More Torture
When found by American reporter Henry Stanley what famous greeting made history?
"Dr. Livingston, I presume"
What is the meaning of "Meiji"?
"Enlightened rule"
Cultural and Linguistic Diversity in India
"In the South is Deccan, a region of conservative peoples and civilizations. In the North- west, the arid lands of the Indus are linked with Iran and, beyond the Khyber Pass, with Turkestan and all of turbulent Central Asia. - No single political power has ever succeeded in dominating the whole subcontinent - except perhaps for British."
villeins
"Inhabitants of small villages" or English serfs.
What were the Balkans nicknamed?
"Powder Keg" of Europe
The words of the Monroe doctrine are:
"The American continents are henceforth not to be considered as subjects for future colonization by any European powers"
Babur
"Tiger." CREATED THE MUGHAL EMPIRE
Homo sapiens
"consciously thinking human," which first appeared around two hundred fifty thousand years ago and used sophisticated tools
What does taiping mean-
"great peace"
Lex talionis
"law of retaliation," in which offenders suffered punishments similar to their crimes (Code of Hammurabi)
The term bakufu means
"tent government"
Pan o palo-
"the bread or the club" This approach was used by Porfirio Diaz.
realpolitik
"the politics of reality" the practice of tough power politics without room for idealism
Homo erectus
"upright-walking human," which existed from 1.5 million to two hundred thousand years ago; used cleavers and hand axes and learned how to control fire
Vedas
"wisdom," early collections of prayers and hymns that provide information about the Indo-European Aryans who migrated into India
Nicolaus Copernicus
(1473-1543) Polish clergyman. Sun was the center of the universe; the planets went around it. On the Revolution of Heavenly Spheres. Destroyed Aristotle's view of the universe - heliocentric theory.
Sigmund Freud Who?
(1856-1939), Austrian/ Vietnamese physician, neurologist, and founder of psychoanalysis, who created an entirely new approach to the understanding of human personality.
Sino-Japanese War-
(1894-1895) Lasted 4 months between China and Japan. China invaded Korea to help Korea's king from being overthrown. Japan protested and said this was a violation of the "hands-off" agreement between Japan and China. Japan sent in troops, they defeated the Chinese, and gained a foot-hold in Manchuria and signed a peace treaty in 1895 giving Japan colonies in Taiwan and Pescadores islands.
Russo-Japanese War-
(1904-1905) Japan asked Russia to stay out of Korea in return for recognizing their rights in Manchuria. Russia refused to stay out of Korea, so Japan attacked Russian ships in Manchuria, captured most of Russians fleet and drove Russian troops out of Korea.
oracle bones
(Chinese Shang dynasty) means of foretelling the future
Locke
(Enlightenment thinkers) Importance: The principal theoretician of the Glorious Revolution which replaced the Catholic James the 2nd with the Protestant William of Orange. His ideas were influential in both the US Declaration of Independence & in the French Revolution. Known as the "father of liberalism."
Belgium in the Congo
(European States that established empires in Africa) Importance: King Leopold II decides to seek more territory for himself and conquers the Congo for himself.
British
(European states that established empires) Importance: They controlled India and much of Africa, causing them to be a major world power. The world economy was dominated by the British in the 19th century.
The British in southern Africa, Australia, and New Zealand
(Europeans who establish settler colonies) Importance: Cecil Rhondes used British South Africa to take over land in southern Africa and accumulate more land. Australia and New Zealand were used as places to send convicts for them to settle.
Neolithic
(New Stone Age) marked by the discovery and mastery of agriculture
Paleolithic
(Old Stone Age) a long period of human development before the development of agriculture
Breakup of Austrian Empire
(Slovens, Hungarians, Germans, Czechs, Slovaks, Croats, Poles, Serbs, and Italians) Prussia defeated Austria in the Austro-Prussian War, with its victory Prussia gained the north american confederation, a union of Prussia and 21 smaller German units. Then pressured by Hungarians Emperor Francis Joseph split his empire in half, declaring Austria and Hungary independent states. The empire was called the austro-Hungarian Empire.After World War 1 Austria-Hungary broke into several separate nation-states.
Marxism
(alternative visions of society) Importance: a branch of socialism founded by Karl Marx in the 19th century. He saw a long series of conflicts between classes and tried to eliminate it and his ideas had a direct impact on politics. He help found the International Working Man's Association with the goal of overthrowing the bourgeoisie.
The Indian Revolt of 1857 (AKA Sepoy Rebellion)
(anticolonial movements) Importance: Revolt of Indian soldiers against the British; caused by a military practice in violation of the Muslim and Hindu faiths
Slavery
(coerced and semicoerced labor migrations) Importance: After various slave revolts and abolitionists, Britain and the United States decided to prohibit their citizens from participating with slave trade. This suppression helped spread the Western cultural influence in West Africa. Missionaries converted and found schools for the recaptives whom the British settled in Sierra Leone and the Americans settled in Liberia.
Chinese and Indian indentured servitude
(coerced and semicoerced labor migrations) Importance: Asian immigrants that came to the United States as indentured servants to find work for low pay.
Convict labor
(coerced and semicoerced labor migrations) Importance: When convicts are sent to sent to Australia to work and establish communities.
Textile production in India
(declining agriculturally based economies) Importance: After the British gained control of many coastal port cities in India, they took control of the Indian textile industry by producing cheap cotton to make the traditional woman-made textiles go out of business. The british used india as a source of cotton, then made their own finished products which were cheaper and of better quality. This caused many women to lose their jobs, being that the textile industry was one of the only places women could work. This lead to further separation of men and women in India, as well as a large amount of profit for the british.
Telegraphs
(developments in transportation and communication) Importance: Morse code, 5-wire telegraph, made railroads more safe and more efficient. Submarine telegraphs made the world smaller; communication wasn't limited to the speed of a ship anymore.
Canals
(developments in transportation and communication) Importance: Panama canal greatly lessened time of travel from the Atlantic to the Pacific. Canals allowed further use fo boats for transportation of goods and people. Travel by canals was cheap and easy.
Steamships
(developments in transportation and communication) Importance: allowed people to travel great distances. Made it easier to cross atlantic, increased world trade and further connected eastern and western hemispheres.
Railroads
(developments in transportation and communication) Importance: made possible by the invention of the steam engine. Railroads became the best way of transportation. They triggered the industrialization of Europe because they connect inlands to coastal port cities, increased transportation of goods, and opened new land to urbanization.
Gold and diamond mines in South Africa
(extensive mining centers) Importance: The need for special metals for industrial production led to the development of extensive mining centers.
An abundance of rivers and canals
(factors leading to the rise of industrial production) Importance: Both rivers and canals allowed for cheaper, more efficient transportation of raw materials and finished goods. This led to increase in production due to the rapid transportation of products, aiding in the development of widespread industries.
Legal protection of private property
(factors leading to the rise of industrial production) Importance: During the enclosure movement, rich landowners fenced off their own land and common land to apply new scientific farming methods, forcing former tenants to become sharecroppers or landless laborers. Jobless people would migrate to cities looking for work which cause population inflation in these cities. These jobless people settled for the hard jobs in the factories. The enclosure of farmland improved soil, had better livestock breeding, and initiated crop rotation.
Europe's location on the Atlantic Ocean
(factors leading to the rise of industrial production) Importance: Europe had access to the New World and West African coast through the Atlantic Ocean. They were able to collect raw materials from these places and take their natural resources to sell in their markets.
Improved agricultural productivity
(factors leading to the rise of industrial production) Importance: In the agricultural revolution, new food crops from the Americas produced more food per acre & allowed farmers to raise more cattle for meat and milk. This led to the enclosure movement since only wealthy landowners could invest in new crops & farming methods. Technological advancements in farming equipment such as steam engine to increase efficiency in ploying and digging canals. The process of the three-field crop rotation provided more fertile soil and and led to an increase of livestock and crop production.
The geographical distribution of coal, iron and timber
(factors leading to the rise of industrial production) Importance: Many countries such as Belgium, the US, and Germany needed resources to stimulate industrial production so they began to mine these natural resources. The collection and production of these materials caused deforestation and drastically harmed the environment.
European demographic changes
(factors leading to the rise of industrial production) Importance: Slowly began to grow in the 18th century then faster after 1780, then even faster in the early 19th century. Population growth resulted from widespread resistance to disease and more reliable food source, due from new crops that came from the Americas. Better job opportunities led people to marry earlier and have more children causing a large percent of children in the population. high children population let to child labor in Britain. people began to migrate from countries to cities, from Ireland to England, and Europe to the Americas.
Access to foreign resources
(factors leading to the rise of industrial production) Importance: Suez Canal (French) helped create a lee way between colonies; faster, and more efficient ways were enabled. Access the foreign resources began as the Europeans started to colonize India, Africa and the American colonies. Britain and France, the two main sources of commerce, started imperializing colonies over seas in search of raw materials and goods such as spices and cotton. Huge profits were extracted and raw goods were taken from these colonies, processed in cheap labor (machinery, factories) and then sold back into the same colonies as finished goods. This eliminated previous businesses, allowing more power to the Europeans.
The accumulation of capital
(factors leading to the rise of industrial production) Importance: the accumulation of wealth in settled communities spurred warfare between communities and/or with pastoralists; this violence drove the development of new technologies of war and urban defense.
Urbanization
(factors leading to the rise of industrial production) Importance: the rapid growth and migration to cities. This happened in Europe during the industrial revolution when people came to cities to work in factories. It is caused by surpluses in agriculture and led to increases in population and trade.
Gold standard
(financial instruments expanded) Importance: The increase in gold mining led to the exchange system in which the standard economic unit of account is a fixed weight of gold (gold was used for money and the weight of the gold corresponded to the amount that it was worth).
Jacobin
(in the French Revolution) a member of a radical society or club of revolutionaries that promoted the Reign of Terror and other extreme measures, active chiefly from 1789 to 1794: so called from the Dominican convent in Paris, where they originally met.
The British and the French expanding their influence in China through the Opium Wars
(industrialized states practicing economic imperialism) Importance: When China refused to trade with other countries, Britain decided to expose them to Opium and get them addicted; they profited greatly from the amount of opium sold. When the Chinese government tried to outlaw it, Britain went to war against them with help from France.
British and French attempts to "open up" the Chinese market during the nineteenth century
(industrialized states seek out new consumer markets) Importance: Increase in production caused by the Industrial Revolution led to industrialized states to seek out new consumer markets for their goods.
United Fruit Company
(large-scale transnational companies) Importance: Fruit companies in Latin America that are able to manipulate the government and acquire large portions of land in Latin America.
Chinese in Southeast Asia, the Caribbean, South America, and North America
(migrant ethnic enclaves in different parts of the world) Importance: Due to the drastic population increase, Chinese workers needed to find work elsewhere. They migrated to other countries with more jobs to make money and provide for their families. This angered some people as outsiders took over their jobs.
The German state
(nationalism) Importance: Prime minister Otto von Bismarck united 300 states of Germanic culture into a nation.
State pensions and public health in Germany
(negative effects of industrial capitalism and reforms) Importance: In response to criticisms of Industrial Capitalism governments promoted reforms such as healthcare.
The Cherokee Nation
(new states developed on the edges of existing empires) Importance: Andrew Jackson moved much of the Cherokee Nation from Georgia to Oklahoma and put them on reservations. Countless Indians died on the Trail of Tears due to disease and harsh weather.
Palm oil
(production and export of single natural resources) Importance: After the end of the slave trade, West Africa needed an export to make money off of. Palm oil, which came from trees, was used to keep machinery lubricated in factories.
Rubber
(production and export of single natural resources) Importance: The Belgium Congo was the largest exporter of rubber. They needed an export to support their growing colony. People were required to collect a certain amount of rubber or they would get their hands cut off.
Taiping Rebellion
(rebellions of religion and millenarianism) Importance: Hong Xiuquan, the founder, thought he was the younger brother of Jesus and the Manchus as creatures of Satan. The Taipings took all of southern China and threatened to topple the Qing Empire. It is the world's bloodies civil war. The British and French intervene.
French Revolutions
(rebellions) Importance: During the Estates General, the Third estate broe off and declared themselves the National Assembly. Uprisings in Paris as well as foreign intervention lead to the execution of Louis XVI. Lead to dictatorship of Napoleon Bonaparte.
American Revolution
(rebellions) Importance: Grew from British colonial policy after the French and Indian war. Actions such as the stamp act and the boston massacre provoked colonists to revolt. Colonial Patriots met in the Continental Congress, assumed government powers, raised an army, and issued the declaration of independence.
Latin American independence movements
(rebellions) Importance: States that were once under the rule of European counties became independent and led to a drastic loss of power for European powerhouses.
Haitian Revolution
(rebellions) Importance: The revolution in Haiti was the first slave rebellion, which was led by L'Ouverture. It was only one of two successful revolts against European countries before the 19th century.
The Tanzimat Reforms
(reforms in imperial policy) Importance: Declared that all subjects of the Ottoman Empire were guaranteed equal rights in "life, liberty, and property," no matter what their religion was. The Tanzimat reforms was also characterized by attempts to modernize the Ottoman Empire and to try and stop uprisings within the empire.
The Chinese Exclusion Act
(regulation of the increased flow of people across their borders) Importance:The Chinese Exclusion act was created by the United States. It eliminated most Chinese Immigration into the United States. If allowed to Immigrate they received low wages in hard working jobs. This is significant because it led to the spread of anti-Chinese prejudice in Peru, Mexico and Cuba. It also led to immigration rebellions as some immigrants refused assimilation.It also led to the reformation of school systems. Schools now taught lessons on many other cultures and languages. They became a place where children of Immigrants could exchange ideas and cultures.It promoted the idea of nationalism and the use of patriotic songs, flags, and the recording of national history.
Bolivar's Jamaica Letter
(revolutionary documents) Importance: A letter Bolivar wrote to an English gentleman in Jamaica in response to a request that he tell his views on the Venezuelan independence movement. In it he says that Latin America must break from a parasitic Spain and outlines his principles in the context of his recent failures at uniting and republicanizing the governments of Latin America. This is important because it provides not only insight into the mind and desires of revolutionaries throughout this time period (America, Haiti, South American countries) but it also provides context for Bolivar's successes and failures and Latin American countries' connections with each other & Spain.
The American Declaration of Independence
(revolutionary documents) Importance: The document in which the colonies of the Unites States declared themselves separate from Britain.
The French Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen
(revolutionary documents) Importance: a fundamental document of the french rev. that defines individual and collective rights of the estates of the real, influenced by the "natural laws". Includes principles from scientific rev like individualism and separation of powers.
The establishment of Maroon societies
(slave resistance) Importance: In Spanish colonies of the Western Hemisphere, runaway slaves called maroons would band together in communities that were especially numerous in the mountains of Jamaica and Hispaniola and in the Guianas. Some Maroon societiesgot treaties signed that recognized their freedom and allowed them property. These are a form of successful slave resistance.
The economic reforms of Meiji Japan
(state-sponsored visions of industrialization) Importance: Transformed Japanese government and incorporated European practices into their government, education, and economy; Westernization.
British in India
(states with existing colonies) Importance: The British brought new technology to India such as canals, railroads, and sewage* (*most important*). The British profited from textile manufacturing that was taking place in India.
The challenge of the Marathas to the Mughal Sultans
(subjects challenging imperial government) Importance: Increasing discontent with Imperialism propelled reformists and revolutionary movements.
Japanese agricultural workers in the Pacific
(temporary and seasonal migrants returned to their home societies) Importance: Increased contact with Japan caused an increase in Japanese workers to migrate into the Pacific to work for low pay during the harvesting season and return home after the work was completed.
Voltaire
(thinkers of natural world and human) relationships Importance: he admired the english freedom of the press, and religious toleration. he criticized france because of its royal absolutism and lack of freedom of thought.
Mary Wollstonecraft's: A Vindication of the Rights of Woman
(women's suffrage and an emergent feminism) Importance: Women during this time were believed to be below men, receiving less pay and believed to be incapable to doing the same tasks. By protesting women's rights and arguing that they are not weak and helpless--they are strong and independent-- the feminist movement was started.
Sun Yat-Sen
* The first great revolutionary leader in 20th century China who founded the Alliance League in 1905. *The League aimed to overthrow the Qing to make china a republic, get rid of foreign powers and distribute land to peasants. *He created the three principles of the people, Nationalism, Socialism and Democracy. *After the Revolution, he returned from overseas to lead china, however failed to lead successfully. He handed power to Yuan Shikai.
Modernism
* Was an artistic and literary movement of the early 20th century that pushed for experimentation, technicality,impersonalism, and intellectualism
Crimean War
*(1853-1856) **Resulted from Russian expansion into the Ottoman Empire but the French and British intervened and helped Ottomans
Realism
**(philosophy) the philosophical doctrine that physical object continue to exist when not perceived
Otto von Bismarck
**Chancellor of Prussia from 1862 until 1871, when he became chancellor of Germany. *A conservative nationalist. *He led Prussia to victory against Austria (1866) and France (1870) and was responsible for the creation of the German Empire
Frankfurt Assembly
**German Parliament met in Frankfurt to fulfill a liberal and nationalist dream: the preparation of a constitution for a united Germany *1848--> FAILED
Social Darwinism
**The application of ideas about evolution and "survival of the fittest" to human societies - particularly as a justification for their imperialist expansion.
Boxer Rebellion
*1899 rebellion in Beijing, China started by a secret society of Chinese who opposed the "foreign devils". *The rebellion was ended by British Troops.
James Watt
*A Scottish engineer *Created the steam engine that worked faster and more efficiently than earlier engines *Continued improving the engine, inventing a new type of governor to control steam pressure and attaching a flywheel.
"The White Man's Burden"
*A poem written by Rudard Kiplling, it was about slavery, many europeans believed that they had a duty to spreAd their religion and culture to people whom they considered to be less civilized said by Rudyard Kipling
Impressionism
*A school of late 19th century French painters who pictured appearances by strokes of unmixed colors to give the impression of reflected light. *, An artistic movement/revolution that wanted to capture a momentary feel, or impression, of the piece they were drawing
Concert of Europe
*A series of alliances among European nations in the 19th century, devised by Prince Klemens von Metternich to prevent the outbreak of revolutions.
Urbanization
*An increase in the percentage and in the number of people living in urban settlements.
