More Chapter 17: Biotechnology

Choose all advantages of biofuels. 1. They are environmentally friendly because the carbon in them is derived from atmospheric CO2 2. They are renewable 3. The reduce emissions, because when they burn, no greenhouse gases are produced. 4. They are burned much more efficiently than fossil fuels.

1 and 2

The HER2 gene has been implicated in invasive breast cancers. In those cancers, ________. 1. HER2 has been deleted from both homologous chromosomes. 2. HER2 has been duplicated, sometimes present in hundred of copies. 3. HER2 has been deleted from one of he chromosomes

2. HER2 has been duplicated, sometimes present in hundred of copies

DNA_____ is a technology that can identify and distinguish among individuals based on variations in the number of short tandem repeats in their DNA.

fingerprinting

Which of the following are examples of Bt crops? 1. Corn 2. Cotton 3. Wheat 4. Strawberries

1 and 2 1. Corn 2. Cotton

A sequence of DNA flanked by Lox sites is said to be ______. 1. floxed 2. conditionally inactivated 3. tagged 4. loxed

1. floxed

A restriction enzyme that cuts both DNA strands in the same position leads to which of the following? 1. Straight ends 2. Blunt ends 3. Sticky ends

2. Blunt ends

The TALE proteins and the CRISPR/Cas9 system are examples of molecular techniques used to perform _____. 1. random mutagenesis 2. site-specific DNA repair 3. in vivo DNA editing 4. real-time PCR

3. in vivo DNA editing

Current next-generation sequencing technologies use 1. cloning vectors to obtain DNA that will be sequenced 2. artificial yeast chromosomes to obtain DNA that will be sequenced 3. variations of PCR to obtain DNA that will be sequenced

3. variations of PCR to obtain DNA that will be sequenced

What are the roles of CRISPR and Cas9 in the CRISPR/Cas9 system? 1. Cas9 binds a 9 nt sequence in DNA; CRISPR edits the bound sequence 2. CRISPR binds a guide DNA; Cas9 acts as a DNA repair enzyme 3. CRISPR recognizes a specific DNA sequence; Cas9 acts as a nuclease 4. CRISPR binds a guide RNA; Cas9 acts as a nuclease

4. CRISPR binds a guide RNA; Cas9 acts as a nuclease

An organism that carries a gene (or genes) from a different species that was introduced via genetic engineering, is called _____. 1. a hybrid organism 2. a heterozygous organism 3. an artificially modified organism 4. a transgenic organism

4. an transgenic organism

You are running two qPCR reactions, using a fluorescent dye to detect DNA production in real time. After 18 cycles, the fluorescence sample X is increasing faster than the fluorescence of sample Y. You can conclude that _______. 1. sample X contained at least 100 times less target cDNA than sample Y 2. sample X contained less target cDNA than sample Y 3. sample X contained about 10 times more target cDNA than sample Y 4. sample X contained more target cDNA than sample Y

4. sample X contained more target cDNA than sample Y

A scientist isolates mRNA from a specific type of cell found in the kidney. The mRNA is then converted to DNA using RT and the DNA fragments are inserted into appropriate vectors. What kind of library has the scientist constructed?

A cDNA library

A scientist isolates mRNA from a specific type of cell found in the kidney. The mRNA is then converted too DNA using RT and the DNA fragments are inserted into appropriate vectors. What kind of library has the scientist constructed?

A cDNA library

_____ are fuels produced by harvesting and using biotechnology to process the biomass of plants or algae.

Biofuel

______ ______ allows the creation of knockout animals, in which a gene is knocked out only in cells of a special tissue or at a specific time during development.

Conditional inactivation

What are knockin mice?

Mice which have had a normal allele replaced with an allele that has a specific genetic alteration.

Next generation sequencing technologies use variations of _______ to produce the DNA that will be sequenced.

PCR

In type 1 diabetes______.

The pancreas cannot produce insulin, which results in a rise in blood sugar.

