Module 7 Reading Assignment: Skeletal System: Bones Structure and Function Assignment

Which are examples of flat bones?

-bones of the roof of the skull -shoulder blade bones -the breastbone (sternum)

Another term for bone tissue is ______ connective tissue.

osseous

The formation and development of bone is ______.

ossification

The bone part labeled "A" in the figure is the ______.

proximal epiphysis

Anemia is a disease of low oxygen delivery to tissues. This is sometimes the result of a low number of ______.

red blood cells

This micrograph shows the microscopic arrangement of ______.

spongy bone

Which statements characterize endosteum?

- it is active during bone repair - it lines medullary cavities - it contains osteoblasts

Which statements describe an osteon?

-It contains a central canal. -It is microscopic. -It is also called a Haversian system. -It runs parallel to the diaphysis of a long bone.

Which statements characterize periosteum?

-It is composed of dense irregular connective tissue. -It covers the outer surface of the diaphysis of a long bone. -It functions to anchor blood vessels to the surface of bones.

Which statements characterize canaliculi?

-Nutrients pass through them -they extend from lacunae to lacunae -they contain osteocyte cytoplasmic extensions

Which statements characterize articular cartilage?

-it funcation to reduce friction in joints -it covers an epiphysis -it is composed of hyaline cartilage

Functions of bone include ______.

-support -mineral storage -blood cell formation -protection

Which statements characterize osteoclasts?

-they are phagocytic -they have ruffled borders

A central canal of an osteon is also called a ______ canal.

Haversian

Letter A represents the _ canal of the osteon.

Haversian

Which characterizes the process of bone resorption?

Hydrochloric acid dissolves minerals of bone. Lysosomes dissolve the organic parts of bone matrix.

Which statements correctly describe compact bone?

It forms the external walls of a long bone. It is solid and relatively dense.

Which statements describe the matrix of bone?

It is harder than the matrix of cartilage. It is composed of organic and inorganic substances.

The organic components of bone provide ______.

a resistance to stretching

What is the entire structure that is pictured here?

an osteon

Covering the end of an epiphysis of a long bone is a thin layer of hyaline cartilage called the _ cartilage

articular

The end of a long bone is covered with ______.

articular cartilage

Ossification refers to the formation and development of ______.

bone

Bone formation requires ______.

calcium, phosphate, and vitamin D

Tiny channels that connect lacunae to other lacunae in an osteon are called ______.

canaliculi

Spongy bone is also called ______.

cancellous bone

The cylindrical channel that lies in the center of the osteon is the ______.

central canal

The cells that produce most of the matrix of cartilage are called ______.

chondroblasts

Chondrocytes are ______.

chondroblasts that have become encased with matrix

Which is an organic component of bone?

collagen fibers

In the given image of a flat bone, what does letter B represent?

compact bone

The external surface of short bones consists of ______ bone while the interior consists of ______ bone.

compact; spongy

Rings of bone connective tissue that surround the central canal of an osteon are called ______.

concentric lamellae

Bone is a type of ______ tissue.

connective

The primary ossification center is located in the ______ of a long bone.

diaphysis

What is the elongated cylindrical shaft of a long bone called?

diaphysis

Bone remodeling begins during ______.

embryonic development

The bones of the upper and lower limbs are produced through _ ossification

endochondral

An incomplete layer of cells that lines the medullary cavity of a bone is called ______.

endosteum

In this picture of bone tissue, name the structure labeled B.

endosteum

A thin line of compact bone in the epiphysis of a mature bone is called the ______.

epiphyseal line

The expanded end of a long bone is called the ______.

epiphysis

True or False: Bone has a poor supply of blood vessels.

false

Bones provide structural support for the body by serving as a(n) _ for the entire body

framework

The semisolid material that suspends and supports the collagen fibers and is part of the organic materials in the matrix of bone is the _ substance

ground

The rib cage protects ______.

heart and lungs

Calcium phosphate and calcium hydroxide interact to form ______ in the matrix of bone.

hydroxyapatite crystals

Donor bone marrow is most commonly harvested from the ______.

iliac crest

When osteoblast activity exceeds osteoclast activity, bone mass ______.

increases

Spongy bone is located ______ to compact bone.

internal

The flat bones of the skull are formed through ______ ossification.

intramembranous

Bone B, in the picture provided, is classified as a(n) ______ bone.

irregular

Which is a function of cartilage?

it attaches the ribs to the sternum

Which statements describe the inorganic components of the matrix of bone?

it contains hydroxyapatite crystals it gives the bone its hardness

Which statements characterize the microscopic arrangement of spongy bone?

it contains parallel lamellae it contains no osteons

Mature cartilage ______ blood supply.

lacks a

Identify the structure marked by the letter B in this picture of an osteon.

lacunae

Which bones are greater in length than width?

long bones

Osteocytes are ______.

mature bone cells

The region of a mature bone between the diaphysis and epiphysis is the _

metaphysis

What is the region of a mature bone between the diaphysis and epiphysis called?

metaphysis

Another name for the calcification of bone is _

mineralization

Which blood vessel supplies the diaphysis of a long bone?

nutrient artery

An osteoblast is an example of which type of component of bone?

organic component

Which components of bone matrix provides its tensile strength?

organic components

In this representation of bone tissue, name the structure labeled A.

osteoclast

The cell of bone labeled B is a(n)

osteoclast

Osteitis deformans is caused by increased ______ activity.

osteoclast osteoblast

Bone resorption is a function of ______.

osteoclasts

______ are large phagocytic cells found in bone.

osteoclasts

______ remove bone matrix and ______ add to it.

osteoclasts and osteoblasts

The bone cell labeled A is an ______.

osteocyte

Mature bone cells sitting in lacunae are called ______.

osteocytes

When osteoblasts become entrapped in the matrix they produce, they become cells called ______.

osteocytes

Osteitis deformans is also called _ disease

paget

A tough fibrous layer covering the outer surface of a long bone is called ______.

periosteum

In the picture of a flat bone, what does letter A represent?

periosteum

The bone part labeled "B" in the figure is the _

periosteum

Osteoblasts function to ______.

produce osteoid

Which is a function of bone?

protection of organs

The epiphysis of a long bone closest to the body trunk is the _ epiphysis

proximal

Which organs are protected by bones?

reproductive organs heart lungs brain

The diaphysis of a bone is the ______ of a bone.

shaft

Based on shape, bones that have a length about equal to their width are classified as _ bones

short

The wrist bones are examples of ______ bones.

short

Groups of bones serve as attachment sites for ______.

skeletal muscles

Cancellous or trabecular bone is also called _ bone

spongy

The second most common site to harvest bone marrow is the ______.

sternum

Long bones include ______.

the bones of the fingers; the bones of the palm; the bones of the toes; and the thigh bone

Which statements characterize concentric lamellae of osteons?

they are rings of bone tissue they contain collagen fibers their numbers vary among osteons

In adults, the medullary cavity contains ______ bone marrow.

yellow

Severe anemia can trigger the conversion of _ bone marrow into _ bone marrow.

yellow; red

Osteoclasts are ______.

cells that break down bone matrix, bone destroying cells

Which structure replaces the epiphyseal plate?

epiphyseal line

Bone C in the given picture is classified as a(n) ______ bone.

flat

The sternum is an example of a(n) ______ bone.

flat

Which bones are produced by intramembranous ossification?

flat bones of the skull

Bones of the skeleton function as a system of _ that are pulled when skeletal muscles contract.

levers

Based on shape, the most common type of bone is the ______ bone.

long

What is the cylindrical space within the diaphysis of a long bone called?

medullary cavity