Suez Canal
*Artificial waterway in Egypt, connecting the Mediterranean Sea to Gulf of Suez, and then to the Red Sea. * Ship canal dug across the isthmus of Suez in Egypt, designed by Ferdinand de Lesseps. *It opened to shipping in 1869 and shortened the sea voyage between Europe and Asia. * Its strategic importance led to the British conquest of Egypt in 1882.
Mohandas Ghandi
*Became one of the most respected spirtual and polictal leaders in India in the 1900's, 1869-1948. *Major spiritual and political leader of India and the Indian Peace Movement. *Known as "Father of The Nation" in India for his defiance of British government and success in civil rights movement. * Lead famous Dandi Salt March in opposition of British Salt Tax.
Cecil Rhodes
*Born in 1853, played a major political and economic role in colonial South Africa. *He was a financier, statesman, and empire builder with a philosophy of mystical imperialism. *Made a fortune in gold and diamond mining; helped colonize the territory now known as Zimbabwe
Berlin Conference
*Conference that German chancellor Otto von Bismarck called to set rules for the partition of Africa. It led to the creation of the Congo Free State under King Leopold II of Belgium.
Direct Rule vs Indirect rule
*Direct- Colonizer rules *Indirect- Colonizer rules through people
Tai Ping Rebellion
*Economic problems led to a peasant revolt, led by Hong Xiuquan. *The goals of the rebellion were to give land to peasants,treat women as equal. *The rebels seized Nanjing. *The Europeans came to aid of China and brought the rebellion to an end. twenty million people killed during rebellion.
Emmeline Pankhurst
*English feminist-militant in her demands-heckled politicians and held public demonstrations *(July 14, 1858 - June 14, 1928) British suffrage leader. Led movement to win the vote for women in Great Britain. Founded the Women's Social and Political Union in 1903, which held public meetings and led protest marches to the House of Commons. Jailed several times between 1908 and 1913, in where Pankhurst used hunger strikes to protest. World War I compelled Pankhurst to stop her feminist campaigns and join the war effort.
2nd Industrial Revolution
*European's belief in progress after 1871- gave rise to steel as replacement for iron, as well as chemicals, electricity and petroleum. * Added white collar workers, new class structures, more leisure time from new work week structure, economic growth, health reforms, urban sprawl, population boom, emmigration, compulsory education, mass politicsc
"The Rocket"
*First public railway line; opened in 1830, extended 32 miles from Liverpool to Manchester. could reach 50 mph *1830
Louis Pasteur
*French chemist and biologist *Whose discovery that fermentation is caused by microorganisms resulted in the process of pasteurization (1822-1895)
Max Plank
*German * early 1900's - brought back and re-introduced the particle theory. *he studied light given off by hot bodies * he proposed light is given off in bundles of energy which he called quanta (photons) - the amount of energy depends on the color of light
Wilhelm II
*Grandson of Queen Victoria and Kaiser of Germany from 1888 to 1918 * 1859 - 1941 German ruler who insisted on building a big, modern navy to compete with Great Britain
Fashoda Incident
*In 1898 England and France almost came to war over Fashoda, located in Sudan. *The area was of no economic or political importance. *This incident illustrated the dangers of imperialism, in that European nations were willing to fight over useless territory.
Indian National Congress
*Is a major political party in India. Founded in 1885. *Over 15 million members and over 70 million participants in its struggle against British rule in India. *A movement and political party founded in 1885 to demand greater Indian participation in government. *Its membership was middle class, and its demands were modest until World War I. *Led after 1920 by Mohandas K. Gandhi, appealing to the poor.
King Leopold II
*King of Belgium *Supported colonization of the Congo; eventually ruled Congo as his own domain but inflicted pain and torture on the natives *Turned the Congo over to the Belgian government, before he died, which did away with most of these cruel mistreatments
Emilio Aguinaldo
*Leader of the Filipino independence movement against Spain (1895-1898). *He proclaimed the independence of the Philippines in 1899, but his movement was crushed and he was captured by the United States Army in 1901.
Toussaint L'Overture
*Led a slave rebellion, which took control of Haiti, the most important island of France's Caribbean possessions. *The rebellion led Napoleon to feel that New World colonies were more trouble than they were worth, and encouraged him to sell Louisiana to the U.S
Guiseppe Garibaldi
*Nationalist and romantic Italian; assists Piedmont-Sardinia with Italian unification. **Part of Italian unification. *In 1860 led an army of nationalists to conquer and unite southern Italy. **He allowed the King of Sardinia to rule. His group was called the "Red Shirts" because they wore red
Louis Napoleon
*Nephew of Napoleon Bonaparte; Installed as president of the Second French Republic *1848 *Staged coup against French Republic and declared himself Emperor Napoleon III and ruled until 1970. Nationalism in Europe then rejected diversity and opposition was seen as betrayal
Commander Matthew Perry
*Opened up trading ports in the Japan to western influence. *A commodore in the American navy. He forced Japan into opening its doors to trade, thus brining western influence to Japan while showing American might.
Realpolitik
*Politics based on practical rather than moral or ideological considerations
Monroe Doctrine
*President James Monroe's statement forbidding further colonization in the Americas and declaring that any attempt by a foreign country to colonize would be considered an act of hostility
Santa Anna
*REASON FOR MEXICAN AMERICAN WAR *Andrew Jackson successfully bribed in, proving he was corrupt. *Also the Mexican dictator who was in charge when war broke out between the Mexicans and Americans. *He lost Texas to rebels, and was the leader of the armed forces during the war.
Labour Party
*Socialist but non-Marxian-reflected well-established union movement-formally committed to gradual reform
"Dollar Diplomacy"
*Term used to describe the efforts of the U.S. to further its foreign policy aims in Latin America and East Asia through use of its economic power. *It protected American investments in Latin America and Asia and encouraged more stable governments.
The Communist Manifesto
*The book written by Karl Marx and Frederich Engels that outlined how every society in the world would eventually reach communism. *Written by Marx and Engels; said that human societies have always been in warring class; put the middle class as "haves" and the working class as "have-nots"; said that IR had enriched the wealthy and impoverished the poor, predicting that the workers would overthrow the owners; inspired revolutionaries to adapt Marx's beliefs to their own situations
Sepoy Rebellion
*The revolt of Indian soldiers in 1857 against certain practices that violated religious customs; also known as the Sepoy Mutiny
Theory of Relativity
*The theory that space and time are relative concepts rather than absolute concepts
Treaty of Nanking
*Treaty that concluded the Opium War. *It awarded Britain a large indemnity from the Qing Empire, denied the Qing government tariff control over some of its own borders, opened additional ports of residence to Britons, and ceded Hong Kong to Britain. (685)
Spanish-American War
*War fought between the US and Spain in Cuba and the Philippines. * It lasted less than 3 months and resulted in Cuba's independence as well as the US annexing Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines.
David Livingston
*Was a Euopean explorer that went to Africa and found the head of the Nile and died from disentary on one of his explorations into Africa.
Robert Owen
*Welsh industrialist and social reformer who founded cooperative communities (1771-1858) *(1771-1858) British cotton manufacturer believed that humans would reveal their true natural goodness if they lived in a cooperative environment. Tested his theories at New Lanark, Scotland and New Harmony, Indiana--> but failed
Romanticism
*a movement in literature and art during the late 18th and early 19th centuries that celebrated nature rather than civilization *18th century
Social Darwinism
*the idea that there are certain people that were made better then other people, and should be treated less then the better people, Racist, *The application of ideas about evolution and "survival of the fittest" to human societies - particularly as a justification for their imperialist expansion.
Czar Alexander II
*the son of Nicholas I who, as czar of Russia, introduced reforms that included limited emancipation of the serfs *(1818-1881)
Rene Descartes
-"I think, therefore I am" -analytical geometry -mathematician -helped with scientific method
Galileo Galilei
-(1564-1642) Italian astronomer. First to use a telescope to study the heavens. Discovered the first moons of an extraterrestrial body (Jupiter's four largest moons). -This scientist proved Copernicus' theory that the sun was the center of the solar system and developed the modern experimental method.
Jean Jacques Rousseau
-- said that man is inherently good, and all men are created equal. (French, 1750) -, A French man who believed that Human beings are naturally good & free & can rely on their instincts. Government should exist to protect common good, and be a democracy
John Locke
--English empiricist philosopher who believed that all knowledge is derived from sensory experience (1632-1704) -- said that people could learn from experience and improve themselves. Criticized absolute monarchy and favored self-government. He believed that all people have the right to life, liberty, and property (natural rights). (English, 1650)
Thomas Jefferson
-3rd President of the United States -chief drafter of the Declaration of Independence; made the Louisiana Purchase in 1803 and sent out the Lewis and Clark Expedition to explore it (1743-1826)
How did the Ottomans conquer?
-Bought land -Forming an alliance with neighbors -They conquered people
Sir Francis Bacon
-English thinker who promoted the scientific method and said, "knowledge is power." -1561-1626 -empiricism (experimental method)
Voltaire
-French, perhaps greatest Enlightenment thinker. Deist. Mixed glorification and reason with an appeal for better individuals and institutions. Wrote Candide. Believed enlightened despot best form of government. -made fun of government, but fought for tolerance, reason, freedom of religion, and freedom of speech. "I do not agree with a word you say, but will defend to the death your right to say it." (French, 1700
What are the three empires?
-Ottoman -Safavid -Mughal
scientific method
-a method of investigation involving observation and theory to test scientific hypotheses, -Copernicus, Kepler, and Galileo began it
What were some of Tamerlanes (Timur the Lame)'s accomplishments?
-burned Baghdad to the ground -He crushed the Ottoman forces at the Battle of Ankara in 1402. This defeat halted the expansion of the empire
Montesquieu
-came up with the idea of checks and balances of power. He also said that Britain as the best-governed and most politically balanced. (French, 1700) -separation of powers
geocentric theory
-earth was the center of the Universe (Aristotle) -religious
neoclassical
-mozart/beethoven -, relating to a simple, elegant style (based on ideas and themes from ancient Greece and Rome) that characterized the arts in Europe during the late 1700s
Baroque style
-sculpture and art in the 17th and 18th century western cultures in europe characterized by exaggeration, overstatement, and flare for the artifice and the theatrical - js bach
enlightened despots
-the absolute monarchs in 18th-century Europe who ruled according to the principles of the Enlightenment
Thomas Hobbes
-wrote "Leviathan" and believed people were naturally cruel, greedy, and selfish; he also believed only a powerful governemnt could keep an orderly society -said that people are naturally selfish and wicked. People had to hand over rights to a strong ruler. (English, 1650)
Define the "positive" and "negative" consequences of colonialism in the "New Age of Imperialism" and provide specific examples of each. Examine the positive and negative from the perspective of both the colonizers and colonized.
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Describe and analyze the various (1) economic (2) political (3) cultural motives that impelled the Europeans and Americans to enter the "New Age of Imperialism"
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Discuss the various factors that explain why Japan adapted to the forces of change in the 20th century more readily that did China
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Explain the circumstances surrounding the Spanish-American War and the building of the Panama Canal. How did the United States benefit? Do you agree or disagree with the American government's actions?
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Explain the decline of the Qing Dynasty in China - both internal and external pressures. What happened when the Qing declined? Could there have been an alternative fate for the Chines people in the early 20th century?
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How did the Safavid empire decline?
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Maji Restoration
...
Former Han
..., 1st and strongest period of Han rule, unified China
Later Han
..., 2nd, weaker period of Han, never regained same strength, tax corruption and frequent revolts
Xiongnu
..., A confederation of nomadic peoples living beyond the northwest frontier of ancient China. Chinese rulers tried a variety of defenses and stratagems to ward off these 'barbarians,' as they called them, and dispersed them in 1st Century. (168)
Qin
..., A people and state in the Wei Valley of eastern China that conquered rival states and created the first Chinese empire (221-206 B.C.E.). The Qin ruler, Shi Huangdi, standardized many features of Chinese society and enslaved subjects. (163)
Sigmund Freud
..., Austrian neurologist who originated psychoanalysis (1856-1939)
Yellow Turban Uprising
..., Large revolt throughout China during the Han dynasty led by desperate peasants wearing yellow turbans. This uprising tested the resilience of the Han state during the late second century CE. It weakened the Han state during the second and third centuries CE. Leads to fall of Han Dynasty
book burning
..., Legalism was the official idealology of the Qin dynasty. To prevent criticism, Shi Huangdi and his prime minister, the Legalist philosopher Li Su, murdered hundreds of Confucian scholars and ordered the burning of "useless books"
Qin Shihuangdi
..., Ruler of China who united China for the first time. He built road and canals and began the Great Wall of China. He also imposed a standard system of laws, money, weights, and writing.
Maodun
..., The most successful leader of the Xiongnu. He brought strict military discipline.
Han Wudi
..., a Chinese emperor; after Zhang Qian came back from his expedition, Zhang suggests trade relations between China and Bactria through India, and Han thought that was a fantabulous idea; China imposed political and military control over vast territories and promoted trade
terra cotta warriors
..., a clay army set up to guard shi huangdi's tomb in the afterlife
Sima Qian
..., chinese scholer,astronomer,and historian; wrote the most important historyof ancient china
"Bloody Sunday"
..., conflict with Japan over Korea led to Russo- Japanese war; the war resulted in a stunning defeat for russia , then Father Gapon's march home resulted in soldiers open firing at them
Han Feizi
..., founder of Legalism
Shang Yang
..., founder of legalism, minister to the duke of qin
Liu Bang
..., helped overthrow Qin dynasty, 1st emperor of the Han dynasty, was born a peasant and worked way up to emperor
Han
..., imperial dynasty that ruled China (most of the time) from 206 BC to 221 and expanded its boundaries and developed its bureaucracy
Wang Mang
..., interrupted Han rule for around 15 years to rule China; tried helping the poor by establishing granaries and land reform.
Why was Diaz Paternalistic?-
1) Added to the quality of life for most Mexicans 2) Rule was peaceful for 35 years. 3) Foreign companies invested in Mexico due to reputation for stability.
What was the long term legacy of the Congress of Vienna?
1) Diminised the power of France 2) Increased the power of Britain and Portugal 3) Nationalism began to spread
Forces of Change
1) Enlightenment Ideas 2) Economic Troubles 3) A Weak Leader
Why was Diaz Despotic?-
1) He had no political parties, 2) natives were considered the lowest class 3) Opponents were bribed, killed, jailed, starved, or exiled his opponents.
What were the three points of Metternich's plan for Europe?
1) The Containment of France 2) Balance of Power 3) Legitimacy
Reform of Mexican Constitution of 1917-land:
1. Break up large estates 2. Restrict foreign ownership of land 3. Gave government control of oil
What were the greatest challenges for the US to build the Panama canal?
1. Disease from Mosquitoes (malaria, yellow fever) and Rats (bubonic plague) 2. Floods 3. Heat
Reform of Mexican Constitution of 1917-Social Issues:
1. Equal pay for equal work 2. Limited legal rights for women
Kings and Popes Clash for Power 5 Problems
1. Lay investiture 2. Simony 3. Vows not kept by some apointees 4. Interference in Papal electronics 5. Papal Indulgence
Reform of Mexican Constitution of 1917-Labor:
1. Minimum Wage for workers 2. Gave them the right to Strike 3. Created labor unions
Confucianism
1. More a philosophy 2. People should concentrate on this life instead of engaging in useless speculations about the next. Social order, harmony, and good order. 3. All humans had their Dao (Way)—Dharma—had to follow their path. Duty—subordinate your personal interests to the needs of the wider community 4. "If the root is in disorder, it is impossible for the branches to be in order." 5."Do not do to others what you would not wish done to yourself." 6. Government should be open to people of ability civil service examination. 7. Mencius (370-290 B.C.E.): understood Confucius to mean people were malleable, inherently good, ruler should govern with compassion.
Early Aryans Background
1. Part of group of Indo-European speaking people fromCentral Asia. 2. Some moved West into Europe, others South into India, through Khyber Pass in Hindu Kush Mountains
Legalism
1. People evil need harsh laws and stiff punishments. 2. The School of Law—superior men were not enough to govern society—what is needed is a set of firm, well-designed laws. a. "If men were angels, no government would be necessary. If men were devils, no law would be sufficient." James Madison. b. Disagreed with the Confucian idea of a natural, moral universal law—if you desire the good, you have to design society to realize it c. Society should hold out promise of material reward; threat of serious reward to motivate people, and not rely on any hope of virtue. Anyone caught without a village pass should have his ears or nose chopped off. d. Officials were easily corruptedàa powerful, firm ruler most important. Burn all writings that are a threat to government.
Daosim(Taoism)
1. Perhaps legendary Lao Tzu (Lao Zi) or the Old Master, contemporary of Confucius. 2. The importance of intuition, nature—Bruce Lee "Be like water"—not Confucius' hard work and diligence and planning. If you want wisdom, observe the clouds, streams, and birds—nothing in nature strives for wealth and fame. Arguing about good and bad, poor and graceful manners pointless. 3. More individualistic than Confucianism—more liberating. Especially prevalent among intellectuals
What two things happened during late Ming and early Qing?
1. Power shifted from Yellow to Yangtze river because of climate changes, deforestation, pressure from nomads 2. Population growth-caused by peace and new crops
Reform of Mexican Constitution of 1917-religion:
1. State took over land owned by Church
Justinian Code. After its completion, the code consisted of four works.
1. The Code contained nearly 5,000 Roman laws that were still considered useful for the Byzantine Empire. 2. The Digest quoted and summarized the opinions of Rome's greatest legal thinkers about the laws. This massive work ran to a total of 50 volumes. 3. The Institutes was a textbook that told law students how to use the laws. 4. The Novellae (New Laws) presented legislation passed after 534.
What were some ways that China and western Europe differed?
1. The middle class was more indepenent in Europe 2. Trade was controlled by the state in china 3. State had large taxes on manufacturing and low taxes on agriculture in China
What legacies did colonialism leave behind in Latin America?
1. They left Latin America in a cycle of poverty with peonage and wealthy land owners owning majority of land and unable to do anything with it. 2. They left Latin America with political instability because not familiar with democracy (and few had voting rights) so caudillos took charge with support of military.
What are the four nobel truths?