In immunoassays, a molecule is detected by using a specific ______ against it.

antibody

The use of microorganisms to degrade or metabolize (incorporate into microbial biomass) hydrocarbon pollutants is called ______.

bioremediation

What do we call a DNA copy of an RNA template (synthesized by reverse transcriptase)?

cDNA

Golden rice produces B-________ in the endosperm of the rice.

carotene

The polymerase _____ _____ is used to quickly produce millions of copies of a particular DNA sequence.

chain reaction

During aerobic secondary treatment of wastewater, bacteria and other organisms form aggregates called ________, where degradation of organic compounds occurs.

floc

The DNA in gels can be visualized using a _______ dye, such as ethidium bromide, that binds to DNA.

fluorescent

______ therapy targets genetic diseases, while _______ ______ therapy is used to treat degenerative diseases, or tissue damage.

gene therapy, stem cell therapy

Scientists can use ______ ______ to restore defective genes in pluripotent stem cells. The modified stem cells can then be infused into a patient to treat certain conditions. This technology has been used with some success to treat patients infected with HIV.

genome editing

Type 1 diabetes cannot be cured, but can be managed with daily _____ injections.

insulin

Scientists can construct specific genetic alterations of a gene in vitro and then use biotechnology to replace a normal gene in a mouse with the constructed altered gene. This results in the creation of a ________ mouse.

knockin (In knockout mice a gene is inactivated, usually by interrupting it with a marker gene, such as one for antibiotic resistance.)

A mouse, which has had one of its genes inactivated, is called a ________ mouse.

knockout

A collection of many different recombinant molecules that can be maintained and replicated (when needed) is called a DNA _______.

library

The enzyme DNA ______ covalently links the sugar phosphate backbones of two DNA strands.

ligase

Most current therapies involving stem cells use ______ stem cells, which can be used to treat damage to connective tissues such as bone and cartilage.

mesenchymal

DNA has a _______ charge, therefore it moves through a gel toward the ________ electrode during electrophoresis.

negative, positive

The sequence recognized by restriction enzymes are often ___________, meaning that the sequence is identical when read in the opposite direction on the complementary strand.

palindromes

DNA libraries containing small pieces of DNA are usually propagated using bacterial ______. When libraries contain large fragments of DNA, they are usually propagated using bacterial or yeast ______ chromosomes.

plasmid , artificial

Wastewater can be treated in two or three stages. The three stages are, in the order in which they are performed, _____, ______, and ______ treatment.

primary, secondary, and advanced

A scientist amplifies a region of DNA using PCR conditions which increase the error rate of TAQ polymerase. In this case, the scientist is performing PCR-based _____ _____.

random mutagenesis

TALE proteins contain several sets of a repeating 34 amino acid sequence known as the TALE _____ _____.

repeat domain

A(n) ______ ______ is an enzyme capable of cutting DNA at specific sequences.

restriction endonuclease

A scientist amplifies a region of DNA using a primer, in which one of the bases has been changed so that it does not match the template. By using this primer the scientist is performing PCR-based _______-______ mutagenesis.

site-specific

_________ digesters are sealed reactors used to perform ________ digestion of wastewater.

sludge, anaerobic

A restriction enzyme that makes single stranded ends that will hydrogen bond to other DNA fragments cut with the same restriction enzyme produces _____ ends.

sticky

During _____, a bacterial cell is allowed to uptake foreign DNA.

transformation

Which organism produces toxins that kill certain caterpillars and beetles? 1. Bacillus thuringiensis 2. Escherichia coli 3. Staphylococcus aureus 4. Agrobacterium tumefaciens

1. Bacillus thuringiensis

Biofuels are environmentally friendly because _____. 1. The carbon in them comes from atmospheric CO2 that was fixed by plants or algae. 2. They do not produce any greenhouse gases when they are burned. 3. They contain only natural products and so do not pollute the environment when they are burned.

1. The carbon in them comes from atmospheric CO2 that was fixed by plants or algae.

The Cre-Lox sytsem was isolated from the bacterial virus P1. In this system _______. 1. the Cre enzyme will remove any sequence of DNA flanked by the Lox sequence. 2. the Lox enzyme will insert a DNA sequence into a Cre tagged part of the chromosome. 3. the Lox enzyme will remove any sequence of DNA flanked by Cre sequences 4. the Cre enzyme will insert a DNA sequence into a Lox tagged part of the chromosome.

1. the Cre enzyme will remove any sequence of DNA flanked by the Lox sequence

How many times does a restriction enzyme cut a double stranded piece of DNA at a given restriction site?

2

How did scientists produce genetically engineered glyphosate-resistant plants? 1. By inserting genes for the synthesis of glyphosate 2. by inserting extra copies of the EPSP synthase gene 3. by inserting several bacterial genes that are involved in the glyphosate degrading pathway

2. by inserting extra copies of the EPSP synthase gene

Reverse transcriptase catalyzes which of the following reactions?

RNA to DNA

Hybridization allows scientists to_______

detect a specific DNA sequence in a complex mixture.

