More ch 1 review questions

True or False: Stars are evenly distributed throughout the Universe.

False (Gravity pulls stars together to form giant systems called galaxies, which are separated by immense expanses of empty space)

True or False: Our Sun is a first-generation star.

False (Our Sun is less than 5 billion years old and is likely a third- or fourth-generation star.)

True or False: To avoid confusion, cosmologists use the term ice to mean only frozen water; other frozen gases are called plasma.

False (Ice refers to water and to any frozen volatile, including hydrogen, helium, methane, ammonia, and carbon monoxide.)

True or False: The naked eye can see slightly more than 2,000 light years away; powerful telescopes see 13 million light years away.

False (The naked eye can see nearly 3 million light years distant; powerful telescopes see 13 billion light years away)

True or false: Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, and Venus are the Jovian planets.

False (Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune are the Jovian planets; Mercury, Venus, Earth, and Mars are the terrestrial planets.)

True or False: The Sun is roughly 6 trillion miles (1 light year) away from Earth.

False (The Sun is 93 million miles (about 8.3 light minutes) from Earth.)

True or False: If the star Alpha Centauri, 4.3 light years distant from the Earth, were to explode this instant, we would not be aware of this event until 4.3 years from now.

True

True or false: Because of Earth's rotation, a swinging pendulum rotates about a vertical axis once every twenty-four hours.

True

True or false: Modern telescopes have allowed us to see 13 billion years back into the past.

True

True or false: The solar wind blew light, gaseous elements out of the inner Solar System.

True

True or false: Very large atoms, with atomic numbers greater than iron, generally form in a high-mass star and are disbursed by its "death" as a supernova explosion.

True

Identify the FALSE statement. The big bang: occurred more than 13 billion years ago. cataclysmically exploded matter outward. began with all matter and energy concentrated in an infinitesimally small point. theory states that at the instant of explosion, everything had so much thermal energy even the smallest atomic pieces couldn't exist. is the explanation for how our Solar System developed.

is the explanation for how our Solar System developed

Identify the FALSE statement. You could summarize our Solar System's development by saying: it formed solely from atoms generated by the big bang. its formation began as gravity pulled material into a bulbous disc. the central ball of the bulbous disc developed into the Sun. outlying material of the disc condensed into planetesimals. planetesimals coalesced to form the planets.

it formed solely from atoms generated by the big bang.

Imagine yourself in a universe that is exhibiting a blue shift. This must mean: it's expanding much faster than our Universe. it's expanding, but in a jerky fashion. it's collapsing. it's in a steady state, neither expanding nor collapsing. there's no such thing as a blue shift of light waves.

it's collapsing.

Earth is round because: erosion over time has worn down the jagged edges of its planetesimals. its interior rock is warm enough to flow slowly in response to gravity. solar wind has shaped it. the gravitational tug of the Moon has worn down the jagged edges. the gravitational tug of the Sun has worn down the jagged edges.

its interior rock is warm enough to flow slowly in response to gravity.

Select the FALSE statement. The Doppler effect: occurs when the frequency of sound waves received is greater if the wave source is moving toward you than if it's moving away. occurs when the pitch of a sound will get higher if the source is receding. is relevant to sound but can also be applied to the behavior of light waves. is the basic explanation for the red shift of our Universe. is evidence for the belief in an expanding Universe.

occurs when the pitch of a sound will get higher if the source is receding

Identify the FALSE statement. Asteroids: are rocky or metallic bodies, meters to kilometers in diameter. orbit in a belt between Jupiter and Saturn. probably didn't accrete into a planet because Jupiter's gravity interfered. are irregular in shape, not spherical. number in the millions.

orbit in a belt between Jupiter and Saturn. (they actually orbit between Mars and Jupiter)

Identify the FALSE statement: The big bang theory states that: initial changes happened within minutes and later changes occurred over millions of years. the temperature had to fall below one billion degrees to allow atoms to form. the process of atom creation, termed big bang nucleosynthesis, produced all known natural elements. as the Universe cooled, atoms and molecules accumulated in patchy clouds of gas called nebulae. nebulae condensed and heated to become spinning accretion disks, then protostars, then stars.

the process of atom creation, termed big bang nucleosynthesis, produced all known natural elements.

Our Moon: was formed by the collision of Earth with a Mars-sized protoplanet. was a separate small planet before it was captured by Earth's gravity. is 93 million miles away from Earth. is 4.3 light years away from Earth. has a composition similar to Earth's core.

was formed by the collision of Earth with a Mars-sized protoplanet.