1. life is filled with suffering and sorrow2. the cause of all suffering is people's selfish desire3. the way to end all suffering is to end all desires4. the way to overcome such desires and attain enlightenment is to follow the eighthfold path(path to enlightenment)
What are the reforms that Juarez used to rebuild Mexico?
1. promoted trade with foreign countries 2. opened new roads 3. built railroads 4. established telegraph service 5. established a national education system separate from the Catholic Church
Name 3 factors that contributed to the Europeans conquest of Africa
1. superior technology 2. means to control 3. quinine
By 1880 what % of Africa did Europeans control?
10%
Ming Dynasty
1368-1644 CE, where they opened up china to foreign influences during the start of the dynasty. closing down china at the end of the dynasty.
How old was Shah Isma'il?
14
When did the Mughal empire begin?
1526
When did he die?
1566
When did British economic interest begin in India?
1600s
What year was Jamestown settled?
1607
When did the US begin to show an interest in Hawaii?
1790s
Qing-
1793, the Qing emperor agreed to receive an ambassador from England and England was giving products to China, but China already had all of them so the emperor sent the letter to England's King George stating that China had everything that they needed.
Albert Einstein who? (
1879-1955), German-born U.S. physicist. apart of a larger revolt against the enlightenment
When did the scramble for Africa begin?
1880
What year did Cuba become "independent"?
1901
What were the years they were building the canal and how much did it cost?
1904-1914 and 380 M dollars
When did Britain's interest greatly increase in Persia and why?
1908, discovery of oil
By what year was nearly all of Africa distributed among European Powers?
1914
What year did the Panama canal open in?
1914
When did the Germans return to unrestricted submarine warfare?
1917
Yalta Conference
1945 Meeting with US president FDR, British Prime Minister Winston Churchill, and and Soviet Leader Stalin during WWII to plan for post-war era
It last until when?
1979
Realism
19th century artistic movement in which writers and painters sought to show life as it is rather that life as it should be
1839
1st Opium War in China
the huang he and the chang jiang
2 major river systems in china
mountains and desert
2 natural barriers that helped protect the Indus Valley from invasion
indus and ganges
2 rivers that surround the plain
How many U.S. ships did they sink?
3
German Confederation
39 German states formed a loose grouping, the Austrian empire dominated the confederation
How many provinces did ME have
4
Merovingion Dynasty
447 A.D. to 75 A.D. Did not do primogeniture, instead they divided all land between the sons. Clovis
Clovis
481 A.D. to 511 A.D. Christianized Frankland/France
haiku
5-7-5 syllable, 3 line verse poetry. This poetry presents images rather than ideas.
Romans Rule
50 A.D. to 476 A.D. Huns chase Angles and Saxons who move into Rome and take over
How long was the Western Front?
500 miles
Tang Dynasty
618-907 CE, there was economic development and growth. many inventions and discoveries were also made during this time.
1756-1763
7 years war/ French and Indian War
What was this War known as?
7 years' war
Charles "Martel"
714-41 A.D. Tours 732: takes French army to Tours and became defender of Christendom Advisor to King (Not actually King)
Carolingion Dynasty
751 A.D. to 987 A.D. * Pepin the Short: King by the Grace of God started empire * Charlemagne
Pepin the Short
751-68 A.D. Charles' Son 1st King of the Dynasty (anointed by the Pope) Donation of Pepin-gave Italy the pope
Charlemagne
786 to 814 A.D. 800-Dubbed Holy Roman Emporer by the Pope Pepin's Son
About how many soldiers died in WWI? How many were wounded?
8.5 Million; 21 million
Mississippi mound builders
800 A.D. Mound Builders who created villages based on trade.
Mahabarata
90,000 stanzas long. written around 100 BCE. Serves to elucidate the dharma. Great war between cousins. Contains the Bhagavadgita. Krishna says don't worry about success or failure of act, only moral rightness of act, do your duty
Song Dynasty
960-1279 CE, was known for creating meritocracy; ruled by officials chosen for their merit. they were economic developments and growth. many inventions were also made
In the 19th C., did the Industrial Revolution drive European expansion leading to technological innovations and a military advantage?
???
When did large numbers of working-class women gain entrance to universities?
???
Why was industrialization more state-directed in Russia than in Britain?
??? was more fundamental than any breakthrough since the Agricultural Revolution spread from Britain to Western Europe, then to the United States, Russia, and Japan
Zheng He
A Chinese Muslim admiral led all of the seven voyages that Yonglo had wanted. The voyages ranged from Southeast Asia to eastern Africa. Everywhere he went, he distributed gifts including silver and silk to show Chinese superiority. Chinese scholar-officials complained that the voyages wasted valuable resources that could be used to defend against barbarians' attack on the northern frontier. After the seventh voyage, in 1433, China withdrew into isolation.
Legislative Assembly
A French congress with the power to create laws and approve declarations of war
Francis Xavier
A Jesuit that led the first mission to Japan. He baptized about a hundred converts before he left Japan.
caudillos-
A Latin American military dictator who ruled new nations using the support and help of the military. A typical caudillos was Juan Vicente Gomez.
Corporation
A business firm whose articles of incorporation have been approved.
Boxer Rebellion-
A campaign against the Dowager Empress rule and foreign privilege by the society of righteous and harmonious fists. They descending on Beijing surround the European section a chanted "Death to the Foreign Devils".
Potlatch
A ceremony involving food, drink & figts to the community in which families showed their rank & prosperity.
cathedral
A church, headed by a bishop, which forms the administrative center of a diocese. From the Greek term kathedra, meaning 'seat,' since the cathedral housed the throne of the bishop.
Samurai
A class of warriors in feudal Japan who pledged loyalty to a noble in return for land, word translates to "One Who Serves."
chivalry
A code of conduct that governed the conduct of a knight, characterized by the virtues of bravery, generosity, honor, graciousness, mercy, and gallantry toward women.
peonage-
A colonial legacy where workers in Latin America had their debt accumulate and passed from one generation to another. These "free" workers were a little better than slaves.
Dutch East India Company
A company founded by the Dutch (Netherlands) in the early 17th century to establish and direct trade throughout Asia. Because of this, Netherlands became a leading sea power. The Dutch owned the largest fleet of ships in the world- 20,000 vessels.
Cold War
A conflict that was between the US and the Soviet Union. The nations never directly confronted eachother on the battlefield but deadly threats went on for years.
Jose Marti-
A cuban exiled writer who called for a second war for Cuban independence against the Spanish in 1895. Was killed on the battle field after only a month after the war began.
The rights of man
A document which was similar to the American Declaration of Independence; it preserved French citizens' natural rights.
Koryu Dynasty
A dynasty that ruled Korea from A.D. 935 to 1392 whose wealth was based on rice production.
reconquista
A fourteenth-century term used to describe the Christian crusade to wrest Spain back from the Muslims; clerics believed it was a sacred and patriotic mission.
Porfirio Diaz-
A general, new caudillo, and an Indian from Oaxaca and took control of Mexico by ousting president in 1876. Had the support of the military and his rallying cry was "order and progress". He offered land, power, or political favors to anyone who supported him and terrorized those who refused to support him. He is significant because he used his dictatorial powers to make progress. For example: expanded railroads, built banks, stabilized currency, and increased foreign investment. The thing that did not progress was that most Mexicans remained poor farmers and workers, the wealthy acquired more and more land.
Great Wall of China
A giant wall that blocked the Mongols off from China. built by YONGLO
Great Mosque of Cordoba
A graceful Mosque that was built on the ruins of a ruined Christian Church, Famous for its horseshoe arches, it provides a striking example of the sophistication provided by the fusion of Jewish, Muslim and Christian art. Is now a museum.
Vietcong
A group of Southern Vietnamese, communist guerrillas who, with the help of North Vietnam, fought against the democratic South Vietnamese government in the Vietnam War
Iroquois League
A group of several eastern tribes. They developed varied cultures.
vassal
A knight who has sworn loyalty to a particular lord. Vassal is derived from a Celtic word meaning 'servant.'
manor
A large estate, including farmland and villages, held by a lord
common law
A law that originated in, and was applied by, the king's court.
Stephen Austin-
A leading Anglo who lead The Texas Revolt against Mexico.
Benito Juarez-
A liberal reformer who was opposite to Santa Anna in views and background. A poor Indian who was raised on a farm. Moved to the city of Oaxaca and started school at 15 and law degree in 1831. Opened a law office serving poor people. Rose into power as governor of the state of Oaxaca in 1847. Started La Reforma, a liberal reform movement. Sent into exile by Santa Anna in 1853. He returned and after a civil war between the liberal and the conservative upper class mexican and the victory of the liberals. In 1861 he became president of Mexico.
Quraysh
A local tribe in Mecca that became the keepers of the Ka'ba. Gave them prestige and power, tribe of which Mohhamad was born
Monopoly
A market in which there are many buyers but only one seller.
Jacquerie
A massive uprising by French peasants in 1358 protesting heavy taxation.
feudalism
A medieval European political system that defines the military obligations and relations between a lord, his vassals, and the granting of fiefs.
Hanseatic League
A mercantile association of towns that allowed for mutual protection and security.
Factory system
A method of production that brought many workers and machines together into one building.
Kamakura Shogunate
A military dynasty that was overthrown by the attack of the Mongols. Started by Minamoto Yoritomo.
General Victoriano Huerta-
A military leader who took over Mexico's presidency after Madero resigned. Probably ordered assassination of Madero.
Alamo-
A mission in San Antonio where Santa Anna defeated the separatists leaving survivors of the battle who would later declare "Remember the Alamo" and go on to defeat Santa Anna.
Judaism: Finals goals
A moral life through obedience to God's law
Consumerism
A movement advocating greater protection of the interests of consumers; the theory that an increasing consumption of goods is economically beneficial.
Taiping Rebellion-
A movement where Hong Xiuquan built a massive peasant army to build his kingdom where all chinese people would share the wealth of china and live in a "heavenly kingdom of great peace".
What might have caused the collapsed of Minoan culture?
A natural disaster
serf
A peasant who has lost his freedom and become permanently bound to the landed estate of a lord.
Hongwu
A peasant's son that commanded the rebel army that drove the Mongols out of China in 1368. That year, he became the first Ming emperor. He ruled from the former Yuan capital of Nanjing in the south. He began reforms designed to restore agricultural lands devastated by war, erase all traces of the Mongol past, and promote China's power and prosperity. He encouraged fish farming and growing commercial crops, such as cotton and sugar cane. He used respected traditions and institutions to bring stability to China. He encouraged the return to Confucian moral standards. Later, when problems developed, he became a ruthless tyrant. Suspecting plots against his rule, he conducted purges of the government, killing thousands of officials. He died in 1398.
What is urdu?
A persian language mixed with Arabic and Hindu
Marshall Plan
A plan that the US came up with to revive war-torn economies of Europe. This plan offered $13 billion in aid to western and Southern Europe.
troubador
A poet or musician who traveled around and entertained people with songs about chivalry and courtly love.
Open Door Policy
A policy proposed by the US in 1899, under which ALL nations would have equal opportunities to trade in China.
feudalism
A political system in which nobles, or lords, are granted the use of lands that legally belong to the king.
fief
A portion of land, the use of which was given by a lord to a vassal in exchange for the latter's oath of loyalty.
Domesday Book
A record of a survey ordered by William the Conqueror to determine how much wealth there was in his new kingdom, who held what land, and what land had been disputed among his vassals; it is an invaluable source of social and economic information.
Domingo Sarmiento-
A reform-minded President of Argentina and had strong commitments on improving education. (Presidency-1868-1874)
What was the White Lotus Rebellion?
A revolt launched by discontented peasants who were me to settle of infertile land
The Martial Emperor
A ruler or a king.
What was the 14th point?
A series of peace proposals drawn up by Woodrow Wilson
How are the ideas of karma, reincarnation and moksha connected?
A soul's karma - good or bad deeds - follows from one reincarnation to another. By the process of reincarnation an individuals soul is born again and again until Moksha is achieved.
What is common feature in both Japanese and European feudalism?
A strict social structure
Angkor Wat
A temple complex built in the Khmer Empire and dedicated to the Hindu God, Vishnu.
Socialism
A theory or system of social organization that advocates the vesting of the ownership and control of the means of production and distribution and of capital, land, etc.
Juan Vicente Gomez-
A typical ruthless caudillo who ruled Venezuela for nearly 30 years. His quote was "All Venezuela is my cattle ranch."
college
A university was made up of a collection of these privately endowed residences for the lodging of poor students.
What do many developing nations struggle with?
A weak industrial base.
Abu Talib
A wealthy clan leader and Uncle who raised Muhammad when both his parents died when he was very young
What does "Dowager" mean?
A widow who holds a title or property from her deceased husband.
Guangxu-
A young Chinese emperor, introduced measures to modernize China, Qing officials saw these as threats to their power so Dowager Empress Cixi arrested him and she regained power and reversed his reforms.
Mutsuhito-
A young Japanese emperor, who symbolized countries pride and nationalism and took over from Tokugawa shogun in 1867 after the people were outraged about Tokugawa giving into foreign demands.
Marco Polo
A young Venetian traveler who explored Asia in the 13th century by traveling the "Silk Road" and served Kublai Khan from A.D. 1254-1324.
"Our Celestial Empire possesses all things in prolific abundance and lacks no product within its own borders. There [is] no need to import the manufactures of outside barbarians in exchange for our own produce. But as [the goods] which the Celestial Empire produces are absolute necessities to European nations and yourselves, we have permitted . . . that your wants might be supplied and your country thus participate in our beneficence." Qianlong Letter to King George III of England, 1793 The tone of this letter is one of A) condescension. B) rudeness. C) Envy. D) sarcasm. E) anger.
A) Condescension
By 1914, what 2 camps was Europe divided into and who was in each?
A) The Triple Entente- Great Britain, France, Russia B) Triple Alliance- Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy
Which of the following was NOT an action of the Manchus after conquering China? A) They encouraged intermarriage between Chinese and Manchus. B) They forbade Chinese from learning the Manchurian language. C) They forced Chinese men to grow a queue as a sign of submission. D) They did not allow the Chinese to travel to Manchuria. E) They carefully guarded their own cultural identity.
A) They encouraged intermarriage between Chinese and Manchus.
All of the following contributed to Bantu Migration except... A) animal domestication B) population pressure C) use of iron tools D) cultivation of bananas
A) animal domestication
Which of the following statements most accurately reflects a major difference between the fall of the Roman and Han Empires? A) The effects of a decline in trade were more severe in Rome than in Han. B) only Rome suffered from major issues with government corruption. C) While the Han had difficulty collecting taxes, the Roman Empire maintained an efficient tax collection system. D) The spread of Buddhism had a large impact on the decline of Han, while Christianity had little impact on the decline of Rome.
A) the effects of the decline in trade were more sever in Rome than in Han
List the 4 forms of Imperialism and explain each.
A. colony: a country or a territory goverened internally by a foreign power B. protectorate: a country or territory with its own internal government but under the control of an outside power C. sphere of influence: an area in which an outside power claims exclusive inverstment or trading priviledges D. economic imperialism: an independent but less developed country controlled by private buisness intrests rather than other governments
Who ended the taxes on non-muslims?
Abu Akbar
Who was the "greatest ruler of all time" of the Mughals?
Abu Akbar
Who was the 3rd emperor?
Abu Akbar
Kabuki theater
Actors in elaborate costumes, using music, dance, and mime, performed skits about modern life. The paintings the people enjoyed were often woodblock prints showing city life.
technology
Advances in ______ made the voyages of discovery possible.
Bantu
African peoples who originally lived in the area of present-day Nigeria; around 2000 B.C.E. they began a centuries-long migration that took them to most of sub-Saharan Africa; very influential, especially linguistically
Discuss the negative effects of Colonial Rule
Africans lost control of their land and independence breakdown of traditional cultures division of the African continent which was most harmful to the political legacy famine by changing crops to cash crops
Douglas MacArthur
After World War II, he was put in charge of putting Japan back together. In the Korean War, he commanded the United Nations troops. He was later fired by Harry Truman for insubordination.
Even though Cuba was "independent" why were they still mad?
After defeating the Spanish the US put military government in Cuba which upset the Cubans.
Gupta Empire
After its fall in the 500s, India was broken into smaller kingdoms.
convert Non-Christians
After the crusade, European countries believed that they had a sacred duty not only to continue fighting Muslims, but also to do what?
nutmeg, ginger, cinnamon, and pepper
After the crusades ended, Europeans continued to demand such spices as what? (name all 4)
concordat
Agreement between Pope and Napoleon: Napoleon recognized Catholocism as the religion of the majority of France, Pope does not ask for any land back seized during the Revolution
What new warfare was introduced in WWI?
Airplane
Which ruler displayed the greatest amount of religious toleration?
Akbar
Who created "God-ism"
Akbar
Dreyfus Affair What?
Alfred Dreyfus was falsely accused of selling out the French, he was an easy target. huge public trial saying Jews get out of France.
What was the only African nation that successfully resisted the Europeans?
Algeria
Where did the Safavid empire cover?
All of Iran, and parts of TUrkey and Georgia
What did the Ottomans have to give up? What did they keep?
All of their former empire; Turkey
congress of Vienna Who?
All the powers of Europe
What had France lost to Germany in the France-Prussia War of 1870?
Alsace-Lorraine
Pope Gregory I
Also known as Gregory the Great 590-604 Defended Rome against the Lombards (with the help from Pepin) reinstated papel authority over the bishops.
Medina
Also known as Yathrib; town located northeast of Mecca; grew date palms whose fruit was sold to bedouins; became refuge for Muhammad following flight from Mecca, established in the oases. Early on the political controtl was divided between 2 beduoin tribes and 3 jewish ones, which is the main reason that it did not really rival Mecca in terms of trade or prestige.
Pax Mongolia
Also known as the mongol peace. A time when global trade expanded due to the political stability provided by mongol rulers.
What did the force migration of Africans as slaves to the Americas in the 17th and 18th centuries result in?
Altered male to female ratios in Africa
Who was Zheng He?
An admiral who explored the Indian Ocean
What did Matteo Ricci create?
An advanced Eurpea clock driven by wights or springs
What is an armistice and who signed it?