Identify two benefits of glyphosate resistant plants. 1. No weeding is necessary 2. Glyphosate is a narrow spectrum herbicide 3. No need to water the plants 4. Glyphosate breaks down readily in the environment

1 and 4 1. No weeding is necessary 4. Glyphosate breaks down readily in the environment

Reverse transcriptase catalyzes which reaction?

RNA to DNA

Reverse transcriptase copies ______ to _______.

RNA, DNA

A scientist used reverse transcriptase to make cDNA from isolate cellular mRNA. After the cDNA is produced, it is used as a template in a PCR reaction. This is known as ________.

RT-PCR

Why are primers needed in PCR (choose all that apply)? 1. They allow DNA polymerase to extend the sequence of interest. 2. They allow the amplification of a specific DNA sequence. 3. They are the source of nucleotides for DNA polymerase. 4. They are needed to separate the double-stranded DNA into two single strands.

1 and 2 1. They allow DNA polymerase to extend the sequence of interest. 2. They allow the amplification of a specific DNA sequence.

What two modifications must be made to the Cas9 protein in order to use the CRISPR/Cas9 system to modulate gene expression? 1. The Cas9 is fused to a transcriptional activator or repressor 2. The nuclease activity of the Cas9 is enhanced by adding a green fluorescent protein 3. The Cas9 is made nuclease deficient 4. Several TALE repeats are added to Cas9

1 and 3 1. The Cas9 is fused to a transcriptional activator or repressor 3. The Cas9 is made nuclease deficient

Which of the following describe the significance of discovering restriction enzymes? 1. They allow the creation of recombinant molecules by cutting DNA molecules at particular sequences. 2. They can be used to sequence DNA and RNA molecules 3. They can be used to map the genome of an organism 4. They can be used to produce DNA molecules from RNA molecules and vice versa.

1 and 3 1. They allow the creation of recombinant molecules by cutting DNA molecules at particular sequences 3. They can be used to map the genome of an organism

From the list below, identify the general approaches used to introducing foreign DNA into plant cells. 1. Electroporation 2. Physical bombardment 3. Using bacteria to transfer genes 4. Growing hydroponic plants in a solution containing DNA vectors 5. Creating knockout plants using the same approach as creating knockout animals.

1, 2, 3 1. Electroporation 2. Physical bombardment 3. Using bacteria to transfer genes

Choose all features of probes used in qPCR. 1. They have a fluorescent tag added to one end. 2. They have a quencher molecule added to one end. 3. They are about 50-100 nt long. 4. They are about 20-30 nt long. 5. They can bind a fluorescent dye used to detect DNA synthesis in real time.

1, 2, and 4 1. They have a fluorescent tag added to one end. 2. They have a quencher molecule added to one end. 4. They are about 20-30 nt long.

What are knockout mice used for? 1. To determine if a gene is essential for survival or not. 2. To introduce genes from other species into mammals 3. To identify during which developmental stage a gene functions. 4. To determine the function of a gene. 5. To produce embryonic stem cells.

1, 3, 4 1. To determine if a gene is essential for survival or not. 3. To identify during which developmental stage a gene functions. 4. To determine the function of a gene.

Chose all applications of environmental biotechnology. 1. repair environmental damage 2. use microbes instead of chemical processes to make complex drugs 3. increase the sustainability of resources 4. produce genetically engineered crops with better nutrition 5. reduce human impact on the environment

1, 3, 5

Chose all applications of RT-PCR. 1. It allows scientists to determine the levels of gene expression in different cells and tissues. 2. It allows scientists to isolate the introns of genes. 3. It allows the production of recombinant DNA molecules from mRNAs. 4. It is used to produce RNA primers for sequencing. 5. It allows scientists to study the structure and function of gene products.

1, 3, and 5 1. It allows scientists to determine the levels of gene expression in different cells and tissues. 3. It allows the production of recombinant DNA molecules from mRNAs. 5. It allows scientists to study the structure and function of gene products.

A cloning vector must contain which of the following? 1. A selectable marker 2. A non-selectable marker 3. Several promoters with varying strength 4. A sequence that allows replication in a host organism 5. Restriction nuclease or combination sites

1, 4, 5 1. A selectable marker 4. A sequence that allows replication in a host organism 5. Restriction nuclease or combination sites

Select all features of the Ti plasmid. 1. It is carried by the plant pathogen Agrobacterium tumefaciens. 2. It can be used to induce the formation of tissues from individual transformed plant cells (hence its name Ti plasmid). 3. It is carried by nitrogen fixing bacteria, such as Rizhobium. 4. It contains sequences that can transfer part of the plasmid into plant cells. 5. It contains genes that normally cause the formation of a plant tumor.

