Module 7 Reading Assignment: Skeletal System: Bones Structure and Function Assignment
Which are examples of flat bones?
-bones of the roof of the skull -shoulder blade bones -the breastbone (sternum)
Another term for bone tissue is ______ connective tissue.
osseous
The formation and development of bone is ______.
ossification
The bone part labeled "A" in the figure is the ______.
proximal epiphysis
Anemia is a disease of low oxygen delivery to tissues. This is sometimes the result of a low number of ______.
red blood cells
This micrograph shows the microscopic arrangement of ______.
spongy bone
Which statements characterize endosteum?
- it is active during bone repair - it lines medullary cavities - it contains osteoblasts
Which statements describe an osteon?
-It contains a central canal. -It is microscopic. -It is also called a Haversian system. -It runs parallel to the diaphysis of a long bone.
Which statements characterize periosteum?
-It is composed of dense irregular connective tissue. -It covers the outer surface of the diaphysis of a long bone. -It functions to anchor blood vessels to the surface of bones.
Which statements characterize canaliculi?
-Nutrients pass through them -they extend from lacunae to lacunae -they contain osteocyte cytoplasmic extensions
Which statements characterize articular cartilage?
-it funcation to reduce friction in joints -it covers an epiphysis -it is composed of hyaline cartilage
Functions of bone include ______.
-support -mineral storage -blood cell formation -protection
Which statements characterize osteoclasts?
-they are phagocytic -they have ruffled borders
A central canal of an osteon is also called a ______ canal.
Haversian
Letter A represents the _ canal of the osteon.
Haversian
Which characterizes the process of bone resorption?
Hydrochloric acid dissolves minerals of bone. Lysosomes dissolve the organic parts of bone matrix.
Which statements correctly describe compact bone?
It forms the external walls of a long bone. It is solid and relatively dense.
Which statements describe the matrix of bone?
It is harder than the matrix of cartilage. It is composed of organic and inorganic substances.
The organic components of bone provide ______.
a resistance to stretching
What is the entire structure that is pictured here?
an osteon
Covering the end of an epiphysis of a long bone is a thin layer of hyaline cartilage called the _ cartilage
articular
The end of a long bone is covered with ______.
articular cartilage
Ossification refers to the formation and development of ______.
bone
Bone formation requires ______.
calcium, phosphate, and vitamin D
Tiny channels that connect lacunae to other lacunae in an osteon are called ______.
canaliculi
Spongy bone is also called ______.
cancellous bone
The cylindrical channel that lies in the center of the osteon is the ______.
central canal
The cells that produce most of the matrix of cartilage are called ______.
chondroblasts
Chondrocytes are ______.
chondroblasts that have become encased with matrix
Which is an organic component of bone?
collagen fibers
In the given image of a flat bone, what does letter B represent?
compact bone
The external surface of short bones consists of ______ bone while the interior consists of ______ bone.
compact; spongy
Rings of bone connective tissue that surround the central canal of an osteon are called ______.
concentric lamellae
Bone is a type of ______ tissue.
connective
The primary ossification center is located in the ______ of a long bone.
diaphysis
What is the elongated cylindrical shaft of a long bone called?
diaphysis
Bone remodeling begins during ______.
embryonic development
The bones of the upper and lower limbs are produced through _ ossification
endochondral
An incomplete layer of cells that lines the medullary cavity of a bone is called ______.
endosteum
In this picture of bone tissue, name the structure labeled B.
endosteum
A thin line of compact bone in the epiphysis of a mature bone is called the ______.
epiphyseal line
The expanded end of a long bone is called the ______.
epiphysis
True or False: Bone has a poor supply of blood vessels.
false
Bones provide structural support for the body by serving as a(n) _ for the entire body
framework
The semisolid material that suspends and supports the collagen fibers and is part of the organic materials in the matrix of bone is the _ substance
ground
The rib cage protects ______.
heart and lungs
Calcium phosphate and calcium hydroxide interact to form ______ in the matrix of bone.
hydroxyapatite crystals
Donor bone marrow is most commonly harvested from the ______.
iliac crest
When osteoblast activity exceeds osteoclast activity, bone mass ______.
increases
Spongy bone is located ______ to compact bone.
internal
The flat bones of the skull are formed through ______ ossification.
intramembranous
Bone B, in the picture provided, is classified as a(n) ______ bone.
irregular
Which is a function of cartilage?
it attaches the ribs to the sternum
Which statements describe the inorganic components of the matrix of bone?
it contains hydroxyapatite crystals it gives the bone its hardness
Which statements characterize the microscopic arrangement of spongy bone?
it contains parallel lamellae it contains no osteons
Mature cartilage ______ blood supply.
lacks a
Identify the structure marked by the letter B in this picture of an osteon.
lacunae
Which bones are greater in length than width?
long bones
Osteocytes are ______.
mature bone cells
The region of a mature bone between the diaphysis and epiphysis is the _
metaphysis
What is the region of a mature bone between the diaphysis and epiphysis called?
metaphysis
Another name for the calcification of bone is _
mineralization
Which blood vessel supplies the diaphysis of a long bone?
nutrient artery
An osteoblast is an example of which type of component of bone?
organic component
Which components of bone matrix provides its tensile strength?
organic components
In this representation of bone tissue, name the structure labeled A.
osteoclast
The cell of bone labeled B is a(n)
osteoclast
Osteitis deformans is caused by increased ______ activity.
osteoclast osteoblast
Bone resorption is a function of ______.
osteoclasts
______ are large phagocytic cells found in bone.
osteoclasts
______ remove bone matrix and ______ add to it.
osteoclasts and osteoblasts
The bone cell labeled A is an ______.
osteocyte
Mature bone cells sitting in lacunae are called ______.
osteocytes
When osteoblasts become entrapped in the matrix they produce, they become cells called ______.
osteocytes
Osteitis deformans is also called _ disease
paget
A tough fibrous layer covering the outer surface of a long bone is called ______.
periosteum
In the picture of a flat bone, what does letter A represent?
periosteum
The bone part labeled "B" in the figure is the _
periosteum
Osteoblasts function to ______.
produce osteoid
Which is a function of bone?
protection of organs
The epiphysis of a long bone closest to the body trunk is the _ epiphysis
proximal
Which organs are protected by bones?
reproductive organs heart lungs brain
The diaphysis of a bone is the ______ of a bone.
shaft
Based on shape, bones that have a length about equal to their width are classified as _ bones
short
The wrist bones are examples of ______ bones.
short
Groups of bones serve as attachment sites for ______.
skeletal muscles
Cancellous or trabecular bone is also called _ bone
spongy
The second most common site to harvest bone marrow is the ______.
sternum
Long bones include ______.
the bones of the fingers; the bones of the palm; the bones of the toes; and the thigh bone
Which statements characterize concentric lamellae of osteons?
they are rings of bone tissue they contain collagen fibers their numbers vary among osteons
In adults, the medullary cavity contains ______ bone marrow.
yellow
Severe anemia can trigger the conversion of _ bone marrow into _ bone marrow.
yellow; red
Osteoclasts are ______.
cells that break down bone matrix, bone destroying cells
Which structure replaces the epiphyseal plate?
epiphyseal line
Bone C in the given picture is classified as a(n) ______ bone.
flat
The sternum is an example of a(n) ______ bone.
flat
Which bones are produced by intramembranous ossification?
flat bones of the skull
Bones of the skeleton function as a system of _ that are pulled when skeletal muscles contract.
levers
Based on shape, the most common type of bone is the ______ bone.
long
What is the cylindrical space within the diaphysis of a long bone called?
medullary cavity