An agreement to stop fighting & a representitive from the new German govt. & Commander Marshai Foch
Canaan
An ancient name for the land of Israel, "land of milk and honey," the land God told Abraham to take his family to live- the promised land
Hubal
An ancient pre Islamic God that was common in Arabia, he was associated with the cool nights and the moon that brought dew. Proof that early on at least they concentrated on praying and sacrificing to these minor gods instead of Allah. Raised by Abu Talib after Mother and Father died.
sphere of influence-
An area in which a foreign nation controlled trade and investment in another country. For example- Japan gained a strong sphere of influence in China in the late 19th century.
Impressionism
An artistic movement that sought to capture a momentary feel, or impression, of apiece they were drawing.
Bartolomeu Dias
An early Portuguese explorer that wanted to serve God and the Prince Henry. He thought the king would help finance his goals, and God would get him there safely. In 1488, he ventured far down the coast of Africa until he and his crew reached the tip. A huge storm rose. He realized his ships had been blown around the tip to the other side. He had explored the southeast coast of Africa, and he considered sailing to India; however, his crew was exhausted and their food supplies was low. The captain and his crew returned home.
Capitalism
An economic system in which investment in and ownership of the means of production, distribution, and exchange of wealth is made and maintained chiefly by private individuals or corporations, esp. as contrasted to cooperatively of state-owned means of wealth.
Treaty of Tordesillas
An imaginary dividing line, drawn north to south, through the Atlantic Ocean. All lands to the west of the line, known as the Line of Demarcation, would be Spain's. All lands to the east of the line would belong to Portugal.
Utopia
An imaginary place considered to be perfect/ ideal (Thomas Moore)
Labor Union
An organization of workers that tries to improve working conditions, wage, and benefits for its members.
Describe what the compromises of WWI caused in Europe.
Anger & Resistment
First age of English
Anglo Saxon Invasion
What did he ask the US to do and did we do it?
Annex Hawaii, refused at first, but did
scholastics
Aquinas and his fellow scholars who met at the great universities were known as schoolmen
Language 1
Arabic became the language of religion, learning, commerce and government
Who ruled for the last 50 years of the Mughal empire?
Arazab
Who was shot while visiting the Serbia capital?
Archduke Franz Ferdinand and his wife Sophie
What does the term dar al-Islam refer to?
Areas that share a common Muslim culture as a basis for society.
Why the cow is sacred
Aryan pastoral society (wealth judged by cows, Rigveda refers to the cow as Devi (goddess)). Economic importance (practical: milk, butter, dung for lamps). Early Dravidian Sacred bull, (shape of horns might play into this
How are the Aryans different from the non-Aryans (dasas) that the Indo-Europeans encountered when migrated to India?
Aryans were taller and had lighter skin color, spoke a different language and had no writing system and counted their wealth in cows. Dasas were town dwellers who lived in walled communities.
end of empire (ME)
Asoka dies- breaks to smaller kingdoms
craft guilds
Associations of artisans and craftsmen organized to regulate the quality, quantity, and price of the goods produced as well as the number of affiliated apprentices and journeymen.
Timur
Attacked the Ottoman empire and left it in shambles.
Even thought the Serbs agreed to most of Austria's demands, what happened?
Austria declared war on Serbia
Emperor Francis Joseph
Austrian emperor who split his empire in half, declaring Austria and Hungary independent states
New Europe
Authority became increasingly localized in the hands of aristocratic families. Societal structure was feudal and manorialism was the dominant economic system throughout the Middle Ages.
Montezuma II
Aztec emperor that caused the empire to weaken. .
Huitzilopochtli
Aztec god of sun and warfare.
Which of the following represents an idea of Karl Marx? A) the formation of trade unions would alleviate the problems of the industrial workers. B) the abuses of the capitalist system would be sovled only if the system was overthrown. C) Democratic reforms wouls bring equality to the underprivileged D) Factory owners should give workers minimum wage and health insurance.
B) the abuses of the capitalist system would be solved only if the system was overthrown
Which of the following statements best descibe the political heritage of classical China? A) Citizanes are obligated to participate in the institution of government B) The emperor is to the state as the father is to the family C) the leader with the strongest army will wield the power D) The emperor should be questioned by his people.
B) the emperor is to the state as the father is to the family
All of the following are results of the Industrial Revolution except... A) changes in working conditions B) the family unit serving as an economic unit. C) greater opportunity for economic advancement D) cheaper manufactured goods
B) the family unit serving as an economic unit
Why did Great Britain form an alliance with France?
B/C Germany was buidling ships to create a navy as strong as Britains
Zionism (T. Herzl) What Significance?
B/c there's a new Jewish nationalism(pride) looking for a nation
Who was the first Mughal emperor?
Babur
Akbar the Great
Babur's grandson. Promoted religious tolerance, abolished taxes, and was the greatest Mughal ruler (Took throne at age 13).
Who began the Mughal empire?
Babur, 11
Caligula
Bad Emperor, *37-41, *Mentally disturbed
Nero
Bad Emperor, *54-68, *Good administrator but vicious, *Murdered many, *Persecuted Christians
Domitian
Bad Emperor, *81-96, *Ruled dictatorially, *Feared treason everywhere and executed many
What were the military units called that Manchus were organized into?
Banners-"bannermen" were the primary fighting force of the empire
Codex
Bark-paper book.
"Tierra y Libertad"-
Battle cry of Zapata ("Land and Liberty")
1896
Battle of Adowa (Ethiopians defeat Italians)
What were some of the achievements of David?
Beat the giant Goliath, united the Israelites, established Jerusalem as the capital, founded a dynasty,
Why was Nigeria so hard to control?
Because Britain did not have enough troops
Hongwu
Began the Ming Dynasty. He reduced taxes and improved trade. Based off of Confucianism. (Zhu Yuanzhang)
Agricultural Revolution
Beginning in the 1700s, large landowners dramatically improved farming methods, leading into this period of time.
In 1421, Yongle moved the capital of China to
Beijing
What was the colony know as and how much bigger was it than Belgium?
Belgian Congo/ 80 times larger
Brussels
Belgians declared their independence from Dutch control
The treaties that Stanley signed gave who and what country control of the Congo?
Belgium/ King Leopold II
Scholastica
Benedict's sister; adapted rules for convents; 1st nun of Benedictine order
1885
Berlin Conference division of Africa
Straits of Gibraltar
Between the Iberic Peninsula (Portugal) and Africa; according to Plato's account, the legendary Atlantis, a land mass, was just outside the straits. It is also known as the Pillars of Hercules, joined Mediterranean Sea with N.Atlantic Ocean
Seven Weeks War
Bismark purposely stirred up conflicts with Austria over Schleswig and Holstein. these tensions provoked Austria into declaring war on Prussia in 1866. This conflict was known as the seven week's war.In the end, the Austrians were forced to give up the region of Venetia, which was given to Italy. Prussia ended up taking control of northern Germany. For the first time the eastern and western parts of Prussian kingdom were joined.
What did the war-guilt clause leave behind?
Bitterness & hatred in the hearts of German people, other countries felt cheated & betrayed
Obsidian
Black or green volcanic glass
Indian Religions
Blend of Aryan and Dravidian Culture. Hearth of many religions: Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism, Sikhism - 1/5 of world's population is Hindu or Buddhist - approx. 70% of India is Hindu (700 million+ followers) Mostly in India, don't actively seek converts, an ethnic religion
What was the most famous achievement of the Ming dynasty?
Blue and white porcelain
1899-1902
Boer War, British in control of South Africa
Buddhism: Holy books
Books on the teachings and life of the Buddha
Francisco Madero-
Born into a wealthy Mexican family and wanted democracy to spread in Mexico and arrested and exiled by Diaz to the US, after announcing his candidacy for president of Mexico. In exile, he called for Mexican revolution against Diaz. After the revolution he was elected president in 1911.
What do the Aztec and Mongols have in common?
Both groups expanded their empire by conquering and dominating neighboring areas.
What is a similarity between the Russian Revolution (1917) and the Chinese Revolution (1949)?
Both involved a bloody civil war.
What is the cause of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict in the latter half of the 20th century?
Both sides had religious and historic claims to the same land.
three major gods of Hinduism
Brahman, often referred to as Brahma: the creator, considered highest yet gets very little devotion (made thing and stepped aside) Vishnu: The preserver Siva: the destroyer
Castes
Brahmin, Kshatriya, Vaishya, Shudra
Hinduism: leaders
Brahmins
Hindu major Gods
Brama, vishnu, shiva
Cuban Missile Crisis
Brink-of-war confrontation between the United States and the Soviet Union over the latter's placement of nuclear-armed missiles in Cuba.
Who controlled Nigeria?
Britain
Who won?
Britain
What 2 countries helped the Ottomans?
Britain and France
What did the Triple Entente guarantee?
Britain wouldn't fight against France & Russia bud did not have to fight w/ them
Shift in power
Britain, France, Austria, Prussia, and Russia used to be the 5 powers but now the powers are clearly Britain and Prussia
What other European countries were soon claiming parts of Africa?
Britain, Germany, Italy, Portugal, and Spain
1807
British abolition of Trans-Atlantic slave trade
What 2 countries fought the Boer War?
British and Boers
Cecil Rhodes
British colonial financier and statesman in South Africa.
In 1905 who was the largest and most powerful empire in the word?
British empire
William Wordsworth and Saul Taylor Coleridge
British poets that honored nature as the source of truth and beauty
Charles Townshend
British prime minister who proposed the Townshend Act.
What does Raj refer to?
British ruler after India came under the British Crown during the Victorian Age
Who did the Boers clash with in the early 1800's and where did they go?
British/ North
How did the Taiping Rebellion end?
Brought down by Taiping leaders and family feuding (after Hong Xiuquan had put them in charge and his bailing). Outside attacks by British, French, and Qing imperial troops. Taiping rebellion ended in 1864 with at least 20 million dead.
Dharma and karma are important concepts in what two religions?
Buddhism and Hinduism.
Nirvana
Buddhist concept of a state of spiritual perfection and enlightenment in which distracting passions are eliminated
What new countries had formed in this area?
Bulgaria, Greece, Montenegro, Romania, Serbia
What countries did Manchu extend their borders into?
Burma, Korea, Manchuria, Mongolia, Nepal, Tibet, Tiwan
How was the Mongol empire overthrown?
By a peasant rebellion led by Zhu Yuanzhang
How were Napoleon's conquests and reforms of European lands received outside of France? Did they accept many of the reforms? Did they revolt against French control?
By conquering most of Europe and instituting revolutionary reforms throughout the empire. The conquered accepted many of the reforms but revolted against French control.
How did the Qing attempt to identify rebels?
By forcing all Chinese to adopt Manchu dress and hairstyles Males shaved their heads and braided it into a QUEUE
How did women associated with the palace court of the Ottoman Empire wield power?
By influencing the sultan behind the scenes
The Hagia Sophia was the canter of what empire?
Byzantine
Which of the following is true in both Mesopotamia and Eqypt? A) Both were organized into city-states. B) Both were ruled by a military dicatorship. C) Both used writing systems. D) Both had monothestic belief systems.
C) Both used writing systems.
Buddhism and Christianity have which of the following in common? A) Belief in one god B) A hierachal organization C) An emphasis on missionary activity D) De-emphasis on rituals
C) emphasis on missionary activity
All of the following were key principles of the formation of the United States except... A) a written constitution B) a federal government based on popular sovereignty. C) equality for all D) three branches of government
C) equality for all
All of the following are advancements that occured during the Tang or Song except... A) the first use of the compass B) the invention of gunpowder C) the decimal system D) paper money
C) the decimal system
Cultural Revolution
Campaign in China ordered by Mao Zedong to purge the Communist Party of his opponents and instill revolutionary values in the younger generation
What did the Ottomans make the first of to take to Constantinople?
Canons
Cordoba
Capital of Umayyads(established by Abd al Rahman) in Spain; became known as the center for learning and intellectual life b/c of its libraries, was also widely tolerant of "the people of the book".
Who formed the New Mexican Constitution?
Carranza in 1917
How has Hinduism influenced social structure in India?
Caste system: 1)Priests 2)Warriors 3)Traders and Landowners 4)Peasants and Traders
Cavour & Garibaldi Who?
Cavour: Prime minister of Sardinia-Piedmont Garibaldi: a leader in south Italy, an ass kicker (lead the red shirts (peasants) who conquered parts of south Italy)
Where did the religions of Islam and Buddhism come into most contact with each other from 600 to 1450 CE?
Central Asia.
What did Tokugawa do?
Centralized the traditional system that survived for 250 years
1 leader (GE)
Chandra Gupta I
End of GE
Chandra Gupta II dies
What are two technologies that helped the Hittites build their Empire?
Chariots and iron work (wheels, iron swords)
Child Labor
Children were viewed as laborers, working in farms, small businesses, mills, and factories.
Which region had the most advanced naval system from 600 to 1450 CE?
China
supporting foreigners and robbery"
China did not become highly industrialized for two main reasons. First, the idea of commerce offended China's Confucian beliefs. Merchants made their money "_____________." Second, Chinese economic policies traditionally favored agriculture.
Ming Dynasty
China had become the dominant power in Asia under this dynasty. The rulers were not going to allow outsiders from distant lands to threaten the peace and prosperity that they had brought to China when they ended Mongol rule.
Mandate of Heaven
Chinese belief that the emperors ruled through the approval of heaven contingent on their ability to look after the welfare of the population
Zhou
Chinese dynasty that created the concept of the Mandate of Heaven to justify its rule
Xia
Chinese dynasty that is known mainly from legend
Han Dynasty
Chinese dynasty that ruled an expanding empire with a large bureaucracy based upon Legalist and Confucian values; taxed agriculture and trade and raised large armies to colonize Vietnam, Korea, and the Xiongnu territory
Guangzhou-
Chinese harbor that was the only port that would allow foreigners to do business because China earned money on exports, not imports
Shang Dynasty
Chinese kingdom in which agricultural surpluses supported large armies and a large network of walled towns
Jiang Jieshi
Chinese nationalist leader that was against Mao; supported by the US; loss to Mao, so he and his followers fled to Taiwan
Legalism
Chinese philosophy from the Zhou dynasty that called for harsh suppression of the common people
Daoism
Chinese philosophy with origins in the Zhou dynasty associated with legendary philosopher Laozi; called for a policy of inaction
legalism
Chinese political philosophy based on the idea that a highly efficient and powerful government is the key to social order.
Tenochtitlan
City established on an island on Lake Texcoco.
Machu Picchu
City excavated by Hiram Bingham whose purpose is unknown
Mecca
City located in the mountainous region along the Red Sea in Arabian Peninsula; founded by Umayyad clan of Quraysh; site of Ka'ba; original home of Muhammad; location of cheif religious pilgrimage point in Islam, becaue it has the Kaba
Why did Russia withdraw from the war?
Civil unrest due to war-related food and fuel shortage
Umayyad
Clan of Quraysh that dominated politics and commercial economy of Mecca; clan later able to establish dynasty(Caliphate) as rulers of Islam located in Damascus Syria, until the Abbasids took over.
Holy Alliance
Coalition of Russia, Austria and Prussia created in 1815 at the request of Alexander I of Russia, signed in Vienna on September 26, 1815. Was to instill the Christian values of charity and peace in European political life. Monarchs used this to prevent revolutionary influence (French Revolution) from entering these nations. It was against democracy, revolution, and secularism.
Chivalry
Code of Conduct for Knights
Bushido
Code of conduct for Samurai during the feudal period in Japan, translates to "Way of the Warrior."
Which crop was not spread from the new world to Afro-Eurasia through the Columbian Exchange?
Coffee
Discuss the positive effect of Colonial rule
Colonialism reduced local warfare Humanitarian efforts improved sanatation and provided hospitals and schools economic expansion European buisness intrests
1853
Commodore Perry opens Japan
merchant guilds
Communal enterprises, people commonly linked by similar occupations as united enterprise provided them with greater security and less risk of losses than did individual action.
Xiao
Confucian concept of respect for one's parents and ancestors
What philosophies were becoming more unimportant for the Chinese?
Confucian philosophies
Where did Stanley explore and whose interest did it spark?
Congo/ KIng Leopold II
1815
Congress of Vienna
What was Istanbul's former name?
Constantinople
What was one of the main reasons for the quick changes in China and Japan?
Contact with the west (arrival of Potuguese ships in Chinese and Japnese ports in the sixteenth century)
Why was the collapse of empire more severe in western Europe than in the eastern Mediterranean and China?
Continued waves of nomadic invasions made recovery difficult.
Yi Song-gye
Controlled Korea and began the Choson Dynasty.
What did the French, English, and Dutch produce on the Caribbean Islands?
Cotton and Sugar
What does total war mean?
Countries devoted all their resources to the war effort
Qing Dynasty
Created by the Manchus (people from Manchuria). This dynasty ruled for more than 260 years and expanded China's borders to include Taiwan, Chinese Central Asia, Mongolia, and Tibet.
James Hargreaves
Created the spinning jenny, beginning of a machine doing a man's work.
Pope Leo III
Crowned Charlemagne Holy Roman Emperor
How did Cuba's first 10-year war against Spain end?
Cuba lost in 1878.
How do India and Cuba's roles during the Cold War compare?
Cuba was a supporter of the Soviet Union, while India remained nonaligned.
Fidel Castro
Cuban socialist leader who overthrew a dictator in 1959 and established a Marxist socialist state in Cuba (born in 1927)
Olmec
Culture that greatly influenced the Maya.
Prague
Czech liberals demanded bohemian independence, by 1849 Europe had returned to the conservatism that controlled the govts before
The Columbian Exchange caused all of the following except... A) the population of Native Americans declined B) American foods were introduced to Europe C) European diseases were introduced to Europe D) African diseases were introduced to Europe
D) African diseases were introduced to Europe
This quote demonstrates which belief of the Chinese rulers? A) Trade is mutually beneficial to China and other nations who trade with it. B) China's economic growth relies on foreign trade. C) China gains from trade at the expense of those who pay for Chinese goods. D) China has little to gain in trade with Europeans. E) England is a country to be feared.
D) China has little to gain in trade with Europeans.
1. All of the following explain the decline of the Islamic empires EXCEPT A) a series of weak rulers. B) cultural conservatism towards foreign inventions and knowledge. C) rising tensions between different religious groups. D) European control of trade in the Indian Ocean. E) the high cost of maintaining a military and administration.