1, 4, 5 1. It is carried by the plant pathogen Agrobacterium tumefaciens 4. It contains sequences that can transfer part of the plasmid into plant cells 5. It contains genes that normally cause the formation of a plant tumor.

Scientists can use the CRISPR/Cas9 system to "edit" the genome of a cell in vivo. Put the steps in the process in the correct order, starting at the top. 1. The CRISPR/Cas9 system is loaded with the guide RNA and introduced into cells. 2. The CRISPR/Cas9 system associates with the DNA sequence complementary to the guide RNA 3. A guide RNA is designed and synthesized that matches the sequence of DNA that will be edited. 4. Cas9 cuts the DNA 5. Inaccurate repair of the cut DNA results in small deletions or insertions, which lead to loss of gene function.

1. A guide RNA is designed and synthesized that matches the sequence of DNA that will be edited. 2. The CRISPR/Cas9 system is loaded with the guide RNA and introduced into cells. 3. The CRISPR/Cas9 system associates with the DNA sequence complementary to the guide RNA 4. Cas9 cuts the DNA 5. Inaccurate repair of the cut DNA results in small deletions or insertions, which lead to loss of gene function

Immunoassays can be used to detect viruses or bacteria. Place the steps in the process in the correct order, starting at the top. In this case, a virus is detected.

1. A solid surface is coated with antibodies against the virus of interest. 2. An unknown sample is added. 3. An antibody that has been linked to a fluorescent molecule is added. 4. Fluorescence is detected.

Order the steps in creating a knockout mouse starting at the top. 1. Introduce the interrupted gene into embryonic stem cells. 2. Select for cells containing the marker gene. 3. Inject ES cells containing the knocked-out gene into an embryo early in its development. 4. Disrupt the cloned gene with a marker gene using recombinant DNA techniques. 5. Implant the embryo into a pseudopregnant female.

1. Disrupt the cloned gene with a marker gene using recombinant DNA techniques. 2. Introduce the interrupted gene into embryonic stem cells. 3. Select for cells containing the marker gene. 4. Inject ES cells containing the knocked-out gene into an embryo early in its development. 5. Implant the embryo into a pseudopregnant female. 6. Cross transgenic animals to generate homozygous lines.

What herbicide kills actively growing plants by inhibiting the enzyme EPSP which is required to produce aromatic amino acids? 1. Glyphosate 2. Greenkill 3. DDT 4. Tordon

1. Glyphosate

Place the steps in the process of plant transformation via particle bombardment in the correct order starting at the top. 1. Plant tissues are grown in vitro and eventually induced to differentiate and produce a mature plant 2. Gold or tungsten nanoparticles are coated with recombinant DNA 3. Plant tissue fragments are "bombarded" with nanoparticles.

1. Gold or tungsten nanoparticles are coated with recombinant DNA 2. Plant tissue fragments are "bombarded" with nanoparticles. 3. Plant tissues are grown in vitro and eventually induced to differentiate and produce a mature plant

Order the 3 steps of a PCR cycle from the first to last step, starting at the top.

1. Heating to denature/separate DNA strands 2. Lowering the temp to allow for primer annealing to template DNA 3. Incubating at a temp that allows the synthesis of the complementary strand.

The identification of specific DNA sequences in complex mixtures can be achieved using which of the following techniques? 1. Hybridization 2. DNA sequencing 3. Polymerase chain reaction

1. Hybridization

Place the steps of gel electrophoresis in the correct order. Start with the first step on top. 1. Prepare a gel (agarose or polyacrylamide) 2. Apply electrical current 3. Load samples into wells 4. Visualize separated bands

1. Prepare a gel 2. Load samples into wells 3. Apply electrical current 4. Visualize separated bands

Place the steps of real time DNA synthesis detection using a probe in the correct order starting at the top with cooling the reaction in the annealing step. 1. The probe anneals to the template at a complementary site located between the two primers. 2. The fluorophore is released from the quencher so its fluorescence can now be detected. 3. The PCR reaction is cooled to the temperature of the annealing step. 4. When TAQ polymerase encounters the annealed probe, it degrades it with its exonuclease activity. 5. TAQ polymerase begins to synthesize new DNA.

