Module 4 Skeletal system

what ligament joins the coracoid process to the acromion of the scapula?

coracoacromial ligament joins the coracoid process to the acromion of the scapula

What joins the coracoid process of the scapula to the clavicle?

coracoclavicular ligament joins the coracoid process of the scapula to the clavicle

What are the foramina for in the transverse processes of the C spine vertebrae?

for the passage of the vertebral arteries and vertebral veins

What is the olecranon process?

point of elbow located posteriorly

What are Head, neck, condyle, trochlea, facet used for?

processes designed for articulation with adjacent bones

Describe what Trochanter, tuberosity, tubercle, crest, line, spine mean:

processes or projections for tendon or ligament attachment

What are the two bones of the lower arm?

radius and ulna

What is the purposes of the sinus?

reduces the weight of the skull and provides resonance for the voice

How many facial bones are there?

14

What is sinusitis?

A sinus infection (sinusitis) occurs when the soft tissues inside the sinuses become inflamed from a virus, bacteria, or allergy

What is a closed fracture?

Closed (or simple) fractures occur when the bone breaks but remains within the skin

What are the characteristics of compact bone?

Compact bone (Figure 4.36) contains many osteons (formerly called Haversian systems) in which osteocytes (bone cells) in tiny chambers called lacunae are arranged in concentric circles around center canals tightly packed strong, dense and rigid.

Which vertebrae in the T spine do not have rib facets?

T11 and T12

What is the ASIS and AIIS where is the location?

The ASIS (anterior superior iliac spine) and AIIS (anterior inferior iliac spine) are located on the anterior portion of the ilium.

What is the acromion process of the scapula?

The acromion process connects to the clavicle anteriorly

What are the 7 tarsal bones?

talus, calcaneus, navicular, cuboid, & medial, intermediate & lateral cuneiforms

What are the proximal row of carpal bones?

(from lateral to medial) are scaphoid, lunate, triquetral, and pisiform

How many fused bones makes up the sacrum and coccyx?

5 for the sacrum 4-5 for the coccyx The coccyx is comprised of four to five fused vertebrae, which typically begin to fuse by around age 25 (Figure 4.18). The sacrum and coccyx provide attachment sites for many ligaments and tendons. The stability of the sacrum, coccyx, and ligaments anchoring them to the pelvis are key for pelvic stability

How many carpal bones are there?

8

What is a comminuted fracture

A comminuted fracture happens when a bone is broken into more than two segments. Comminuted fractures typically are repaired surgically. An impacted fracture occurs when one end of the broken bone shaft is pushed inside the other part of the bone.

What is a greenstick fracture?

A greenstick fracture occurs when the bone bends and breaks, but not all the way across

How many pairs of ribs are there and where do they connect?

All twelve pairs of ribs connect directly to the thoracic vertebrae posteriorly Ribs 1-7 connect directly to the sternum. Ribs 8-10 connect to the sternum indirectly via shafts of cartilage to the sternum. The lower two pairs of ribs (ribs 11 and 12) are called "floating ribs" because they do not attach to the sternum.

What is an open fracture?

An open (or compound) fracture occurs when the bone breakA greenstick fracture occurs when the bone bends and breaks, but not all the way acrosss, but part of the bone shaft breaks out of the skin.

What are the 4 ligaments of the spine ?

Anterior longitudinal ligament - connecting the anterior vertebral bodies Posterior longitudinal ligament - connecting the posterior the vertebral bodies Interspinous ligaments - connects the spinous process of two adjacent vertebrae Supraspinous ligament - connects the posterior portion of the spinous processes

What is the role of osteoblasts?

As they form new bone, osteoblasts take calcium from the blood. Eventually, some of these cells get caught in the matrix they secrete and are converted to osteocytes, the cells found within the lacunae of osteons

What are the three types of joints and the differences:

Bones are joined at the joints, which are classified as fibrous, cartilaginous, and synovial. Fibrous joints, such as those between the cranial bones, are immovable. Cartilaginous joints, such as those between the vertebrae, are slightly movable. The vertebrae are also separated by disks, which increase their flexibility. The pelvic bones are slightly movable because they are anteriorly joined by fibrous cartilage, the pubic symphysis. Due to hormonal changes, this joint becomes more flexible during late pregnancy, allowing the pelvis to expand during childbirth Most joints are freely movable synovial joints (Figure 4.41), in which bones are separated by a joint cavity.

What are bone landmarks and what are their functions?

Bones are not simply smooth surfaces. Each bone has distinct markings, ridges, grooves, or holes called bone landmarks. Bone landmarks serve several functions. Some bone landmarks allow for tendons to attach. Other markings indicate where nerves and blood vessels run alongside the bone or penetrate the bone to provide blood and nervous supply.

What is an example of a flat bone?

