Module 4 Review Questions
____________ occurs when the out-group is blamed for the in-group's frustration
scapegoating
the child uses the parent as a base from which to explore her world in which attachment style?
secure
Maslow believed that people would have to satisfy needs that are lower in his hierarchy, such as _____________, before being driven to satisfy higher needs such as ____________
security, esteem
_______________ is an individual's belief in her capability to complete some task
self-efficacy
your level of confidence in your own abilities is known as _________
self-efficacy
making internal attributions for you successes and making external attributions for your failures is an example of ___________
self-serving bias
altruism is a form of prosocial behavior that is motivated by ________
selfless helping of others
as a field, social psychology focuses on __________ in predicting human behavior
situational factors
collective cultures are to ____________ as individualists cultures are to _______________
situational, dispositional
A __________ is a set of group expectations for appropriate thoughts and behaviors of its members
social norm
in the Stanford prison experiment, even the lead researcher succumbed to his role as a prison supervisor. This is an example of the power of _______ influencing behavior
social roles
_______________ is often referred to as the "building blocks of personality" because it is our innate traits that influence how we think, behavior, and react to the environment from the moment we are born
temperament
a ____________ is any outside agent that can cause damage to a developing embryo or fetus
teratogen
how is lifespan development defined?
the study of how we grow and change from conception to death
what does the normative approach ask regarding lifespan?
what does typical development look like?
what is the main idea of drive theory
when our bodies are not experiencing homeostasis, we experience physiological needs. this creates psychological states in which we are motivated to do what is nevessary to regian homeostasis
under what conditions will informational social influence be more likely?
when the answer is unclear or when the group has expertise
what is something an advocate for arousal theory might observe?
when we are bored we look for excitement, when we are overexcited we wish for more peace
the person-situation debate in personality psychology involved a debate about
whether personality traits are actually consistent in different situations
self-regulation is also known as ____________
will power
what begins as a single-cell structure that is created when a sperm and egg merge at conception?
zygote
what is the order of prenatal development?
zygote, embryo, fetus
________ is credited with the first comprehensive theory of personality
Freud
according to the ____________ theory of emotion, emotional experiences arise from physiological arousal
James-Lange
what theory of emotion would suggest that polygraphs should be quite accurate at differentiating one emotion from another
James-Lange theory
according to the ____________ theory of emotion, a person first experiences physiological arousal and then, because different feelings are associated with different types/patterns of arousal, they experience an emotion
James-lange
which of the following is a way that the Kinsey research on sex differed from the Maters and Johnson research?
Kinsey collected data with personal interviews; Masters and Johnson recorded measurements of physiological varibales
which theorist proposed that moral thinking proceeds through a series of stages?
Lawrence Kohlberg
____________ proposed the hierarchy of needs
Maslow
which personality test employs a series of true/false questions?
Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory
a personality assessment in which a person responds to ambiguous stimuli, revealing unconscious feelings, impulses, and desires _________
Myers-Briggs Type Indicator
the __________ inkblot test employs a series of symmetrical inkblot cards that are presented to a client by a psychologist in an effort to reveal the person's unconscious desires, fears, and struggles
Rorschach
examples of a projective test?
Rorshach Inkblot Test, Thematic Apperception Test, Rotter Incomplete Sentence Blank
according to the _______ theory of emotion, because the physiological arousal is similar for different emotions, we rely on the context of a situation to determine what emotion we are feeling and label it
Schachter-singer two factor
people who see development as continuous view development as ___________
a gradual process of cumulative quantitative changes
on his first day of soccer practice, Jose suits up in a t-shirt, shorts, and cleats and runs out to the field to join his teammates. Jose's behavior is reflective of ____________
a script
need for ____________ refers to maintaining positive relationships with others
affiliation
___________ is a long-standing emotional tie we have to important people in our lives
an attachment
in order for the central route to persuasion to be effective, the audience must be _______ and ___________
analytical and motivated
according to the Eysenck's theory, people who score high on neuroticism tend to be _______
anxious
a parent who shows a high degree of control, expecting strict obedience from their child, while also showing a low amount of warmth has a ___________ parenting style
authoritarian
a child participating in the "Strange Situation" study who doesn't use their parent as a "secure base," doesn't care when their parent leaves, and does not show a positive reaction when their parent returns most likely has a _______________ attachment to their parent
avoidant
according to social exchange theory, humans want to maximize the ___________ and minimize the __________ in relationships
benefits; costs
which statement summarizes the main idea of reciprocal determinism?
both our cognitive processes and the situational context influence our behavior
the frontal lobes become fully developed ______________
by 25 years old
if a person takes a personality inventory based on the Big Five Model and scores low on conscientiousness, this means they are
careless, disorganizaed, and impulsive
examples of cues used in peripheral route persuasion include what?
celebrity endorsement, positive emotions, attractive models
developmental psychologists study human growth and development across three domains. What are these domains?
cognitive, physical, psychosocial
when we seek out information that supports our stereotypes we are engage in ___________________
confirmation bias
cognitive dissonance causes discomfort because it disrupts our sense of ____________
consistency
the view that development is a cumulative process, gradually adding to the same type of skills is known as ____________
continuous development
the time during fetal growth when specific parts of organs develop is known as _____________
critical period
what is the order of stages in Kubler-Ross's five stage model of grief?