1. The PCR reaction is cooled to the temperature of the annealing step. 2. The probe anneals to the template at a complementary site located between the two primers. 3. TAQ polymerase begins to synthesize new DNA. 4. When TAQ polymerase encounters the annealed probe, it degrades it with its exonuclease activity. 5. The fluorophore is released from the quencher so its fluorescence can now be detected.

Place the steps in the process of creating transgenic plants in the correct order starting at the top. 1. Transformed plant cells are induced under the proper nutritional and hormonal conditions to produce a mature plant. 2. The genes responsible for gall formation are replaced with a gene of interest. 3. The Ti plasmid is isolated from A. tumefaciens. 4. The Ti plasmid is re-introduced into A. tumefaciens. 5. A. tumefaciens is used to infect plant cells.

1. The Ti plasmid is isolated from A. tumefaciens. 2. The genes responsible for gall formation are replaced with a gene of interest. 3. The Ti plasmid is re-introduced into A. tumefacines. 4. A. tumefaciens is used to infect plant cells. 5. Transformed plant cells are induced under the proper nutritional and hormonal conditions to produce a mature plant.

During normal insulin production in human cells a large polypeptide is cut to become two smaller peptides connected by a disulfide bond. What happens when cDNA corresponding to the coding region of the insulin gene is inserted into a bacterium? 1. The bacterial cells produce a long polypeptide, because they cannot process proteins in the same way as eukaryotes. 2. The bacterial cells produce highly concentrated, functional human insulin. 3. The bacteria produced a polypeptide, but it has a different amino acid sequence, because bacteria read the genetic code differently.

1. The bacterial cells produce a long polypeptide, because they cannot process proteins in the same way as eukaryotes.

What is the purpose of transformation? 1. To introduce new DNA into a cell 2. To cut DNA at specific locations 3. To change the sequence of a DNA segment

1. To introduce new DNA into a cell

Place the steps in the manufacturing of insulin using bacteria in the correct order, starting at the top.

1. Two cDNAs are produce, one for each of insulin's polypeptide chains. 2. Each cDNA is incorporated in a plasmid vector. 3. The two plasmid vectors are used to transform two bacterial strains, each expressing one of insulin's chains. 4. The individual insulin chains are purified and mixed to produce functional insulin.

A scientist wants to use the Cre-Lox system which can be used to produce knockout mice, in which a gene is knocked out only in the kidney. How can the scientist do that? 1. the scientist needs to create a mouse line, in which the Cre gene is under the control of a promoter that is only active in kidney cells 2. the scientist needs to create a mouse line, in which the Cre gene is under the promoter that is active in all but kidney cells 3. the scientist needs to create a mouse line, in which the Cre gene is only inserted in a kidney cell

1. the scientist needs to create a mouse line, in which the Cre gene is under the control of a promoter that is only active in kidney cells

Of the three types of restriction enzymes, only type _____ restriction enzymes can recognize specific DNA sequences; these are the most commonly used restriction enzymes in biotechnology.

2

Choose all that is needed to use the CRISPR/Cas9 system to replace a mutation with a normal gene sequence. 1. A guide RNA that is complementary to the normal sequence of the gene 2. A linear double-stranded DNA which contains the normal sequence of the gene 3. A guide RNA that is complementary to the mutated sequence of the gene 4. A linear-single stranded DNA which contains the normal sequence of the gene 5. A linear double-stranded DNA which contains the mutate sequence of the gene

2 and 3 2. A linear double-stranded DNA which contains the normal sequence of the gene 3. A guide RNA that is complementary to the mutated sequence of the gene

Choose the two activities of reverse transcriptase. 1. DNA dependent RNA polymerase 2. DNA dependent DNA polymerase 3. RNA dependent RNA polymerase 4. RNA dependent DNA polymerase

2 and 4 2. DNA dependent DNA polymerase 4. RNA dependent DNA polymerase

Which of the following are applications of gene chip technologies in human medicine? 1. Gene chips can be used to visualize abnormalities in chromosomes associated with certain diseases. 2. Gene chips can be used to identify specific bacterial pathogens. 3. Gene chip can detect multiple genetic changes that lead to a particular genetic disorder. 4. Gene chips can identify single gene mutations.

2, 3, and 4 2. Gene chips can be used to identify specific bacterial pathogens 3. Gene chip can detect multiple genetic changes that lead to a particular genetic disorder. 4. Gene chips can identify single gene mutations.