Cranium Used to protect the brain

Describe Endochondral ossification

Endochondral ossification is the ossification of long bones from hyaline cartilage. Endochondral ossification begins at the primary ossification center in the middle of the bone. Once the cartilage cells begin to die, blood vessels start to penetrate the bone to deliver osteoblasts, forming the medullary cavity. Later, secondary centers form at the ends of the bones. A cartilaginous disk remains between the primary ossification center and each secondary center, which can increase in length. This area is commonly referred to as the growth plate. The rate of growth is controlled by hormones, such as growth hormones and sex hormones. During puberty, the disks become completely ossified and the bone stops growing. The individual attains full adult height when this occurs.

What does palpated mean?

Examined externally by touch

What are the 5 metacarpal bones?

First metacarpal = Thumb Second metacarpal = trigger finger Third metacarpal = middle finger fourth metacarpal = ring finger Fifth metacarpal = pinky finger

What is the cause of flat feet?

Flat feet is a condition that is likely to occur if the tissues binding the metatarsals together become weakened

What is the difference between rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis?

In rheumatoid arthritis, the synovial membrane becomes inflamed and thickens. Degenerative changes take place that make the joint almost immovable and painful to use. In old-age arthritis, or osteoarthritis, the articular cartilage at the ends of the bones disintegrates (Figure 4.39). The two bones of the joint become rough and irregular so that it becomes painful to move the joint. This type of arthritis is apt to affect the joints that have received the greatest use over the years.

What is the role of osteoclasts ?

In the adult, bone is continually being broken down and built up again. Bone absorbing cells, called osteoclasts, break down bone, remove worn cells, and deposit calcium in the blood

What is mastoiditis?

Inflammation/infection of the mastoid process this can lead to deafness

Describe intramembranus ossification

Intramembranous ossification is the formation of flat bones from connective tissue. Flat bone formation begins with mesenchymal cells differentiating into osteoblasts at specific points within the connective tissue of the embryo. Osteoblasts begin to secrete bone tissue. Once enough bone tissue is secreted, osteoblasts develop into osteocytes.

What are irregular bones for and what are some examples?

Irregular bones are varied in structure with ridges or irregular surfaces. The vertebrae are irregular bones designed to protect the spinal cord as well as enable spinal movements. The pelvic bones (ilium, ischium, and pubis) are also irregular bones

What is the role of ligaments, joint capsule and synovial fluid?

Ligaments, composed of fibrous connective tissue, bind the bones together. The ligaments hold the bones in place as they form a joint capsule. The joint capsule is lined by synovial membrane, which produces synovial fluid, a lubricant for the joint.

What are the two non pared bones in the facial region?

Mandible and Vomer

Which two sinus drain into the middle ear?

Mastoid Sinuses

What is the physical make up of bones during prenatal development?

Most of the bones of the human skeleton are cartilaginous during prenatal development. Since the cartilaginous structures are shaped like the future bones, they provide models of these bones. The cartilaginous models are converted to bones (called ossification) when calcium salts are deposited in the matrix, first by precursor cartilaginous cells and later by bone-forming cells, called osteoblasts.

What kind of bone marrow do newborns have?

Newborns have all red bone marrow, and over time it is converted to yellow bone marrow in long bones.

What are the large bones of the cranium?

On the top of the cranium, the frontal bone (one bone) forms the forehead, the parietal bones (two, paired bones) extend to the sides, and the occipital bone curves to form the base of the skull. Below the much larger parietal bones, each temporal bone has an opening that leads to the middle ear. The sphenoid bone not only completes the sides of the skull, it also contributes to the floors and walls of the eye sockets. Likewise, the ethmoid bone, which lies in front of the sphenoid, is a part of the orbital wall and, in addition, is a component of the nasal septum. The sphenoid and ethmoid bones lie largely inside the skull

What is osteoporosis?

Osteoporosis is a bone tissue disease (Figure 4.40). When bone tissue degenerates faster than is replaced, the bones become weak. Brittle bones cause increased pain and are more likely to fracture.

What is a herniated disc?

Pain results when the damaged disk presses against the spinal cord or spinal nerves. The body may heal itself over time, or the disk can be removed surgically. Surgical procedures can fuse vertebrae together, but this limits the flexibility of the spine permanently.

What are the ligaments of the hip?

Posteriorly, the pelvis is held to the sacrum by the iliolumbar ligament, anterior sacroiliac ligament, and posterior sacroiliac ligament. The ilioinguinal ligament holds the ASIS of the ilium to the pubic bone. The iliofemoral ligament attaches the femur to the ilium. The uterosacral ligament connects the sacrum to each side of the uterus in females

What are the smaller bones of the fingers?

Proximal phalanx middle phalanx distal phalanx *Thumb does not have a middle phalanx*

Where is red bone marrow found and what is it for?