denial, anger, bargaining, depression, acceptance
the bystander effect likely occurs due to __________
diffusion of responsibility
if you deal with your unwanted, unpleasant feelings by transferring them onto a less threatening target, you are using the defense mechanism of __________
displacement
during the _________ stage of prenatal development, which lasts from weeks 3-8, the developing organism implants in the uterus and the organs begin to form
embryonic
most students in our class, who are typically between ages of 18-21, would fall in the __________- category of development, a newly defined period of the lifespan that many developmental psychologists in the US are interested in studying today
emerging adulthood
A(n) ____________ is a subjective state of being that we often describe as our feelings. A(n) _____________ refers to a prolonged, less intense, affective state that does not occur in response to something we experience
emotion; mood
what does nurture refer to in the nature vs. nurture debate?
environment and culture
attitudes describe our ___________ of people, objects, and ideas
evaluations
Jane believes that she got a bad grade on her psych paper because her professor doesn't like her. Jane most likely has an ___________ locus of control
external
Carl mows the yard of his elderly neighbor each week for $20. What type of motivation is this?
extrinsic
_____________ motivation arises from external factors or rewards
extrinsic
if you suggest that smiling can make someone feel happier, then you believe the
facial feedback hypothesis
prejudice is to __________ as discrimination is to _______________
feelings, behavior
what were results of the Kinsey study?
females enjoy sex as much as men, homosexual behavior is common, masturbation have no adverse consequences
using scissors to cut out paper shapes is an example of ________
fine motor skills
when it comes to buying clothes, teenagers often follow social norms; this is likely motivated by _____________-
fitting in
according to Erikson's theory of psychosocial devleopment, what is the main task of the adolescent?
forming intimate relationships
if someone is uncomfortable identifying with the gender normally associated with their biological sex, then he could be classified as experiencing ___________
gender dysphoria
if group members modify their opinions to align with a perceived group consensus, then _________ has occurred
groupthink
what are the seven universal emotions?
happiness, surprise, sadness, fright, disgust, contempt, and anger
individuals suffering from PTSD have been shown to have reduced volumes of the _____________
hippocampus
after moving to a new apartment building, research suggests that Sam will be most likely to become friends with ___________
his next door neighbor
what are types of prejudice?
homophobia, racism, sexism
according to Freud, the part of the mind that contains our most primitive biological drives and desires is the _____________-
id
the Thematic Apperception Test is a projective test ____________
in which people are presented with ambiguous images and asked to make up stories about them
social loafing occurs when
individual performance cannot be evaluated or the task is easy
according to the actor-observes bias, we have more information about _____________
influences on our own behavior
after age 65, most people are attempting to assess their lives and make sense of life and the meaning of their contributions. Accordign to Erickson's psychosocial theory, what is the primary developmental task of this stage?
integrity vs. despair
the concept conservation refers to ______________
knowing that even if you change the appearance of something, it is still equal in size as long as nothing has been removed or added
according to Freud, during which period are sexual feelings dormant as children focus on other pursuits, such as school, friendships, hobbies, and sports
latency
personality is thought to be _____________
long term, stable and not easily changed
a polygraph works by ____________________-
measuring the physiological arousal displayed when a person answers a series of questions
in the Asch experiment, participants conformed due to _________ social influence
normative
the idea that even if something is out of sight, it still exists is called ______________
object permanence
according to Freud, an adult who smokes, drinks, overeats, or bites her nails is fixated in the _______ stage of her psychosexual development
oral
during the _______ phase of the sexual response cycle, individuals experience rhythmic contractions of the pelvis that are accompanied by uterine contractions in women and ejaculation in men
orgasm
the long-standing traits and patterns that propel individuals to consistently think, feel, and behave in specific ways are known as ____________
personality
the Oedipus complex occurs in the ____________ stage of psychosexual development
phallic
an early science that tried to correlate personality with measurements of parts of a person's skull is known as _______
phrenology
what trait do both men and women tend to look for in a romantic partner?
physical attractiveness
typically, bullying from boys is to _______________ as bullying from girls is to __________
physical harm, emotional harm
during the ______ stage of the sexual response cycle, men experience full erection and pre-cum typically gathers at the tip of the penis
plateau
the id operates on the __________ principle
pleasure
according to Piaget's theory of cognitive development, children in the ___________ stage, use words and images to represent things, but they lack logical reasoning. they also tend to fail tests of conservation
preoperational
the defense mechanism that involves trying to reduce your anxiety or discomfort by adopting beliefs that are actually the opposite of how you really feel is called __________
reaction formation
which of the following is the time immediately following an orgasm during which an individual is incapable of experiencing another orgasm?
refractory period
the ego defense mechanism in which a person who is confronted with anxiety returns to a more immature behavioral stage is called ___________
regression
what is true with regards to sexual orientation?
research orientation suggests that there is likely an underlying biologicla component involved in many people's sexual orientation
according to the triangular theory of love, what type of love is defined by passion and intimacy but no commitment?
romantic love