Select concerns that have been raised regarding genetically modified crops. 1. They may exacerbate plant diseases 2. They may not be safe for human consumption 3. They may be more susceptible to herbivory by insects 4. They may cause allergic reactions 5. They may cause a loss in biodiversity

2, 4, 5 2. They may not be safe for human consumption 4. They may cause allergic reactions 5. They may cause a loss in biodiversity

Which of the following technologies allows scientists to determine which genes are being expressed in a cell and their relative expression levels? 1. PCR 2. DNA microarrays 3. Immunoassays 4. FISH

2. DNA microassays

Which of the following is an advantage of using bioremediation to remove hydrocarbon pollutants from the environment? 1. Hydrocarbons metabolized during the bioremediation can be used as biofuels. 2. Hydrocarbons are metabolized into CO2. 3. Hydrocarbons are broken down into other compounds with considerably lower toxicity.

2. Hydrocarbons are metabolized into CO2.

Bt crops are engineered to be which of the following? 1. More vitamin-rich thereby reducing the need to take vitamins 2. Insect-resistant thereby reducing the need for pesticides 3. Drought resistant thereby preventing the need to water them

2. Insect-resistant thereby reducing the need for pesticides

A scientist performs FISH on breast cancer cells in order to determine if the cancer is HER2 positive. She observes multiple large dots of fluorescence in the cells. What can be concluded from that test? 1. The results are inconclusive. Further testing with drugs will be needed. 2. The cancer is HER2 positive. 3. The cancer is not HER2 positive.

2. The cancer is HER2 positive.

Scientists can use hybridization to detect a specific sequence using a fluorescently or radioactively labeled probe. In the case of FISH 1. The probe is radioactively labeled and the target is DNA in cells with intact chromosomes 2. The probe is fluorescently labeled and the target is DNA in cells with intact chromosomes 3. The probe is radioactively labeled and the target is mRNA extracted from a whole organism 4. The probe is fluorescently labeled and the target is mRNA extracted from a certain type of cells

2. The probe is fluorescently labeled and the target is DNA in cells with intact chromosomes.

A human gene can be placed into the genome of a bacterium, such as E. coli, and the bacterium will make the encoded protein. How is that possible? 1. This is possible because bacterial cells evolved before human cells 2. This is possible because of the universal genetic code 3. This is possible because bacterial ribosomes are similar to human ribosomes

2. This is possible because of the universal genetic code.

A TALEN is ________. 1. a TALE protein without any TALE domains 2. a TALE proteins fused to a nuclease 3. a TALE protein with N TAKE domains

2. a TALE protein fused to a nuclease

How can scientists use knockout mice to analyze developmental events after birth? 1. by inserting the Cre gene into the genome of mice after they are born 2. by fusing the Cre gene to a promoter than can be turned on by a chemical supplied in the mice's food or water 3. by fusing the Cre gene to a promoter that is kept inactive during embryonic developmental by a chemical supplied in the mother's food or drink.

2. by fusing the Cre gene to a promoter that can be turned on by a chemical supplied in the mice's food or water

A scientist constructs two genomic libraries from the same animal, one from kidney cells, and another one from brain cells. These two libraries will have ______. 1. completely different sequences (very little if any sequences will be found in both libraries) 2. similar sequences 3. somewhat similar sequences (some, but not all sequences will be found in both libraries)

2. similar sequences

In a PCR reaction, the separation or denaturation of the DNA strands is achieved at which of the following temperature ranges? 1. Low 2. Intermediate 3. High

3. High

In RNA interference_______ 1. the transcription of RNA in cells is interrupted at a specific times, allowing scientist to study development 2. the translation of RNA in cells in inhibited and all of the non-translated RNA transcripts that are accumulating can be isolated and studied. 3. a gene is silenced by using a small double stranded RNA, which allows scientists to determine the gene's function.

3. a gene is silenced by using a small double stranded RNA, which allows scientists to determine the gene's function

What part of algal cells is used for the production of biodiesel? 1. Their proteins 2. Their cell walls 3. Their nucleic acids 4. Their lipids

4. their lipids

The level of a particular mRNA in a cell can be determined using ______.

RT-qPCR

Which of the following approaches allows scientists to determine the function of a gene?

Replace a wild-type gene with a mutant copy

Which of the following is an enzyme that cuts DNA at a specific sequence?

Restriction enzyme

______ DNA fragments move faster through gel polymer than ______ fragments and will be located closer to the bottom of the gel (the part of the gel where DNA fragments are loaded is the "top" of the gel).

Smaller, larger