Red bone marrow is found primarily in short and flat bones, primarily to produce red blood cellsRed bone marrow is found primarily in short and flat bones, primarily to produce red blood cells

Describe seismic bones and give an example:

Sesamoid bones are small and flat, reinforcing tendons. The patella is an example of a sesamoid bone.

describe spongy bone:

Spongy bone contains numerous bony bars and plates separated by irregular spaces. Although lighter than compact bone, spongy bone is still designed for strength. Just as braces are used for support in buildings, the solid portions of spongy bone follow lines of stress.

What is the function of the articular facets?

The articular facets allow adjacent vertebrae to articulate with each other

describe the bones of the toes

The bones of the toes are called phalanges, just like those of the fingers. The great toe (hallux) is the first metatarsal. Like the thumb, the great toe only has a distal and proximal phalanx. Metatarsals 2-5 all have a distal, middle, and proximal phalanx.

Where do the capitulum and trochlea articulate?

The capitulum articulates with a small portion of the radius. The trochlea articulates with the ulna.

What ligament surrounds the head of the humerus and anchors it to the scapula?

The capsular ligament (articular capsule) surrounds the head of the humerus and anchors it to the scapula.

What is the carotid canal used for?

The carotid canal is an opening of the temporal bone for the internal carotid artery

What is the solid outer layer of bone called?

The compact bone

Which ligament connects the head of the humerus to the coracoid process of the scapula?

The coracohumeral ligament connects the head of the humerus to the coracoid process of the scapula. The tendons of the rotator cuff muscles also support the shoulder joint (supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor, subscapularis). The rotator cuff tendons help to limit the movement at the shoulder so that the head of the humerus is stabilized within the joint.

what is the caracoid process of the scapula?

The coracoid process projects anteriorly from the scapula, allowing for muscular attachment.

What is the distal row of carpal bones?

The distal row of carpal bones (from lateral to medial) are trapezium, trapezoid, capitate, and hamate

What is the external acoustic meatus used for?

The external acoustic meatus (Figure 4.9, Figure 4.12) is for transmission of sound, also located within the temporal bone. Note the locations of the other highlighted foramina in

What is the function of the foramina?

The foramina of the skull allow for many functions, such as passage for blood vessels, nerves, and the spinal cord

What are the parts of the humerus?

The humerus is comprised of the head, neck, shaft, capitulum, and trochlea

Describe the other three bones in the pelvis

The ilium is the most superior of the sections and can be palpated on the lateral sides of the hips. The ischium is located posteriorly. The ischium bones are also known as the "sits" bones as these are the bony landmarks that can be felt when sitting upright in a chair. The pubis forms the center anteriorly, connected by the pubic symphysis (Figure 4.29).

Inferior Nasal conchae, middle and superior nasal conchae, what is the purpose?

The inferior nasal conchae are bones located inferiorly to the middle conchae (Figure 4.11). The middle and superior nasal conchae are formed from the grooves of the ethmoid bone. The nasal conchae act to swirl the air as it is breathed in through the nasal passages, helping to warm and humidify the air before it enters the lower respiratory system.

What are the lucanae separated by?

The lacunae are separated by a matrix that contains protein fibers of collagen and mineral deposits, primarily of calcium and phosphorus salts. Compact bone is usually found on the surface of the bone and surrounds an interior of spongy bone

describe the femur bone

The largest, longest single bone in the body is the femur. The head of the femur articulates with the pelvic girdle at the acetabulum, called the hip joint.

What is the timeline for fontanelles to close?

They usually take 2 months but can take up to 2 years to close.

What are the palatine bones?

The palatine bones make up the posterior portion of the hard palate and floor of the nasal cavity

Describe the patella, tibia and fibula

The patella sits anteriorly to the femur, formed within the quadriceps femoris tendon. In the lower leg, there are two bones: the tibia (medial) and fibula (lateral). below for the major bone landmarks on the tibia and fibula. The larger of the two bones, the tibia, has a ridge that can be easily palpated anteriorly. Both bones of the lower leg have a prominence that contributes to the ankle, the medial malleolus of the tibia on the medial side of the ankle and the lateral malleolus of the fibula on the lateral side of the ankle.

Describe the pelvic girdle

The pelvic girdle consists of two heavy, large coxal bones The coxal bones, also called ossa coxae or innominate bones, are anchored to the sacrum posteriorly via a network of ligaments

What are the difference in the male and female pelvic girdles?

The pubic arch is wider in females than in males. The pubic brim, also known as the pelvic outlet is shaped more like a circle in males and an oval in females. These differences are to accommodate childbearing.

What is articulations cartilage for ?

To cushion joints and help them move freely

How many bones does the skull have?

The skull is formed by 22 bones: the cranium (8 bones) and facial bones (14 bones)

What are the three parts of the sternum?