Identify the FALSE statement. Differentiation of large planetesimals and protoplanets: is the process by which these bodies develop internal layering. began with heating up component materials within these bodies. was caused by heat created by the transformation of kinetic energy from collisions into thermal energy. was inhibited if radioactive elements were present because their decay required heat input from the surroundings. resulted in a central ball of iron alloy (the core) and an outer shell of lighter rocky materials (the mantle.)

was inhibited if radioactive elements were present because their decay required heat input from the surroundings.

Identify the FALSE statement. The planets formed out of a flattened disk of gas evolving around a central mass. A stellar wind consists of the debris that is exploded out of a star as it "dies." To an astronomer, dust is solid rocky or metallic soot-sized particles formed from cooled refractory materials. Planetesimals that were larger than 1 km gravitationally pulled in all surrounding dust, ice, and smaller planetesimals to become protoplanets. The center material of our Solar System's protoplanetary disk developed into the Sun, while the series of surrounding dust, gas, and ice rings became planets.

A stellar wind consists of the debris that is exploded out of a star as it "dies."

The expanding Universe theory: contends that galaxies are moving away from Earth and from each other at fantastic speed. is supported by the fact that all galaxies exhibit a red shift. raises the question of when the expansion began. resulted in the formulation of the big bang theory. All of the above are true.

All of the above are true.

True or False: Fusion reactions happen at a slower rate in bigger stars than in smaller ones.

False

True or False: The element carbon, so important to life, was formed in the earliest nebulae of the Universe and thus became a component of all protostars.

False

True or false: Pluto, discovered in 1930, was "demoted" to "dwarf planet" status in 2006 simply because it is much smaller than the other planets.

False

True or false: In the early Universe the only two elements in existence were carbon and hydrogen.

False (The early Universe consisted entirely of the smallest atoms, principally hydrogen and helium, with traces of lithium, beryllium, and boron.)

Identify the FALSE statement: A fifth-generation star would have a greater proportion of heavier elements than a second-generation star. The elements of any person's body were once star matter; therefore we are all literally made of stardust. Our Universe is so old there are no first-generation stars left in it. Dense regions of a nebula pull in surrounding material and therefore grow in mass and density and rotate faster. An accretionary disk eventually grows hot and massive enough to become a protostar, then a star.

Our Universe is so old there are no first-generation stars left in it. (Because stars live for varied periods of time, the Universe always contains many different generations of stars)

Identify the TRUE statement. The composition of the Jovian planets is mainly gas and "ice." The terrestrial planets consist mainly of "ice." The Sun accounts for almost 50% of the Solar System's mass. The only two planets with moons are Earth and Jupiter. Our Sun is the only star we know of that has planets associated with it.

The composition of the Jovian planets is mainly gas and "ice."

True or False The contemporary explanation of the big bang states that early profound changes happened incredibly fast, sometimes in fractions of a second, at multibillion-degree temperatures.

True

Identify the FALSE statement. Stars: create elements by fusing the nuclei of small atoms into the nuclei of larger atoms. have limited amounts of fuel and therefore don't exist forever. all explode cataclysmically when they die and contribute their matter to future star generations. that are the size of our Sun will burn for about 10 billion years. begin as protostars, which fire up when they collapse and become denser and hotter.

all explode cataclysmically when they die and contribute their matter to future star generations. (Only massive stars become supernovas)

The heavier elements on Earth (those with atomic numbers greater than 5): were in existence at the moment of the big bang. were formed immediately after the big bang. are formed by stellar nucleosynthesis during the life cycles of existing stars. are constantly being created by fusion in our Sun and blown here by the solar wind. All of the above are true statements.

are formed by stellar nucleosynthesis during the life cycles of existing stars.

Our Solar System: is centrally positioned in the Milky Way galaxy. formed 10 billion years ago. has a massive, first-generation star at its center. completes one rotation around the center of the Milky Way every 250 million years. All of the above are true.

completes one rotation around the center of the Milky Way every 250 million years. (Our Solar System lies near the outer edge of the Milky Way, it formed less than 5 billion years ago, and our Sun is a third- or fourth-generation star.)

Identify the FALSE statement. Cosmology: is the study of the structure and evolution of the Universe. has ancient beginnings in many cultures. was dominated by the geocentric model for centuries. became more scientific and modern with the work of Renaissance thinkers like Copernicus, Kepler, Galileo, and Newton. currently advocates the heliocentric model, which states that the Sun, not the Earth, is the center of the Universe.

currently advocates the heliocentric model, which states that the Sun, not the Earth, is the center of the Universe.

Identify the FALSE statement. Stellar nucleosynthesis: is the term for the process by which stars create the heavier elements. means stars use their small atoms to produce larger atoms. is a normal process that happens during the life cycle of stars. reactions vary and are dependent on the mass of the star. produces elements up to atomic number 26 (iron) in low-mass stars like our Sun.

produces elements up to atomic number 26 (iron) in low-mass stars like our Sun.