D) European control of trade in the Indian Ocean.
Which of he following empires existed more than 500 years after the others? A) Han B) Roman C) Gupta D) Song
D) Song
All of the following are true statements about Islam except... A) Muhammad was the messenger of God. B) all are equal under the eyes of God. C) Muslims should pray five times a day. D) a clear line of succession was established after Muhammad's death.
D) a clear line of succession was established after Muhammad's death
One of the results of the peace brought by the Tokugawa period was A) a tremendous growth in European trade. B) an even greater political role for the samurai. C) the tripling of the Japanese population between 1600 and 1850. D) a reduction in status for the samurai and daimyo. E) a resurgence in daimyo authority.
D) a reduction in status for the samurai and daimyo.
All of the following were characteristics of classical civilizations except... A) social stratification B) extensive trade C) an organized bureaucracy D) democratic institutions
D) democratic instiutions
All of the following statements describe developments in the Ottoman Empire from 1750 to 1900 except... A) Europeans were exempt from following Ottoman law B) Tanzimat reformers were inspired by Enlightenment thought C) The Young Turk Party promoted reforms D) the Islamic leadership, or ulama, supported the liberal reforms
D) the Islamic leadership, or ulama, supported liberal reforms
All of the following are true about Japan from 1450 to 1750 expect... A) foreign trade was restricated by government B) the shogun ruled the country C) Christians were persecuted C) the economy declined
D) the economy declined
Wuwei
Daoist concept of a disengagement from the affairs of the world
What missionary from Scotland went deep into Africa and was presumed dead?
David Living Stone
Who claimed the lower area Mississippi for France?
De La Salle
William of Normandy
Defeated Harold Godwinson for the throne at the Battle of Hastings in 1066. AKA William the conqueror and William I of England.
Where did Jahan move the capital to and why?
Delhi because he was so distraught when his wife died.
Robert Fulton
Designed the first commercially successful steamboat and the first steam warship.
Why is the Boxer Rebellion significant?
Despite its failure it brought China the sense of Nationalism and that foreign intervention must be resisted especially by their own Chinese government. Eventually Qing court realized they needed to change to survior and went on a World Tour.
scorched-earth policy
Destroying crops and livestock so that one's enemy has nothing to use for food as they invade. Used by the Russians when Napoleon invaded in 1812.
What was discovered in southern Africa in the 1860's and 1880's?
Diamonds
Order and Progress-
Diaz's political slogan
Anastasio Somoza
Dictator of Nicaragua who for years ruled it like a private preserve, executing opponents at will. By the late 1970's poverty stricken people supported a new party (Sandinista National Liberation Front)
Bushido
Disciplined and focused way of life for samurai.
what was a reason why the spanish american revolutions took longer and were more difficult than the north american revolutions?
Divisions between creoles and Native Americans
World Tour-
Dowager Empress sent a group of Chinese officials to study foreign countries different governments. When they returned to China they suggested to restructure their government to be like the Japanese Constitutional Monarchy. Cixi began making reforms and in 1917 they established a full constitution.
What did the English King Charles II grant allow his brother the Duke of York to do?
Drive the Dutch out of New Netherland
Self-Strengthening Movement-
During the 1860's. This movement in China promoted by Dowager Empress Cixi to update China's military, education, and diplomatic service.
they blended the teachings of confucianism, buddhism, and Daoism, this created neo-confucian teachings.
During the song dynasty what changes happend in confucian thought?
What 2 European countries clashed in South Africa?
Dutch and British
Who was the first European country to settle in South Africa? When?
Dutch in 1652
What were Boers?
Dutch settlers
Qing Dynasty
Dynasty that took China's rule after the Manchus attacked the Ming. Government positions were distributed evenly.
Ming Dynasty
Dynasty that was started by Hongwu. Weakened because of high taxes and crop failure. The Manchu destroyed it.
. After the arrival of the Europeans, A) the East Asian societies quickly fell under indirect European economic control. B) the rapid spread of Christianity threatened the very survival of Buddhism. C) the East Asian societies immediately fell under direct European control. D) the East Asian societies quickly copied the ways of the more advanced Europeans. E) East Asian societies largely controlled their own affairs until the nineteenth century.
E) East Asian societies largely controlled their own affairs until the nineteenth century.
Beginning in the 17th century, Japanese foreign policy included all of the following EXCEPT A) forbidding Japanese to travel overseas. B) a prohibition on the construction of ships. C) a ban on the importation of foreign books. D) strict control of trade with Asian countries. E) an economic and military alliance with the Spanish.
E) an economic and military alliance with the Spanish.
Who became the dominant force in European trade at the end of the 17th century?
ENGLISH replaced the PORTUGUESE English established first trading post at Canton
Rajas and Maharajas
Each tribe led by chieftain ('prince'); aided by council of elders composed of other leaders of the tribe. Normally a member of warrior class kshatriya. Representatives of the gods, not gods themselves. 5. As society grew more complex, ('great princes'). Custom of limited power continued.
When did the Ottoman empire fall?
Early 19th century but they still have an effect in the 20th century.
Domestic System
Early industrial labor system in which workers produced goods at home.
What were the other European countries looking for?
Easier and more direct route to the pacific
Which regions participated in Indian Ocean trade from 600 to 1450 CE?
East Africa, South Asia, and Middle East
What is one region that Christianity did not spread to by 600 CE?
East Asia.
From the British victory at the Battle of Plassey who became the leading power in India until 1858?
East India Company
Who set up trading posts at Bombay, Madras, and Calcutta?
East India Company
What was the purpose of his expedition?
Economic profit, curiosity, and to gain information
pharaohs
Egyptian kings considered to be gods on earth
Buddhism: Moral law
Eightfold path
Guglielmo Marconi
Electric engineer known as the father of the radio.
1863
Emancipation Proclamation in US
Atahualpa
Emperor of the Incan Empire when the spanish arrived.
Choson Dynasty
Empire in Korea that was based off of Confucianism and was overtaken by the Qing Dynasty in China.
Treaty of Nanjing in 1842-
Ended the Opium war gave Britian the island of Hong Kong.
Battle of San Jacinto-
Ended the Texas Revolt (1835-1836) and Santa Anna was captured.
Gottlieb Daimler
Engineer and automobile manufacturer, who produced first high-speed internal combustion engine.
Wollstonecraft
English author from 1759-97 who was one of the first feminists and preached woman's rights and denounced men for excluding them from Enlightenment ideas
Jethro Tull
English inventor advocated use of horses rather than oxen. Developed seed drill and selected breeding.
Richard the Lion Hearted
English king; one of the three Europe's most powerful monarchs; agreed to a truce with Saladin
Charles Darwin
English natural scientist who formulated a theory of evolution by natural selection.
Isaac Newton
English scientist; author of Principia Mathematica; drew various astronomical and physical observations and wider theories together in a neat framework of natural laws; established principles of motion and defined forces of gravity.
Anglos-
English speaking US colonists who moved to Texas.
Charles Dickens
English writer whose novels depicted and criticized social injustice; often focused on middle/ lower classes.
John Wycliffe
Englishman who preached that Jesus Chirst, not the pope, was the true head of the Church
Buddhism: Final goals
Enlightenment; Nirvana
What would this later require?
Enslaved Africans
Janissaries
Enslaved Christian boys that fought in the Ottoman military.
What was not one of the basic ideals of Enlightenment thinkers?
Equality for women.
Otto I
Established a Kingdom in Germany. He entered Italy twice to protect the church. He eventually was crowned, the first emperor of the Holy Roman Empire
What is ethical monotheism and why is it important?
Ethical monotheism is a term used to describe the belief in a God who guides humanity through ethical principles....
Where did the Ottoman empire expand to?
Europe, North Africa, South East Asia, and South West Asia (Middle East)
Where were France and England also fighting?
Europe, West India's and India
1848
European revolutions/ Marx and Engles write Communist Manifesto
Why was the contest between the Europeans and Africans never equal?
European's superior arms
Who was guilty of it?
Europeans
slaves
Eventually, Portuguese sailors traded for African captives to be used as what?
Ceuta
Explored and conquered by Prince Henry. The Portuguese invaders found exotic stores filled with pepper, cinnamon, cloves, and other spices. They encountered large supplies of gold, silver, and jewels.
Esma'il
FOUNDER OF SAFAVIDS
Chinampas
Farm plots built on marshy fringes of the lake.
Subsistence Farming
Farming that provides for the basic needs of the farmer without surpluses or marketing.
What was the capital of the Mughal empire made by Akbar?
Fatehpur Sikri
End of the Terror
Finally Robespierre goes too far and is arrested and sentenced to death., he is the last victim of the terror.
Truman Doctrine
First established in 1947 after Britain no longer could afford to provide anti-communist aid to Greece and Turkey, it pledged to provide U.S. military and economic aid to any nation threatened by communism.
Saul
First king of the Israelites
religious practices 2
Follow the 5 pillars of Islam, go on pilgrimages, Worship in Mosques, give alms
Factions split France
Food shortages and government debt still caused problems. The Legislative Assembly split into three groups.
extraterritorial rights-
Foreigners were not subject to laws of another country. For example-the US and some foreigners were not subject to Chinese law at Guangzhou and 4 other ports in China, after treaties were signed in 1844
Zen Buddhism
Form of Buddhism that stressed the perfection of personhood and meditation.
When Germany let their alliance with Russia lapse, what did Russia do?
Formed a military alliance w/ France
Cape of Good Hope
Found on the southern tip of Africa, the Dutch also controlled this place which was used as a resupply stop.
Sikkhism
Founded by Guru Nanak. It bounded elements of both Islam and Hinduism. Believed in one god and reincarnation.
Tokugawa Shogunate
Founded by Ieyasu, which held power until 1867. It was a dynasty of shoguns that ruled a unified Japan. This society was very structured. The actual ruler was the shogun, who was the supreme military commander. Below him were the daimyo, the powerful landholding samurai. Samurai warriors were next. The peasants and artisans followed them. Merchants were at the bottom.
Ottomans
Founded in the 1300s. Descendants of Osman I.
Karl Marx
Founder of modern communism; philosopher and economist.
Buddhism
Four noble truths: o All life is suffering o Suffering is caused by desire o End suffering by ending desire o End desire by avoiding a life of vulgar materialism and self torture
What was Woodrow Wilson's peace plan known as?
Fourteen Points
What country did Cartier represent?
France
What country did Champlain represent?
France
What country did Verrazano represent?
France
1789
French Revolution begins
National Assembly
French Revolutionary assembly (1789-1791). Called first as the Estates General, the three estates came together and demanded radical change. It passed the Declaration of the Rights of Man in 1789
What 2 Europeans lived mostly in peace with the Indians?
French and Dutch
What was this conflict called?
French and Indian war
Jean-Paul Marat
French revolutionary leader (born in Switzerland) who was a leader in overthrowing the Girondists and was stabbed to death in his bath by Charlotte Corday (1743-1793), Published a radical journal called Friend of the People.
Where did Yongle move the capital from?
From NANJING (where voyages were launched and ships were built) back to BEIJING (where officials focused on threats from the north)
What did most of the French settlers do?
Fur trading
Who overthrew Carranza?
General Obregon, but did not lead as a dictator and supported reforms such as land and public education. He was assassinated in 1928.
Alvaro Obregon
General who violently seized power/overthrew Carranza because Carranza did not support the final version of the Mexican Constitution. Promoted reforms and was assassinated in 1928.
Where was the Eastern Front?
German and Russian border
1871
German unification
Franks
Germanic people who lived and held power in France and Switzerland. The Franks had united into one kingdom and controlled the largest and strongest parts of Europe.
When Russia withdrew from the war, who seemed to be winning?
Germans
In the Western Front, what did the 2 sides gain?
Germans 4 miles British 5 miles
Why did the Treaty of Versailles not forge lasting peace?
Germans were forced to accept blame for the war and were severely punished.
Who did the Ottoman Turks ally with?
Germany
By 1914 who were the Central Powers? Who later joined them and why?
Germany & Austria-Hungary; Bulgaria & Ottoman Empire in hopes of regaining lost territories
Describe unrestricted submarine warefare and what country had this policy.
Germany & said they would sink w/o warning any ship in the waters around Britain
What did the Zimmerman note state?
Germany would help Mexico "reconquer" the land it had lost to the U.S if Mexico would become an ally to Germany
What was the Schlieffen Plan?
Germany's military plan at the outbreak WWI, German troops would rapidly defeat France & then move east to attack Russia
By the turn of the 20th century, who were the 6 great European powers?
Germany, Austria-Hungary, Great Britain, Russia, Italy, France
What 3 countries were in the Triple Allliance?
Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy
Osman I
Ghazi leader that built a strong state in Anatolia. Began the Ottoman Empire.
Babur was a descendant of who?
Ghengas Khan
Great Temple
Giant Aztec pyramid with twim temples
The Christian center of India was
Goa
Inti, Sun God
God the Inca rulers descended from.
Hadrian
Good Emperor, *117-138, *Consolidated earlier conquests, *Reorganized the bureaucracy
Antoninus Pius
Good Emperor, *138-161, *Reign largely a period of peace and prosperity
Marcus Aurelias
Good Emperor, *161-180, *Brought empire to height of economic prosperity, *Defeated invaders, *Wrote philosophy
Nerva
Good Emperor, *96-98 , *Began custom of adopting heir
Trajan
Good Emperor, *98-117 • Empire reached its greatest extent, *Undertook vast building program, *Enlarged social welfare
Gothic novels
Gothic horror stories became very popular, they took place in Gothic medievil castles and were filled with violence and supernatural events.
Kublai Khan
Grandson of Genghis Khan, and Mongol ruler, he completed the conquest of China and founded the Yuan dynasty.
What country insisted on overseeing financial control of the canal?
Great Britain
Who were the Allied Powers or Allies?
Great Britain France Russia
In 1907 what 2 countries divided Persia up into spheres of infouences?
Great Britain and Russia
Who was in the Triple Entente?
Great Britain, France, Russia
Who were the Munghals trading with?
Great Britian, dutch east trading company and the east India.
Magna Carta
Great Charter; guaranteed certain basic political rights
What 2 countries got their independence?
Greece and Serbia
Where is the Balkan Peninsula and what countries were located there?
Greece, Serbia, Bulgaria, Albania, Montenegro
Which region did the philosopher who said, "The unexamined life is not worth living" come from?
Greece. The philosopher was Socrates.
polis
Greek term for the city-state
Northeastern tribes
Groups of tribes that spoke similar languages & formed a political alliance.
The Ottomans, Safavids and Mughals were the first to use what?
Gunpowder
Opium-
Habit forming narcotic made from the poppy plant. Smuggled into China for Opium smoking. By 1835 12 million Chinese were addicted.
Which Atlantic Revolution had the only successful slave revolt in world history?
Haitian Revolution
1804
Haitian independence
Restoring china
Han dynasty
Harappan Cities
Harappa in the Punjab and Mohenjo-Daro nearly 400 miles to the South, near the mouth of the Indus River. Origins may be in the Dravidian people in Decccan Plateau. Earliest inhabitants from north through Khyber Pass in Hindu Kush mountains, and/or south from Africa in boats. Definitely had a pigmy-like African people.
used mud to mold, brick structures
Harrapan building
English East India Company
Having had many problems with the Dutch East India Company, they focused much of its energy on establishing outpost in India. There, they developed a successful business trading Indian cloth in Europe.
Mahavira
He established Jainism c.500. He emphasized meditation, self-denial and non-violence to all living things.
How did the Ming attempt to pacify frontier tribes?
He forged alliances with them, arranged marriages between them and the aristocracy, and granted trade priveledges
What were some of Shah Isma'il's accomplishments?
He got rid of corrupt rulers, brought in artists who helped unify and male the city look better, and conquered Iran.
How did Yongle attempt to reduce threats from the north?
He ordered resettlement of thousands of families from the Yangtze valley
What did Jahangir do?
He re-adopted Muslim as the state religion, build gardens and palaces, made urdu the official language
Penance at Canossa
He stood in the snow outside the gates of the castle of Canossa for three days, from 25 January to 27 January 1077, begging the pope to rescind the sentence (popularly portrayed as without shoes, taking no food or shelter, and wearing a hairshirt)
What did Mutsuhito symbolize?
He symbolized pride and nationalism.
Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna-
He was a powerful and clever Latin America caudillos who led Mexico's independence from Spain in 1821 and then became Mexico's president in 1833. During the Texas Revolt he won few early battles including the Alamo but lost in the battle of San Jacinto and lost Texas. Captured by Sam Houston then released to Mexico and fought again against the US because Texas was annexed by the US. Texas and the US signed the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo. Then exiled for 20 years and returns as unknown. He is significant because he was a powerful caudillos and led Mexico's independence from Spain.
What was one of Suleyman's failures?
He was not a good father, he had his son be killed that was heir of the throne. He had his second son exiled. The his unqualified 3rd son was put to power.
How did TImur, the Lame die?
He was traveling back home and died (He traveled more in his life than the majority of people).
Cao Zhan
He wrote "Dream of the Read Chamber" which examines upper class Manchu society in the 1700s.
Who was the Dutch's leader?
Henry Hudson
Education 2
Highest degree required ten years study. Students wore headdress called turban that was symbolic of divine light, wisdom, knowledge and excellent moral character
Himalayan and Karakoram mountains ranges
Highest mountains in the world. "roof of the world" - over 29,000 miles high - Tibetan word "Yeti" magical creature; abominable snow man. On border of India, Nepal, and Tivet. 1925 a Greek photographer claimed to see it and prints. Reputations (incl. Sir Edmund Hilary, character & competence)
What 2 religions kept India separated?
Hindu and Muslim
Vaishyas
Hindu caste of cultivators, artisans, and merchants
Brahmins
Hindu caste of priests; led ceremonies
Dharma
Hindu concept of obedience to religious and moral laws and order
Karma
Hindu concept that the sum of good and bad in a person's life will determine his or her status in the next life
Vishnu
Hindu god, preserver of the world, who was often incarnated as Krishna
Samsara
Hindu term for the concept of transmigration: the soul passing into a new incarnation
Varna
Hindu word for the original social division of Vedic people into four main social groups
Religious Change
Hindu-all about priests Buddh- increasingly difficult
Sikhism began as a syncretic combination of
Hinduism and Islam
What important contributions did the Aryans make to the culture and way of life in India in terms of religion, literature, and roles in society?
