Module 4 Quiz

Name and describe the two major types of iron. Which is more easily absorbed by the body?

Heme iron - Iron found in animal flesh in the form of hemoglobin or myoglobin Nonheme iron - elemental iron Heme iron is more readily absorbed by the body.

Be familiar with the roles of the hormones and ions that regulate fluid in the body and how each functions.

Water is important for many chemical and metabolic reactions to occur and also functions as a solvent. A solvent is capable of dissolving other substances. Water can be found inside cell membranes as part of the intracellular (inside the cell) fluid and is also part of the blood in the extracellular (outside of the cell) fluid. Ions are minerals that have an electrical charge and are called electrolytes. Water-soluble ions include: sodium, potassium, chloride, phosphate, magnesium, and calcium. The concentration of ions inside and outside of cells dictates where water moves: If blood volume decreases, the water will shift from inside the cells to the bloodstream to raise the blood volume. The opposite occurs when blood volume is too high, and the water shifts into the cells from the blood stream. The process of water moving from a less concentrated area to a more concentrated area is called osmosis. Intracellular water volume relies on potassium and phosphate concentrations while extracellular volume depends on sodium and chloride concentrations. In addition to controlling blood volume, water is important for regulating body temperature, the removal of waste products, lubricating parts, and making saliva, bile, and amniotic fluid.

Which vitamin(s) are produced by gut (intestinal) bacteria? Choose all that apply. Vitamin A Vitamin D Biotin Vitamin K

Both Biotin and Vitamin K are produced by gut (intestinal) bacteria.

What is bioavailability?

The degree to which a nutrient is absorbed and available to be used by the body

What two hormones help prevent dehydration and how do they function?

Antiduretic hormone is released by the pituitary gland to signal the kidney to conserve water. Aldosterone is released from the adrenal glands signaling the kidneys to retain sodium which also leads to water retention

List the four major functions of Vitamin C

Collagen synthesis, antioxidant activity, assisting in iron absorption, and boosting immune functions

What can be done to help the body absorb more iron?

Combining nonheme iron with heme iron or vitamin C with nonheme iron can aid in absorption.

It is important for women who may be pregnant or who are planning on becoming pregnant to discuss their folate intake with their doctor. Why or why not?

In pregnant women a deficiency of folate can result in neural tube defects.

What are the two main classes of minerals and what determines which class a mineral is assigned?

Major minerals (minerals which are needed in amounts greater than 100 mg/day) and Trace minerals (minerals which are needed in amounts less than 100 mg/day)

When water moves from inside the cell to outside the cell it does so by which process?

Osmosis

Night blindness is an early sign of a deficiency of this vitamin: ________

Vitamin A

Choose one B vitamin. Describe in your own words the symptoms of the deficiency of that vitamin and which foods you'd recommend adding to a diet to prevent those symptoms.

Vitamin B-3 (Niacin) deficiency can result in rough skin (pellagra) and the 4 D's: dementia, dermatitis, diarrhea, and death. Although 50% of this vitamin is synthesized in the body form the amino acid tryptophan I would recommend ensuring your diet consists of meat, enriched cereals, poultry, fish, nuts and peanuts to avoid a vitamin B-3 deficiency.

An antioxidant found in cell membranes that decreases the risk for cancer and cell damage is _________.

Vitamin E

Plant pigments that play an important role in preventing cardiovascular disease: _________.

carotenoids

When water is outside of a cell it is part of the _____ fluid.

extracellular

When water is inside of a cell it is part of the

intracellular

Be familiar with all outlined aspects of the B and C vitamins, including benefits, effects of deficiencies, and primary food sources containing each vitamin.

see micronutrient chart

Be familiar with each mineral, what roles it plays in the body, food sources of each, and the result of deficiency.

see micronutrient chart

Choose two minerals, one from each major class. Describe the symptoms of a deficiency in the mineral and suggest a way in which the deficiency may be avoided.

see micronutrient chart

For each fat soluble vitamin, provide the following information: the common forms of the vitamin, whether or not the body can produce the vitamin, what the vitamin does within the body, what are the results of a deficiency of the vitamin, whether or not an overabundance of the vitamin may be harmful, and what foods are rich in the vitamin? Vitamin A Vitamin D Vitamin E

see micronutrient chart

What six ions are listed as being responsible for your body's water balance?

sodium, potassium, chloride, phosphate, magnesium and calcium

What are the eight B vitamins?

thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, pantothenic acid, biotin, vitamin B-6, folate and vitamin B-12