The sternum is comprised of three parts: the manubrium, body, and xiphoid process.

What is the foramen magnum?

This is the opening in the occipital bone where the spinal cord passes into the cranium

What do the zygomatic and nasal bones form?

The zygomatic bones give us our cheekbone prominences, and the nasal bones form the bridge of the nose

How many bones constitute the cranium and what are the soft spots called in infants?

There are 8 bones that make up the cranium and the soft spots in infants are called fontanelles

What is the role of intervertebral discs?

There are also intervertebral discs (Figure 4.46) between the vertebrae that act as a kind of padding. They prevent the vertebrae from grinding against one another and absorb shock caused by movements such as running, jumping, and even walking. The presence of the disks allows motion between the vertebrae so that we can bend forward, backward, and from side to side without the vertebrae touching.

What are the 4 types of synovial joints?

There are different types of synovial (movable) joints. The knee and elbow joints are hinge joints, which largely permit movement in one direction only. Ball-and-socket joints allow movement in all planes and even a rotational movement. Examples of ball-and-socket joints are the hip (femur into the socket of the pelvis) and the shoulder joint. Another type of joint is a saddle joint, such as the thumb. This saddle joint allows the thumb to freely cross over the palm. A pivot joint allows for rotational movement. A pivot joints in the cervical spine (C1 and C2) allow rotation of the vertebrae. Hinge = knee and elbow Ball and socket = hip and shoulder Saddle joints = thumb Pivot joints = C-spine

What are long bones for and what are some examples of long bones?

are long and thin, designed to support body weight and enable movement. Examples of long bones include the humerus, ulna, radius, tibia, fibula, metacarpals, and metatarsals

What are the 4 parts of the vertebral column?

cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral/coccyx C1-7 T1-12 L1-5 1 Sacrum and 1 coccyx

What bones make up the pectoral girdle?

clavicle and scapula

What constitutes the appendicular skeleton?

consists of the bones within the pectoral and pelvic girdles and the attached limbs. The pectoral (shoulder) girdle and upper limbs (arms) are specialized for flexibility and increased range of motion, while the pelvic girdle and lower limbs are specialized for strength.

Fossa, sulcus

depressions in bone

Why is the gleno humeral joint prone to dislocation? And what does dislocation mean?

dislocation because it is held in place primarily by muscular and ligament attachment with very little bony stability. Dislocation of a joint means that the bone is removed from its socket. Dislocation of the shoulder occurs when the head of the humerus is removed from the glenoid cavity in any direction.

What is a "process" or "ramus"?

elevations in bone

What does the maxillae form?

hard palate, nose, upper dental ridge The maxillae, the upper jaw, forms the anterior portion of the hard palate and contains the infraorbital foramen

What is a sinus?

hollow chamber in bone, usually filled with air

What can affect the thickness of bones?

hrough a process of remodeling, old bone tissue is replaced by new bone tissue. Because of continual remodeling, the thickness of bones can change. Physical use and hormone balance can also affect the thickness of bones. Adults and children alike require regular calcium in the diet to promote the work of osteoblasts.

describe the humerus

humerus (Figure 4.24), has a smoothly rounded head (Figure 4.25) that fits into a socket of the scapula at the glenoid cavity

What is yellow bone marrow for?

is a fat storage tissue found mainly in long bones

lacrimal bones (facial)

lacrimal bone lies between an ethmoid bone and a maxillary bone, and the thin, flat vomer joins with the perpendicular plate of the ethmoid to form the nasal septum corners of the eye

What parts constitute the axial skeleton?

lies on the midline of the body and consists of the skull, vertebral column, sternum, laryngeal skeleton, and thoracic (rib) cage

What are the 5 types of bones?

long, short, flat, irregular, sesamoid

What is the only movable bone in the skull?

mandible

Where can the medial epicondyle be palpated? Where can the lateral epicondyle be palpated?

medial epicondyle of the humerus can be palpated on the medial side of the arm at the elbow. T he lateral epicondyle of the humerus can be palpated on the lateral side of the arm at the elbow.

Describe what Foramen, canal, fissure mean in regards to bone landmarks:

openings in bone to allow for nerves, blood supply, or a passageway

What makes up the appendicular skeleton?

pectoral girdle, upper limbs, pelvic girdle, lower limbs

What is the diaphysis?

shaft of a long bone where the marrow is located

What is an example of a short bone?

small and cube-shaped. The carpals in the hand and tarsals in the foot are short bones

What bones does the sternoclavicular ligament join?

sternoclavicular ligament joins the sternum with the clavicle

What are the 5 functions of the skeletal system?

support, protection, movement, storage, blood cell formation

Where is the glenoid cavity located?

the neck of the scapula on the lateral side contains the glenoid cavity, where the head of the humerus articulates with the scapula

What is the epiphysis of bones?

the proximal and distal ends of the bone