Hinduism, Vedas and Caste System
Samurai
Hired to protect landowners' land from local clans. Skilled warriors.
Hagia Sophia means what?
Holy Prayers
Frederick I
Holy Roman Emperor who was first to call the lands the Holy Roman Empire; strong personality, elected king; great military skills; a few enemies (Italian merchants and pope), who formed the Lombard League against him;
Crusades
Holy wars sponsored by the papacy for the recovery of the Holy Land from the Muslims in the late eleventh and early twelfth centuries.
Cro-Magnon
Homo sapiens sapiens, who appeared forty thousand years ago during the Paleolithic age and were the first human beings of the modern type
The Ming dynasty was founded by
Hongwu
Who were the two greatest rulers in the Ming dynasty?
Hongwu and Yongle
Yonglo
Hongwu's son emerged victorious after the death of his father which had lead to a power struggle. He continued many of his father's policies, but he moved the royal court to Beijing. He was very curious about the outside world. He launched the first of seven voyages of exploration. He wanted to expand China's tribute system.
Where did the Dutch settle?
Hudson River p, Hudson Bay, Hudson Strait
What 3 places were named after him?
Hudson river, Hudson bay, Hudson strait
Interchangeable Parts
Identical components that can be used in place of one another in manufacturing.
Louis Daguerre
Improved on earlier technologies to produce photographs.
navigation school
In 1419, Henry founded this on the southwestern coast of Portugal. Mapmakers, instrument makers, shipbuilders, scientists, and sea captains gathered there to perfect their trade.
civil war
In 1467, this shattered Japan's old feudal system.
Christopher Columbus
In 1492, an Italian sea captain had convinced Spain to finance a bold plan: finding a route to Asia by sailing west across the Atlantic Ocean. In October, he had reached an island in the Caribbean. His voyage would open the way for European colonization of the Americas.
Pope Alexander VI
In 1493, this man had to step in to keep peace between Spain and Portugal. He suggested an imaginary dividing line, drawn north to south, through the Atlantic Ocean. This would be known as the Treaty of Tordesillas.
Vasco da Gama
In 1497, this Portuguese explorer began exploring the east African coast. The next year, he reached the port of Calicut, on the southwestern coast of India. They were amazed by the spices, rare silks,a dn precious gems that filled the shops. Their cargo was worth 60 times the coast of the voyage. His remarkable voyage of 27,000 miles had given Portugal a direct sea route to India.
Goa
In 1510, Portuguese captured a port city on India's west coast. They made it the capital of their trading empire.
Malacca
In 1511, a Portuguese fleet attacked the city of _______ on the west coast of the Malay Peninsula. In capturing the town, the Portuguese seized control of the Straight of _______. Seizing this waterway gave them control of the Moluccas. These were islands so rich in spices that they became known as Spice Islands.
Straights of Hormuz
In 1514, Portugal built a fort here to establish control, connecting the Persian Gulf and Arabian Sea, and help stop Muslim traders from reaching India.
Ferdinand Magellan
In 1521, a Spanish expedition led by a man arrived in the Philippines. Spain claimed the islands and began settling them in 1565.
Batavia
In 1619, the Dutch established their trading headquarters here on the island of Java.
Korea
In 1636, the Manchus conquered and made this place a vassal state. It remained independent, but it existed in China's shadow. It had to organize its government according to Confucian principles.
Lord George Macartney
In 1793, he delivered a letter from King George III to Qian-long. It asked for a better trade arrangement, including Chinese acceptance of British manufactured goods. Qian-long denied Britain's request.
Monroe Doctrine-
In 1823, President James Monroe issued this document to secure Latin America from any European colonization. The US and Latin America feared European colonization. This document protected Latin America from outside control.
Opium War-
In 1839, battle between China and Britain, fought mostly at sea, over the British selling Opium to China. British won because of their steam powered gun boats. China and Britain both signed the Treaty of Nanjing (peace treaty). Giving Hong Kong to British.
Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo-
In 1845 US annexed Texas and this outraged Mexico and countries went to war again and Mexico lost again. Signed treaty in 1848, US received northern 1/3 of Mexico including California and American Southwest.
Mathew Perry-
In 1853, a US commodore who took 4 massive steamships with canons into Tokyo harbor this shocked Japans shogun. He was "delivering" President Fillmore's letter as a threat not as a polite letter like Fillmore intended. A year later Japan had no choice but to accept it because Perry came back with more ships. So Japan replied with the Treaty of Kanagawa in 1854.
Spanish-American War-
In 1898 when America joined for forces with Cuba against the Spanish. US first attacked the Philippines and Spanish were unprepared for war on two fronts so collapsed. War lasted 4 months.
When and how were the Boxers defeated?
In 1900 they were defeated by a multinational force of 19,000 people who marched to Beijing and quickly defeated the Boxers.
Roosevelt Corollary-
In 1904 Roosevelt issued an extension to the Monroe Doctrine that gave the US the right to be "an international police power" in the Western Hemisphere". The US issued this to protect their economic interests in Latin America.
Constitutional Reform-
In 1908 to create a constitution.
Japanese annexation of Korea-
In 1910 Japan officially annexed Korea, which brought that country under Japan's rule and took total control of Korean life, transforming everything into Japanese culture and life.
What was formed after Obregon was assassinated?
In 1929, the PRI (Institutional Revolutionary Party) arose and initiated an ongoing period of peace and political stability
Alaric
In 408, this King led the Visigoths across the Alps to Rome, they stormed and plundered it
Legalism
In China, a political philosophy that emphasized the unruliness of human nature and justified state coercion and control. The Qin ruling class invoked it to validate the authoritarian nature of their regime. (p.52)
Gentry
In China, the class of prosperous families who achieved their prosperity through education and civil service.
karma
In Hindu belief, all the actions that affect a person's fate in the next life
Where was the Mughal empire located?
In India, Pakistan, and Afganistan
jurors
In William the Conqueror's reign, a priest and six local people who swore an oath to answer truthfully all questions about their wealth.
caravel
In the 1400s, shipbuilders designed a new vessel. It was studier than earlier vessels. It had triangular sails that were adopted from the Arabs which allowed it to sail effectively against the wind.
U-2 Incident
In which the Russians shot down a high altitude US spy plane over the Soviet Union; this incident exposed a secret US tactic for gaining information.
Viracocha
Inca creator god.
Ayllu
Incan extended family.
Quipu
Incan set of knotted strings used to record data.
1820s
Independence in Latin America
The Boxer Rebellion was to China what the Sepoy Mutiny was to _______.
India
Who was considered Britain brightest "jewel in the crown?"
India
Gupta
Indian dynasty that briefly reunited India after the collapse of the earlier Mauryan dynasty, under their rule India enjoyed a Golden Age
Siddhartha Gautama
Indian kshatriya who achieved enlightenment and became known as the Buddha, the founder of Buddhism
Upanishads
Indian reflections and dialogues that reflected basic Hindu concepts
Jainism
Indian religion associated with the teacher Vardhamana Mahavira in which every physical object possessed a soul; believed in complete nonviolence to all living beings
caste
Indian social class system in which distinctions and restrictions on marriage, occupation, handling of food, and other matters are transferred through generations or through class
jati
Indian word for a Hindu subcaste
What 2 methods of management emerged and who used each?
Indirect: Britain and USA Direct: France
Movable Type
Individual characters made of wood or metal that can be arranged to create a job for printing and then used over again.
saints
Individuals that had lived particularly holy lives, and were consequently accorded great honor by medieval Christians. Saints were believed to possess the power to work miracles and were frequently invoked for healing and protection.
What is propaganda?
Information or material spread to advance a cause or to damaged an opponents cause
Immediate Cause of Fall of the Western Roman Empire
Invasion by Germanic tribes and by Huns
Wright Brothers
Inventors of the first modern airplane.
Vladimir Lenin was the the Russian Revolution as Ayatollah Khomeini was to the ___________.
Iranian Revolution
Robert Boyle
Irish chemist who established that air has weight and whose definitions of chemical elements and chemical reactions helped to dissociate chemistry from alchemy (1627-1691)
What Indians did the Dutch trade with?
Iroquois
What was the capital of the Safavid empire?
Isfahan
Pakistan and Indonesia are most associated with what religion?
Islam
What two religions does the Hagia Sophia combine?
Islam and Christianity
Decorative Arts 2
Islam change the arts to where geometric patterns and calligraphy about the Qur'an are important.
What style of architecture is represented in the Taj Mahal?
Islamic
Ayatollah Ruholla Khomeini
Islamic religious leader who led a revolution to overthrow Iran's government in 1979; he ruled the country for the next ten years on a strongly anti-American platform
Mughal Empire
Islamic ruling power that was known for its wealth and power. Created by Babur.
What is the Ottoman empire's capital?
Istanbul
What happened to the Ming dynasty in the 16th century?
It began to decline because of weak rulers which led to corruption, concentration on land ownership, and peasant rebellions
What is Meiji restoration?
It is a transformation of Japan from a closed feudal society to a modern power. Emperor realized best way to counter western influence was to modernize. So he sent diplomats to Europe and North America to study western ways. For example: they used Germany's constitution and strong central government as a model for their own, imitated British navy and German army as they modernized their military, adopted American system of Universal Public Education (everyone has to go to school). Japan also industrialized. They built their first railroad line in 1872 and their industries grew such as- silk, coal production, ship-building, and unique products. Japan's restoration payed off and Japan became a economic, military, and political powerful country.
What did Article 231 "War Guilt Clause" state and what did it make Germany have to do?
It placed sole responsibility for the war on Germany's shoulders. Germany had to pay reparations to the Allies.
How would you characterize Japan's imperialism in Korea?
It was brutal. They were harsh rulers. The world saw the brutal results of Japanese imperialism in Korea.
Why were members of the Third Estate dissatisfied with life under the Old Regime?
It was unfair for them to be heavily taxed.
Describe the economic impact the war had on Europe.
It wiped out the treasures of European countries & it destroyed acres of farmland, homes, villages, & tress
What did Japan's expansionism in Manchuria and China in the 1930s conicided with?
It's rapid industrialization
Matteo Ricci
Italian man who taught the Chinese about math and science.
Cavour & Garibaldi What Significance?
Italy is now one country, is now more powerful and a European power/ beware
What was the one asset of Russian?
Its numbers
what are some explanations for Europe's Industrial Revolution?
Its unique features of European society, economy, or history.
Who discovered the St. Lawrence?
Jacques Cartier
Who was Akbars son?
Jahangir
ahimsa
Jain term for the principle of nonviolence to other living things or their souls
What was the difference in the type of people that settled Jamestown from those who settled in Massachusetts?
James town settled by single, males Plymouth families who wanted to build a community
In 1600, Tokugawa Ieyasu unified
Japan
What 2 other countries joined a little later?
Japan & Italy
Sengoku
Japanese history (1467-1568) is known as what?
1796
Jenner's smallpox vaccine
Millets
Jews and Christians formed this (religious communities).
Zionism (T. Herzl) Why?
Jews had been spread out through Europe and suffered extreme anti-semitism and persecution
John Tyler and James K. Polk-
John Tyler annexed Texas on his last day of presidency. The next day James K. Polk took office.
Berlin Airlift
Joint effort by the US and Britian to fly food and supplies into W Berlin after the Soviet blocked off all ground routes into the city
French invade Mexico, why and what happened?
Juarez stopped paying debt to France, England, and Spain after the liberals defeated the conservatives. French ruler Napoleon III invaded Mexico took over the country with his choice of emperor, Austrian Archduke Maximilian. Juarez rebelled and France withdrew in 1867. The Archduke was captured and executed. Juarez starts to rebuild country returning to his reforms he had proposed 10 years before.
Storming of the Bastille
July 14, 1789 event; 1st sybolic act of violence against the monarchy the beginning of the French Revolution
Who forced Bismarck to resign?
Kaise Wilhelm II
What happened on November 9, 1918?
Kaise Wilhelm stepped down
Taiwan was conquered by
Kangxi
Who were the two greatest rulers of the Qing dynasty?
Kangxi and Qianlong
Who was said to be the greatest ruler in Chinese history and why?
Kangxi was a military leader, patron of the arts, stabilized imperial rule, TOLERANT of Christians
What was Qianlong known for?
Kangxi's grandson-Diligence, tolerance, military action, MAINLY expanded China's borders to their greatest size
Hinduism: Moral law
Karma
How might the belief in reincarnation provide a form of social control?
Karma was the ultimate form of accountability. If people had bad Karma then they could could achieve Moksha or be reincarnated to a higher caste.
Lay investiture
King created bishops and archbishops, when this was really the Popes job.
Who did Siam modernize itself under?
King mongbut
Simony
King sold church offices
Clans
Kinship or extended Families such as the ones that Mongols organized their society with.
What are three countries that paid tribute to China at some point in time?
Korea, Tibet, and Vietnam.
Bering Strait
Land bridge used by hunters and gatherers to migrate from Asia to the Americas.
How did foreign countries get a foothold in Latin American Industries?
Latin America would take out a high-interest loan in foreign countries and then could not pay them back so they took over that business.
Shaykhs
Leaders of tribes and clans within bedouin society; usually possessed large herds, several wives, and many children. The aythority was enforced by a band of free warriors whose families made up a majority of a given clan group.
Maximilien Robespierre
Leading figure of the French Revolution; he was known for his intense dedication to the Revolution. He became increasingly radical and lead the National Convention during its most bloodthirsty time
What ws the association called that the 14th point called for? What was its purpose?
League of Nations; To keep peace among nations
Who led a peasant revolt and why?
Li Zicheng (a postal worker who was fired) led the revolt caused by suffering from a major epidemic
Ponciano Arriaga-
Liberal Mexican leader like Juarez.
La Reforma-
Liberal reform movement who believed in... 1. Redistribution of land 2. Separation of Church and State 3. Increased educational opportunities for poor
By 1914 only what 2 African nations remained free from European control?
Liberia and Ethiopia
natural rights
Life, Liberty, and Property
Culture
Literature- poetry Performance arts- drama
Han dynasty emperor
Liu bang
Ferdinand De Lesseps-
Lived from 1805-1894, Born in Versailles, France. He was the French engineer who built the Suez Canal, who then began to dig across the Isthmus in Panama to build the Panama Canal in 1878 for the French, but failed, as construction stopped because the French ran out of money and developed diseases,so stopped.
Portugal
Located on the Atlantic Ocean at the southwest corner of Europe. It was the first European country to establish trading outposts along the west coast of Africa (they eventually pushed farther east into the Indian Ocean). They also took the lead in overseas explorations in part due to strong government support.
Queen Victoria
Longest ruling monarchy; Queen of Great Britain and India.
What was the French claimed land on the lower Mississippi named and for whom was it named?
Louisiana- French king Louis XIV
Why were lower castes more likely to convert to Buddhism?
Lower castes were treated poorly in Hinduism and not be locked into a social role in Buddhism
Where were the Portuguese eventually allowed to live?
Macao, where they stayed until the end of the twentieth century
John Kay
Man who revolutionized the one-hand loom and increased the production done by one worker.
Who was Ho Shen?
Manchu official who corrupted the court
What was the main economy source in China?
Manufactured goods were produced, and new crops were found which expanded the agricultural economy
Division of Labor
Manufacturing technique that breaks down a craft into many simple and repetitive tasks that can be performed by unskilled workers.
Hinduism: Number of gods
Many gods, all faces of Brahman
A State controlled Church
Many of National Assembly's reforms focused on the church. They took over Church lands and declared that church officials and priests should be paid as state officials. The Catholic Church lost both it's lands and its political independence. They used the proceeds from the sale of land to pay off France's debt. This alarmed many devout French Catholics. Even though the thought that the church and state should be together was and Enlightenment idea, many Catholics were offended.
June 1791
Marie Antoinette and Louis XVI try to escape from Paris
What Frenchmen explored the Great Lakes and Upper Mississippi?
Marquette & Joliet
Assembly Line
Mechanical system in a factory whereby an article is conveyed through sites t which successive operations are performed on it.
troubadours
Medieval poets in southern Europe who wrote and sang lyrical verses devoted to the themes of love, desire, beauty, and gallantry.
Scholastics
Medieval professors who developed a method of thinking, reasoning, and writing in which questions were raised and authorities cited on both sides of a question.
Congress of Vienna
Meeting of representatives of European monarchs called to reestablish the old order after the defeat of Napoleon I. (p. 594)
The Ottoman ruler who captured Constantinople was
Mehmed II
Olmecs
Mesoamerican civilization whose achievements include irrigation, a simple calendar and writing system, and small cities
Where did Abraham and his family original from?
Mesopotamia
Ziggurats
Mesopotamian temples
Francisco "Pancho" Villa-
Mexican revolutionary leader of the north, with "robin hood" ideas.
Emiliano Zapata-
Mexican revolutionary leader of the south, from a poor family like "Pancho", whose battle cry was "Tierra y Libertad" ("Land and Liberty"). "Pancho" Villa and Zapata won important battles against Diaz's army.
Texas Revolt-
Mexico encouraged Anglos to move to Texas for inexpensive land and agreeing to follow Mexican laws but as the population increased the Anglos wanted their own self-government. Mexico refused and Stephen Austin, a leading Anglo, led the revolt against Mexico in 1835. Santa Anna won few early battles but in the Battle of San Jacinto Mexico lost and Santa Anna was captured and later released by Texan Leader Sam Houston.
What man was responsible for this?
Middelic II
Middle Class/ Bourgeoisie
Middle class that included merchants industrialists, and professional people; demand privileges which include freedom from tolls.
Zheng He
Ming admiral who led seven journeys around the Indian Ocean.
The ideas of nonviolence and cottage factories, particulary home spun cloth, was supported by which 20th century leader?
Mohandas Gandhi
Hinduism: Final Goal
Moksha
Monasteries and Convents
Monasteries: Monks (Men) Convents: Nuns (Women) Both ruled by the Pope
Where did China extend its rule into?
Mongolia, Central Asia, and Vietnam
Buddhism: leaders
Monk
What are two ways in which early Judaism differed from other religions of the time?
