measure of all things"?

Protagoras

What lead to the birth of Protestantism?

Protestant Reformation

What are the themes of the Renaissance?

Rebirth of classicalism, rationalism/scientific expansion, expansion of university systems, individualism/self-fashioning, reformation

What technique is used in The Courtier?

Renaissance dialogue

What cut off overland trade in silks and spices that used to come along the Silk Road?

Rise of Ottoman Empire

papal infallibility

Roman Catholic doctrine that the Pope cannot err when he speaks about faith or morality because of divine guidance.

Master wordsmith, used confusion and misunderstanding to create major events of plot, wrote tragedy Hamlet

Shakespeare

What technique is present in Hamlet?

Soliloquy

What new literary techniques did playwrights use in their work?

Soliloquy - to provide insight into characters thoughts Allegory - treated abstract themes very concretely Language - such as dialect, blank verse and prose was used to differentiate between social classes

soliloquy

Speech by character in a drama expressing his or her inmost thoughts, heard by the audience but not by any other character.

individualism

That which separates one unique person from another, as well as the social and philosophical viewpoint that celebrates that difference.

Shakespeare owned an acting troupe known as what?

The Lord Chamberlain's Men or the King's Men

Masterwork on the exercise of political power, defended principle that "the ends justify the means" in governance and statecraft

The Prince

truth

The accurate and genuine reality of the world; that which is indisputably factual.

balance

The achievement of putting different areas of the body in dynamic tension with one another.

linear perspective

The creation of the illusion of depth based on the fact that parallel lines or edges appear to converge, and objects appear smaller as the distance between them and a viewer increases.

chiaroscuro

The creation of the illusion of depth through gradations of light and shade.

classical humanism

The cultural movement of the Renaissance, based on Greek and Roman classic literature, that emphasized the dignity, worth, and rationality of humankind.

symmetry

The pleasing or harmonious proportionate arrangement of corresponding parts of an artwork.

self-fashioning

The process of fashioning one's individual sense of self and public persona according to a set of socially acceptable standards.

Who was The Prince dedicated to?

The ruler of Florence, Lorenzo de'Medici

humanism

The study of the creative and intellectual contributions of all human cultures.

epistemology

The study of thinking.

Age of Exploration

Time period between the early fifteenth to the early seventeenth centuries when Europeans sailed around the globe and transferred goods, food, plants, and people (in the form of slaves) transforming the countries they reached.

What technique is used in Doctor Faustus?

allegory (example: 7 deadly sins turning into human form and describing them in term of a human being)

The first 126/154 sonnets written by Shakespeare are addressed to who?

an unnamed young man

Soliloquy

character speaks aloud to themselves, cluing audience into their thoughts

Rational characters communicated central position of the play and fought to explain this point of view to ridiculous irrational foils, which are?

characters used to emphasize and highlight qualities or features of protagonist or by other characters by projecting opposite qualities/features

What was Martin Luther against?

idea of people buying "forgiveness" from Catholic Church, when monies went towards funding St. Peter's Basilica in Rome

iconoclasm

deliberate destruction of religious art, imagery, icons and other symbols or monuments

Theatre techniques

dialect, blank verse, prose, soliloquy, allegory

Belief that one could realize his or her full humanity only through _________

education

Age of Exploration scientific innovations include

enhanced ship design, navigational charts and improvements in instrumentation

What caused the Silk Road to become obsolete?

faster and more effective sea trade

What did the Renaissance produce?

finest artistic and intellectual achievements in history of Western Humanities

Dialect

form of language particular to group of people belonging to religious or social class

The Courtier - Overview

group of elegant attendants to Duke of Urbino who compete with each other to describe perfect courtier, competition takes place over 4 days, debates nature of men/woman, love, notability, humor

Often set plays in a foreign country, plot would closely mirror he event of their ____

homeland

Italian Renaissance saw rise of products called commedia dell'arte which was....

improvisation sketches or stock scenes presented on temporary stages by troupes of actors who traveled across Europe; comedy of the professional

What did the quote "the whole glory of man lies in activity" encourage?

individuals to engage with the world

What is Renaissance dialogue?

literary form that incorporates elements of drama, conversation, philosophy and essay

Renaissance Humanism emphasized scholarly achievement and also __________ development

moral and athletic

Participating in political life of the community was an ________

obligation

Renaissance

period in Western History, marked by revival of interest in culture of Greco-Roman antiquity and flourishing artistic and intellectual achievement

Blank verse

poetry written in metered fashion, typically iambic pentameter, but does not rhyme

Reason became central themes for theatre words with ......

political or social commentary

What techniques are present in The Prince?

political treatise, written in simple prose w/ straightforward logic

Universities encouraged studies to pursue subjects through _______ instead of ______

rational thought, spiritual devotion

Doctor Faustus - Overview

scholar finds himself dissatisfied with academic pursuits, decides to learn magic, sells soul to Lucifer in exchange for 24 years of service from the devil (Mephistopheles), chooses not to repent, used power on cheap tricks and fame at expense of people he meats, after 24 years, becomes scared of fate and refuses to repent and is dragged away to hell

The Prince - Overview

self-made political leader, abandons conventional morality to win power, acts ruthless towards his people, explores political topics

Potential and talents of the individual became significant focus including the idea of

the Renaissance Man

Why was The Prince dedicated?

to convince readers that de'Medici is the only one who can restore honor and pride to Italy

Patronage of the arts allowed....

troupes to settle into a city, build playhouses, take up theatre as a profession, works became long, more complex, and critically discussed at the church

What two innovations came out of art?

use of oil painting and development of mathematical or linear perspective in painting

What is unclear about Doctor Faustus?

whether works supports or criticizes Protestant influence of the time

Renaissance Literature

wide range of styles, emphasize on psychological complexity and social and moral structures of society

Who played womens role's in plays?

young boys

Hamlet - Overview

young prince, agonizes over duty as son and moral obligation to life, uncle murdered by the King, King married characters mother, must decide whether to murder his uncle, or commit suicide