Monotheistic, God was omnipotent
caudillos-
Most of Latin American rulers were caudillos, people who controlled new nations as military dictators. The wealthy land owners supported them because the caudillos often gave little power to the lower class. Supported by the army which enabled them to seize control of the government.
Sunnis
Most other Muslims' section of Islam.
Ka'ba
Most revered religious shrine in Pre-Islamic Arabia; located in Mecca; focus of obligatory annual truce among bedouin tribes; later incorporated as important Shrine in Islam. Owned by the Quraysh for a while.
Temple of the Sun
Most sacred of all Incan shrines
Pompeii
Mt. Vesuvius erupted in AD 79, killing about 2,000. Best example of frescoes, large, bright murals found here
During the time period of 1450 t0 1750, Ottomans were to the Middle East and North Africa as the ______ empire was to South Asia.
Mughal
What empire do Babur, Humayun, Akbar, Jahangir, Shah Jahan, and Aurangzib belong to?
Mughal
What ruling India dynasty af first kept them under control?
Mughal Empire
Today we call people who are powerful and rich what?
Mughals
Who became the new hereditary ruler of Egypt?
Muhammad Ali
Banu Hashim
Muhammad's clan in the tribe of Quraysh Named after Prophet's great grandfather Poor clan with traditional emphasis on tribal connectivity that shift to individualism with Islam's emphasis on individual responsibility to God and society, not tribes.
Besides Africa, where else did Europeans go to colonize?
Muslim lands, Mediterranean
Saladin
Muslim leader and Kurdish warrior during the Crusades
The word ghazi refers to
Muslim religious warriors.
Education 1
Muslims encouraged education and built schools and centers of learning
Who got rid of extraterritorial rights for citizens living in Japan?
Mutsuhito in 1894, foreign powers excepted the abolition of extraterritorial rights
Meiji Era-
Mutsuhito's 45 years of reign over Japan following Tokugawa shogun stepping down over anger that he had given into foreign demands
What event aided the success of the Latin American independence movements in the 1800s?
Napolean's invasion of Spain
Maximilian Archduke of Austria-
Napoleon III choice of emperor of Mexico after invasion by the French, English, and Spain. Executed after the French withdrew in 1867.
Coup d'Etat
Napoleon ended the Directory in a coup d'etat and substituted a strong dictatorship for a weak one. Coup d'etat means "Blow to the state"
March 1, 1815
Napoleon escaped from Elba and was received joyously.
The Invasion of Russia
Napoleon tried to invade but Russians dont fight and retreat, leaving the Grand Army with no food -only 40,000 survived
December 2, 1804
Napoleon was crowned the Emperor of France in an elaborate ceremony in the Notre Dame Catherdral in Paris
Continental System
Napoleon's efforts to block foreign trade with England by forbidding Importation of British goods Into Europe.
What was a powerful force in these countries?
Nationalism
What are Kwame Nkrumah, Jomo Kenyatta, and Franz Fanton examples of?
Nationalist leaders
What are the Indian National Congress and the Pan-African Congress examples of?
Nationalist organizations aimed at removing European control.
Totem
Natural object which an individual, clan or group identifies itself.
What did the Treaty of Nerchinsk do?
Negotiated with Jesuit missionaries living at the Qing court-Settled boundary dispute and provided regular trade between the two countries
What was France's empire in North America known as?
New France
What did the Dutch call their land in America?
New Netherlands
What did Verrazano discover?
New York Harbor
1893
New Zealand grants women suffrage
Architectural Styles 2
New designs for houses. No longer cone shaped, thatched roofs, but houses made of brick with flat.
Daniel Ortega
Nicaraguan revolutionary leader and politician. He helped establish the Government of National Reconstruction after the overthrow of the Somoza regime (1979) and later served as president (1984-1990).
Did reformers such as Sarmiento often stay in power long?
No, often replaced by caudillos with the support of the military and wealthy land owners.
Emigres
Nobles, clergy, and others who had fled France and its revolutionary forces
Toyotomi Hideyoshi
Nobunaga's best general continued after Oda had died. He set out to destroy the daimyo that remained hostile. By 1590, by combining brute force with shrewd political alliances, he controlled most of the country. He eventually wanted to conquer China; therefore, he invaded Korea in 1592. When he died in 1598, his troops withdrew from Korea.
Bedouin
Nomadic pastoralists of the Arabian peninsula; culture based on camel and goat nomadism; early converts to Islam., the key towns(Mecca, Medina) found in Arabia were as much an extension of these groups culture and were heavily shaped by them, also largely contributed heravily to the safety of the trade routes.
The Mongols, Turks, and Vikings are all examples of what?
Nomadic people
Pastoralists
Nomads who herded domesticated animals on which they depended for most of their food and traveled a familiar pattern for the best grazing lands.
How did Darwin's theory support racism?
Non-Europeans were considered to be on a lower scale of sulture, so they were not the "fittest" in the eyes of the Europeans
Did we join the League of nations?
Nope!
Manchuria
Northeast of the Great Wall lay _____. In 1644, their people invaded China and the Ming Dynasty collapsed.
When did WWI come to an end?
November 11, 1918
What are Dunhuang, Kashgar, and Samarkand examples of from 600 to 1450 CE?
Oasis towns on the Silk Road
Middles Ages
Occurred after the decline of the Roman Empire 500-1500; also known as the Medieval Period
Quechua
Official language of the Inca.
The English and the French fought over what land claims?
Ohio Valley
Judaism: Number of gods
One God
Oda Nobunaga
One daimyo defeated his rivals and seized the imperial capital Kyoto in 1568.Following his own motto, "rule the empire by force," he sought to eliminate his remaining enemies. It was the first time firearms had been used effectively in battle in Japan. He wasn't able to unify Japan. He committed suppuku when one of his own generals turned on him.
Tokugawa Ieyasu
One of Hideyoshi's strongest daimyo allies that completed the unification of Japan. In 1600, he defeated his rivals at eh Battle of Sekigahara. His victory earned him the loyalty of daimyo throughout Japan. He became the sole ruler (shogun). He moved the capital to Edo.
Who were the Manchus?
One of the alliances with the Ming who were a mix of agicultural and hunting people who lived in modern-day Manchuria
Kangxi
One of the two powerful Manchu rulers that contributed greatly to the acceptance of the new Qing dynasty. He became emperor in 1661 and ruled for some 60 years. He reduced government expenses and lowered taxes. Both a scholar and patron of arts, he gained the support of intellectuals by offering them government positions. He enjoyed having Jesuits at court.
Latin America's economy diverged from Europe's in the nineteenth century because:
Only a very limited market developed for manufactured goods
Where was the only violent social revolution leading to industrialization?
Only in Russia
Abd al-Rahman
Only survivor of the abbasid raid, he crossed the arabian peninsula into spain and was accpeted into Cordoba as unquestioned leader. He set up to Ummyyad Cordoba Caliphate in Spain.
What did the Dutch do to encourage settlers?
Open door to a verity of people
NATO
Organization formed in 1949 as a military alliance of western European and North American states against the Soviet Union and its east European allies.
Social Reform
Organized attempt to improve what is unjust or imperfect in society.
Buddhism: Number of gods
Originally no gods
Harappan Geography
Origins o Lower reaches of Indus Valley in modern Pakistan. Used to be much more fertile (a common theme - present dispute about global warming) o May have covered 600,000 square miles, from Himalayas to coast of the Indian ocean. An area much larger than that of Egypt or Mesopotamia. 100's of villages and many cities along river valleys
The founder of the Ottoman dynasty was
Osman Bey
Who's followers became known as Ottomans?
Osman I (Othman)
Who unified Germany? What did he do to France?
Otto Von Bismarck; Isolate
What empire was inspired by its status as an Islamic outpost on the border of the Christian world?
Ottoman
With what empire do Osman, Tamerlane, Mehmed I, Murad II, Mehmed II, Suleyman belong to?
Ottoman
Who had been ruling the Balkans?
Ottoman Empire
Napoleon Bonaparte
Overthrew French Directory in 1799 and became emperor of the French in 1804. Failed to defeat Great Britain and abdicated in 1814. Returned to power briefly in 1815 but was defeated and died in exile.
Countries that border the Pacific Ocean are called part of the what?
Pacific rim
Papal Indulgence
Paper that gives forgiveness for sins
What was the peace talks called? Where did they meet?
Paris Peace Conference; Palace of Versailles
Samuel Morse
Patented telegraph and developed the Morse code.
What new crops were introduced by the Americans?
Peanuts, sweet potatoes, and maize
Manchus
People of Manchuria. They invaded China and the Ming Dynasty collapsed. They seized Beijing, and their leader became China's new emperor. They took a Chinese name for their dynasty, Qing Dynasty.
Describe Africa in the mid 1800's before European domination of Africa
People were divided into hundreds of ethnic and linguistic groups. They had different religions and spoke more than 1000 languages
Pueblo builders
People who lived in the four Corners region & built cliff dwelligns
satraps
Persian administrators, usually members of the royal family, who governed a satrapy
Zarathustra
Persian prophet who founded Zoroastrianism
Zoroastrianism
Persian religion based on the teaching of the sixth-century-BCE prophet Zarathustra; emphasis on the duality of good and evil and on the role of individuals in determining their own fate influenced later religions
qanat
Persian underground canal
In the 1890's where did the US begin to colonize?
Philippines
Mesopotamia
Phoenecians trade, farming, nomadic herding
Who came to America in 1620?
Pilgrims
What colony did they Pilgrims settle?
Plymouth
Name 4 new weapons of war.
Poison Gas Machine Gun Tank Submarine
congress of Vienna What Significance?
Political conservatism ruled Europe for a generation and the nationalistic uprisings in much of Europe were overpowered.
Venustiano Carranza-
Politician who wanted to overthrow Huerta and recieved help from "Pancho" Villa and Zapata. Took over government then attacked "Villa" and Zapata, trapped Zapata and murdered him, end of the Mexican Civil War.
Prince Henry
Portugal's most enthusiastic supporter of exploration was the song of the king. His dreams of overseas exploration began in 1415 when he helped conquer the Muslim city of Ceuta in North Africa.
gold and ivory
Portuguese sailors traded with Africans for such profitable items as what? (2)
Government and Law 2
Power originally with local leaders changed with Islam to a centralized government
Pachacuti
Powerful ambitious Incan tuler that conquered all fo Peru.
Daimyo
Powerful warlords that fought over Japan's land.
Prisoners of war
Preferred sacrifice victims of the Aztecs
Vishnu
Preserver god
John F. Kennedy
President during Bay of Pigs and Cuban Missile Crisis.
Judaism: leaders
Priests, judges, kings, prophets
Commercial expansion
Primary goal of government to expand trade.
Otto von Bismark Who?
Prime minister of Prussia; real politic and Machiavellian=ruthless, does what has to be done to get the job done
Camillo de Cavour
Prime minister of Sardinia-Piedmont who strove to unite Northern Italy. He increased support for Sardinia by building highways and railroads, granting civil liberties, and restricting clerical privileges. He feared Garibaldi for his attack on Rome (which would bring war w/ France) and his popular appeal.
legitimacy
Principle by which monarchies that had been unseated by the French Revolution or Napoleon were restored
separation of powers
Principle by which the powers of government are divided among separate branches
Who were the chief beneficiaries of all of the Atlantic revolutions, except Haiti?
Propertied white men of the "Middling Classes"
Ali
Prophet Muhammad's son-in-law; a leading figure in the Shi'a branch of Islam, the fourth caliph of Islam who is considered to be the first caliph by Shiites,he was meant to be the original successor of Muhammad but was too young. Caused warfare between the Sunnis and Shi'a for not punnishing the murderer of the 3rd caliph, Uthman Us
Muhammad
Prophet of Islam; born c. 570 to Banu Hashim clan of Quraysh tribe in Mecca; raised by father's family; received revelations from Allah in 610 C.E. and thereafter; died in 632. Married Khadijah, and established the Koran and the 5 pillars of Islam after a "revelation" from Gabriel.
Open Door Policy-
Proposed by US to china in 1899. To keep China's doors opened to merchants from all nations. The US was worried the China would be divided into different colonies and therefore stop trade with the US. Left China still at the mercy of foreign powers
Sigmund Freud Why Significant?
Proved that the human mind is not rational as thought, humans are driven by Unconscious!! (something deep inside of ones body, don't know where it comes from) weakened peoples faith in the enlightenment
Prussia's expansion
Prussia and Austria formed and alliance and went to war against Denmark to win 2 border provinces( Schleswig and Holstein), a quick victory increased national pride among Prussians, it also won respect from other Germans and lent support for Prussia as head of a unified Germany, after the victory Prussia took control of Schleswig while Austria controlled Holstein
Prussia leads Geramn Unification
Prussia had many advantages: Prussia's army was very strong, Prussia mainly had a German population, nationalism unified Prussia, Austria-Hungary tore apart due to ethnic groups, and Berlin rioters forced a constitutional convention to write up a liberal constitution for the kingdom, paving the way for unification
What Spanish colonies were turned over to the US after the Spanish-American War?
Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines
What group came 10 years after the Pilgrims and why?
Puritans sought religious freedom from England's Anglican church
What things contributed to the English not getting along as well with the Indians?
Pushing Indians off their land, Seizing land, Religious differences
Qianlong
Qing emperor that brought the Qing dynasty to its height.
Which ruler made Vietnam, Burma, and Nepal vassal states of China?
Quinlong
What was created to make the civil service system more fair?
Quotas were established for each major ethnic group and each province Manchus were unfair because they let candidates purchase their degree instead of going through the system
Vikings invade Europe 800 to 1000's
Raided England, Ireland along the coast and rivers Sold people into slavary and took all of their things
George Stephenson
Railway pioneer who first built passenger railway.
When compared to the American Revolution, what was a distinguishing characteristic of the French Revolution regarding liberties? Did it create society from scratch?
Re-creating it from scratch
What did the Suez Canal connect?
Red Sea to the mediterainan
By WWI what had happened to the Ottoman Empire?
Reduce in size and in power
Feudalism
Reed for protection vassals, fiefs, lords, knights, kings, serfs Local Govt. Protection: local castle, whole town goes in to castle with walls and draw bridge
Suleyman I
Reigned from 1520-1566. Had the Ottoman Empire at its peak. Reformed the tax system, government bureaucracy, court system, and legal code.
Rural
Relating to farm areas and life in the country.
Sam Houston-
Released Santa Anna and made him promise to respect the Independence of Texas
Sam Houston-
Released Santa Anna because Santa Anna promised to respect Texas Independence.
Why did the Pilgrims come?
Religious freedom
Zakat
Religious tax, one of the five basic requirements (arkan or "pillars") of Islam(The 4th). All adult Muslims of sound mind and body with a set level of income and assets are expected to pay this
What are Simon Bolivar, Migual de Hildago, and Jose de San Martin examles of?
Revolutionary leaders
Henry Bessemer
Revolutionized the way to manufacture steel by purifying the iron-ore.
Middle Path
Right knowledge, right purpose, right speech, right conduct, right occupation, right effort, right awareness, right meditation
Pax Romana
Roman Peace, a term that relates to the period of political stability, cultural brilliance, and economic prosperity beginning with unification under Augustus and lasting through the first two centuries C.E.
plebians
Roman common people
Which empires had road systems similar to the Incas and the Tang Dynasty?
Rome and Persia
Treaty of Portsmouth-
Roosevelt drafted the treaty in 1905, giving Japan its captured territories and forcing Russia out of Korea
Why did Panamanians give the 10 mile wide zone to the US?
Roosevelt offered 10 M/year to Columbia for the right to build the canal. Columbia demanded more money, so the US looked to Panamanians to seperate from Columbia. US joined the Panamanians in defeat of Columbia, as a gift, the Panamanians gave them a gift to build the canal.
White Man's Burden" Who?
Rudy Kipling 1899
Shogun
Ruler in the emperors name as general.
Huayna Capac
Ruler of the Inca Empire when it reached its height of glory.
Chasquis
Runners that carried messages across the Incan empires.
What ally of Serbia ordered the mobilization of troops toward the Austrian border?
Russia
What 2 countries did Germany declare war on?
Russia & France
What 2 countries began the Crimean War?
Russia and the Ottoman Empire
Battle of Navarino
Russia, British, and French help Greece destroy Ottoman fleet and sign a treaty guaranteeing an independent kingdom of Greece
Who were not represented in the Big Four?
Russia, Germany, its allies
Russia
Russian armies took nearly an entire year to crush the Polish uprising , the old order seemed to have reestablished itself , but the stability didn't last too long
What was the Qing (Pure) rule like?
Ruthless and insensitive to Chinese customs, which provoked resistance EVENTUALLY adopted Chinese political system and were accepted
sacraments
Sacred rituals of the Roman Catholic Church
Who founded the Safavid empire?
Safavid
Shia
Safavid's section of Islam.
Who founded Quebec?
Samuel de Champlain
noh
Samurai attended ceremonial dramas which were based on tragic themes. They read tales of ancient warriors and their courage in battle.
Camilio di Cavour
Sardinia's kings prime minister, he was a cunning statesman who worked to expand Piedmont-Sardinia's power, he set about to control northern Italy for Sardinia, he realized that the greatest roadblock to annexing northern Italy was Austria. Napoleon III(french emperor) agreed to help drive Austria out of northern Italy provinces. Cavour then provoked a war with the Austrians. Sardinia succeeded in taking all of northern Italy besides Venetian.
Ben Franklin
Scientist and inventor. Invented bifocals, odometer, and elecrtricity experiments.Most popular publication was Poor Richard's Almanac. Published clever quotes. Example of Enlightenment spirit.' 1700s
Adam Smith
Scottish economist who advocated private enterprise and trade.
James Watt
Scottish engineer and inventor whose improvements in the steam engine led to its wide use in industry.
What was Verrazano looking for?
Sea route to Pacific
Leonid Brezhnev
Seized power from Nikita Khrushchev and became leader of the Soviet Communist party in 1964. Ordered forces in to Afghanistan and Czechoslovakia.
What did Yongle do in 1405?
Sent a fleet of Chinese trading ships through the Strait of Malacca under admiral Zhenghe
1857
Sepoy Mutiny
What leaders were outraged when this happened because they wanted to rule these countries?
Serbia
The leader of the Safavid empire at its peak was
Shah Abbas
What are two of the Safavid artists?
Shah Isma'il and Shah Tahmasp
The Islamic leader who converted to Twelver Shiism was
Shah Ismail.
Who built the Taj Mahal?
Shah Jahan
Wu Ding
Shang Dynasty King of China.
oracle bones
Shang kings consulted the gods through the use of _____, animal bones, and tortoise shells on which priests had scratched questions for the gods.
Dowager Empress Cixi-
She held power of Qing China from 1862-1908 and was for traditional values with some limited reforms such as the self-strengthening movement.
How did Dowager notice and help change Chinas government?
She noticed nationalism by the Boxers and hired people to go around the world and look at the foreigners government and copy it. They changed their government and wrote a constitution in 1917.
What is the state religoin of the Safavids?
Shi'a Muslim
What resulted from Yongle's attempt?
Shift in balance of power from Central China to Northern China (where it remained for the rest of the Ming era)
What two religions have had the greatest impact on Japan?
Shinto and Buddhism.
What did Magellan's trip prove?
Ships could reach Asia by sailing in the pacific ocean
Tokugawa Shogunate
Shogunate that brought stability to Japan. It banned Christianity and trade with every country besides the Netherlands.
What disadvantages did Russia have?
Shortage on foods
The Fall of the Harappan Civilization
Signs of natural disaster—Skeletons found in positions of running or hiding—like Pompeii, perhaps fire, earthquake, flood. Signs of gradual decline—trash, overcrowding, neglect of public services. Whichever weakened Harappan civilization, Aryans brought it to final close
What were some items traded by the Chinese?
Silk, metal, wood, porcelain, cotton, and tobacco
What did the Confucian institutions of the empire include?
Six ministries of the bureaucracy, dividing the empire into provinces, districts and counties, and elders were responsible for everything
Why was the cause of abolition widely acceptable in the nineteenth century?
Slavery was no longer necessary for a strong economy.
Cottage Industry
Small-scale industry that can be carried on at home by family members using their own equipment rather than in a factory.
How was the family life in Qing China?
Society organized around family (often joint family) Arranged marriages Wife was subordinate to the husband
Science
Solar calender-round earth-
Entrepreneur
Someone who organizes a business venture and assumes the risk for it.
Solomon
Son of David and king of Israel noted for his wisdom
Shah Jahan
Son of Jahangir. Built the Taj Mahal and Delhi. No religious tolerance. Many taxes.
What empire from 1450 to 1750 does lucrative trans-saharan trade, all emperors were Muslim, and islamic universities at Timbuktu describe?
Songhay
Ngo Dinh Diem
South Vietnamese president that was Catholic and strongly opposed communism. His poor leadership and corrupt government spelled doom
Ganges River Valley
South; India's 'holy river'; a core region of India culture.
The Deccan Plateau
South; hills and an upland plateau reaching from Ganges valley to southern tip of Indian subcontinent. Interior of plateau hilly and dry; eastern and western coasts are very fertile, long one of the most densely populated regions of India.
Mound builders
Southwestern clan that used irrigation to farm in the Arizona area
Who signed a nonaggression pact with Afghanistan?
Soviet Union
Creoles
Spaniards born in Latin America, they were below the peninsulares in rank, they couldn't hold high-level political office but they could rise as officers Spanish colonial armies; they were the best educated class, studied enlightenment ideas in Europe
1898
Spanish-American War (US acquires Philippines, Cuba, Guam, and Puerto Rico)
What were the Mughals trading?
Spices
What did Germany hope the naval blockade of Great Britain would do?
Starve Great Britain into defeat before U.S could mobilize
What invention allowed Europeans to travel into the interior of Africa in the early 1800's?
Steam powered river boats
Why did Western nations desire Pacific Rim countries?
Strategic location along sea route to china
What did Emperor Yongle do?
Strengthened the Great Wall of China and pacified nomadic tribes who gave China previous trouble
What contributed the most to the increase of the Atlantic slave trade?
Sugar plantations
Who established the Janissaries?
Suleyman
Whos picture is in congress because of his famous laws?
Suleyman
Who expanded the Ottoman empire to the most land they had ever had?
Suleyman ( the lawgiver )
Who was the last great ottoman sultan?
Suleyman I
Chandra Gupta I son
Sumundra
Caste system
System in India that gives every Indian a particular place in the social hierarchy from birth. Individuals may improve the position they inherit in the caste system in their next life through their actions, or karma. After many lives of good karma, they may be relieved from cycle of life and win their place in heaven.
In an effort to stabilize China internally the Ming emperors stressed Chinese traditions from the
Tang and Song period
What did China export to England?
Tea, silk, and porcelein British sent silk bullion to China
Judaism: moral laws
Ten Commandments
What country was sed as an anchor between China and the silver mines of America?
Th Philippines
Warsaw Pact
The 1955 treaty binding the Soviet Union and countries of eastern Europe in an alliance against the North Atlantic Treaty Organization.
Triple alliance
The Aztecs, Texcoco and Tlacopan.
In what battle did the Ethiopian forces defeat the Italians?
The Battle of Andowa
How did Canaan's location make it a true crossroads of the eastern Mediterranean?
The Canaan's were the crossroads of the eastern Mediterranean because they controlled the land that connected Asia to Africa. It's seaports also opened up to the Mediterranean and the Red seas.
Russian empire crumbles
The Czar ruled Ukrainians, poles, Lithuanians, Latvians, Estonians, Finns,Jews,Romanians, Georgians, Armenians, Turks, and others, they all had their own culture. The ruling Romanov dynasty of Russia determined to maintain iron control over this diversity. they instituted a policy of russification, forcing Russian culture on all ethnic groups in the empire. The policy strengthened ethnic nationality feeling BUT weakened czarist empire.
What was another name for Indonesia because they ruled here?
The Dutch East Indies
What was strange about this?
The Dutch Surrendered w/out firing a shot
Who established control over the 3,000 mile-long chain of Indonesian islands?
The Dutch east india company
Whom were the "gunpowder empires" named by?
The Europeans who did not have the gunpowder
The Great Schism
The Great Split: (A.D. 1054) Western Europe: Roman Catholic Eastern Europe: Eastern Orthodox
What did the war become known as? Why?
The Great War; Millions had lost their lives and everyone was affected
Moses
The Hebrew prophet who led the Israelites from Egypt across the Red sea on a journey known as the Exodus
What was China's most famous architecture and where is it located?
The Imperial City (Forbidden City) located in Beijing
What does the works of Leonardo da Vinci, the importance of the Medici family, and the wealth of Mediterranean Sea trade descibe?
The Italian Renaissance.
Who were the most active and affective Christian missionaries in China?
The Jesuits, who attempted to draw parallels between Christian and Confucian concepts (ex. God for Christians like Chinese character for Heaven in Confucianism)
Torah
The Jewish version of the bible, considered the most sacred writing in their tradition...
Babylonian Captivity
The Jews were forced out of Israel and had to live in Babylonia
What British passenger ship was sunk in 1915, and how many Americans were on board?
The Lusitania; 128
In July, 1918 where did the Allies along with U.S. troops clash with the Germans?
The Marne River-2nd Battle of Marne
The middle ages
The Middle Ages also saw a rise in movement toward the cities and the emergence of powerful merchant classes throughout Europe. Merchants tended to consolidate and protect their interests through the establishment of guilds. As an indicator to this economic growth, there was a significant increase in both the number and the size of churches and cathedrals that were built. Universities emerged in many major cities, which tended to focus on theological, medical, and legal courses of study. Classes were conducted in Latin and were limited to men. Vernacular literature also flourished, with many songs, poems, and stories written down in local dialects. The troubadours of southern France, with their love songs and ballads emerged as vehicles of popular culture.
What didn't the Hindus want restored?
The Muslim Mughal Empire
Third age of English
The Norman conquest 1066
What actually killed more people than the war itself?
The Spanish Flu
How devastating was the Taiping conflict relative to other 19thC. conflicts in the world?
The Taiping Rebellion caused the deaths of 20-30 million Chinese, the worst conflict the world would see until World War One.
What famous building came from the Mughal empire?
The Taj Mahel
Closed Country Policy
The Tokugawa shoguns realized that they could safely exclude both the missionaries and the merchants. By 1638, they had sealed Japan's borders and instituted this.
Ottoman Empire Weakens
The Turks ruled over Greeks, Slavs, Arabs, Bulgarians, and Armenians. Under pressure from the French and British the Ottomans granted equal citizenship to all people under their rule. That angered conservative Turks, who wanted no change in the situation, and caused tensions in the Empire.
What major power rejected the Treaty of Versailles?
The U.S
What was the reason for the US joining forces with Cuba?
The US was scared for their economy because they had business's in Cuba and the US objected to Spanish concentration camps used for Cuban civilians.
How are the Vedas and the Upanishads similar?
The Vedas are all of the holy scriptures in Hinduism. The Upanishads are some of them
Muslims and Italians
The _____ and the _______ controlled the trade of goods from East to West
sinicization
The adoption and absorption by foreign people of Chinese language, customs and culture.
What is Phoenicia's greatest legacy to the world?
The alphabet
Shinto
The ancient indigenous religion of Japan which promotes nature and ancestor worship, translates to "Way of Gods."
Who disrupted the Silver trade and what happened?
The arrival of the English and the Dutch and silver imports plummeted which strained the economy
What does Neo-Confucianism refer to?
The blending of Buddhism and Confucian ideas
What were some similarities between the Minoans and the Phoenicians in terms of trade?
The both were amazing seafarers and they both controlled the Mediterranean during their reigns. They also traded precious metals and weapons.
Hundred Days
The brief period during 1815 when Napoleon made his last bid for power, deposing the French King and again becoming Emperor of France
Black Death
The bubonic plague that first struck Europe in 1347. It spread either in the bubonic form by flea bites or in the pneumonic form directly from the breath of one person to another. In less virulent forms, the disease reappeared many times until 1701.
What primarly motivated European interest in the American coloinies between 1450 to 1750?
The chance to make a large profit on cash crops
The First Estate
The clergy made up the first estate. They included archbishops, bishops, abbots, parish priests, monks, and nuns. There were 400,000 of them which made up 2% of the population
What were some of the European's inventions?
The clock, the prism, eyeglasses and many astronomical and musical instruments
What does the term syncretism refer to?
The combiniation of different forms of belief or practice.
Umma
The community of all Muslims. A major innovation against the background of seventh-century Arabia, where traditionally kinship rather than faith had determined membership in a community.
What was the importance of the First Battle of Marne?
The defeat of the Germans left the Shlieffen Plan in ruins
wealth
The desire for new sources of ______ was the main reason for European exploration
What did the Berlin Conference of 1884 to 1885 result in?
The division of Africa among European powers
U.S. Constitution
The document written in 1787 and ratified in 1788 that sets forth the institutional structure of the U.S. government and the tasks these institutions perform. It replaced the Articles of Confederation.
What did the 19th century ideology of Social Darwinism promote?
The domination of Europeans over the subject peoples was an inevitable resutl of natural scientific principles.
manorialism
The economic system that governed rural life in medieval Europe in which the landed estates of a lord were worked by the peasants under his jurisdiction in exchange for his protection.
What was one main accomplishment during the Ming and early Qing dynastys?
The empire expanded its borders that was the largest it had been since Han and Tang
manor
The estate that most European peasants, free or unfree, lived on.
What was a major effect of the Crusades of Western Europe?
The exposure to Eastern goods and technology led to an increase in trade
Quetzalcoatli
The feathered serpent god.
loess
The fertile soil that is blown by the winds from deserts to the west and north.
Josephine
The first love and wife of Napoleon, she exerted great influence and style in France. Napoleon divorced her when she could not produce his children.
Matteo Ricci
The first missionary to have an impact was an Italian Jesuit. He gained special favor at the Ming court through his intelligence and fluency in Chinese. Still, many educated Chinese opposed the European and Christian presence.
Bill of Rights
The first ten amendments of the U.S. Constitution, containing a list of individual rights and liberties, such as freedom of speech, religion, and the press.
Hijra
The flight of Muhammad from Mecca to Medina to escape persecution a.d. 622: regarded as the beginning of the Muslim Era(or at least of the Islamic Calender. Was helped by his cousin Ali.
Tang Taizong
The founder of the Tang Dynasty, he ruled from 626-649 and expanded China to include the Han lands.
Abraham
The founding father of Judaism; first prophet of Christianity, Islam, and the Hebrews
What was self-determination?
The freedom of people to decide under form of government they wish to live.
Qian-long
The grandson of Kangxi, who ruled from 1736 to 1795. China reached its greatest size and prosperity. An industrious emperor like his grandfather, he often rose at dawn to work on the empire's problems.
'Abbas
The greatest Safavid leader. He improved the military and destroyed the Uzbeks and gained land lost because of the Ottomans.
Shogun
The head of the military government of Japan in the feudal era of the samurai, translates to "Supreme General."
Utilitarianism
The idea that the goal of society should be to bring about the greatest happiness for the greatest number of people.
What was the very detailed laws made by Suleyman?
The law code
Portugal
The leader in developing and applying sailing innovations was what?
What is rationing?
The limiting of the amounts of goods people can buy
Mass Production
The manufacture of many identical products by the division of labor into many small repetitive tasks. This method was introduced into the spinning of cotton thread by Richard Arkwright.
Khmer Empire
The most powerful and longest-lasting kingdom on the mainland of southwest Asia, centering in what is today Cambodia from A.D. 800 - 1200.
Delhi Sultanate
The new government that the Muslims created. They formed a new culture by inviting scholars and were TOLERANT TO OTHER RELIGIONS.
France republic
The new republican govt began to fall apart almost immediately, the radicals split into fractions, one side wanted political reform and the other side wanted social and economic reform, the differences set of bloody battles in Parisian streets, the violence turned French citizens away from the radicals, this led to a constitution stating parliament and a strong president to be elected by the people
The Middle Way
The noble eightfold path: right views, right resolve; right speech, right conduct, right livelihood, right effort, right mindfulness and right concentration.
Five pillars
The obligatory religious duties of all Muslims; confession of faith, prayer, fasting during Ramadan, zakat, and hajj
Nagasaki
The only port that remained open to foreign traders in Japan.
Wu Zhao
The only woman to ever declare herself empress of China, she was a member of the Tang Dynasty and declared herself empress in 690.
dynastic cycle
The pattern of rise, decline, and replacement of dynasties.
Which group of people held the power in Latin America during the late 1700s and early 1800s?
The peninsulares
Great Schism
The period during which the Church had two popes, one in Rome and one in Avignon; it caused the ultimate division between the Eastern (Orthodox) and Western (Roman) churches.
hajj
The pilgrimage to Mecca, which every adult Muslim is supposed to make at least once in his or her lifetime: the fifth of the Pillars of Islam.
rurales-
The police men of Diaz who kept law and order to the people,,,maintaining stability in the rural areas to help Diaz promote foreign investment in Mexico.
What is the internal problems that lead to rebellions in China?
The population was growing but the food production was barely increasing and Opium addiction continued to raise. Hunger spread throughout China.
Crop rotation
The practice of rotating use of different fields from crop to crop each year, to avoid exhausting the soil.
Brinksmanship
The principle of not backing down in a crisis, even if it meant taking the country to the brink of war. Policy of both the U.S. and U.S.S.R. during the Cold War.
Enclosure Movement
The process of consolidating small landholdings into a smaller number of larger farms in England during the 18th century.
Productivity
The ratio of the quantity and quality of units produced to the labor per unit of time.
Fourth age of English
The resurgence of English
Name & describe the 3 gradual developments that ultimately led to WWI.
The rise of Nationalism: Europe's great powers all had a deep devotion to their nations. This caused competition for materials and markets and territorial dispute. Imperialism: European countries were competing for colonies in Africa and Asia. This made their rivalry and mistrust among countries greater. Militarism: the European nations all wanted a powerful military. This caused a dangerous European arms race.
What was the Kowtow?
The ritual of prostration and knocking the head on ground performed by foreign emissaries before the emperor
Koran
The sacred writings of Islam revealed by God to the prophet Muhammad during his life at Mecca and Medina
David
The second king of Israel, a "man after God's own heart." God made a new covenant with all the nations through David.
lay investiture
The selection and appointment of church officials by secular authorities.
Urbanization
The social process whereby cities grow and societies become fore urban.
Terrace
The sophisticated farming methods of the Maya
Calicut
The southwestern coast of India, Da Gama and his crew were amazed by the spices, rare silks, and precious gems that filled the shops here.
What was "no man's land"?
The space between the opposing trenches
What was a result of the political revolutions in the late 18th and 19th century?
The spread of Enlightenment ideas through Europe and the Americas
What best defines genocide?
The systematic murder of ethnic minorities.
Gothic
The term for the architectural and artistic style that prevailed in Europe from the mid-twelfth to the sixteenth century.
estates
The three social classes into which France was divided before the French Revolution, including the clergy, the aristocracy, and the common people
Ghengis Khan
The title of accepted by Temujin khan of the Mongols when he ruled from A.D. 1206 - 1227. This title means "universal ruler." He was the founder of the Mongol Empire.
Commercial Revolution
The transformation of the economic structure of Europe, beginning in the eleventh century, from a rural, manorial society to a more complex mercantile society.
What was a reason for the failure of Marxist socialism to take root in the U.S? Did we have a higher standard of living?
The typically higher standard of living enjoyed by American workers in comparison to their European counterparts.
What was one Western idea not adapted by Peter the Great?
The use of Enlightenment ideas in the government
What was said to be the turning point where China became more inward and began focusing on agriculture?
The voyages being discontinued after Yongle's death
Why did the Ming dynasty end the voyages of Zheng He?
The voyages were expensive and the world beyond China was deemed of little value.
Why was the British working-class movement less-overtly revolutionary than its Russian counterpart?
The wages of working-class families rose without a revolution
Khadijah
The woman who consoled Muhammad and expressed her faith that God had chosen him as a prophet to communicate his words to the people. She ended up marrying him, and helping him establish himself.
Sputnik
The world's first space satellite. This meant the Soviet Union had a missile powerful enough to reach the US.
Red Guards
The youths who led Mao's Cultural Revolution. Wore red arm bands and carried his book. Terrorized Chinese citizens and determined who went to camps.
What kind of gov, did the Safavids have?
Theocracy
Zionism (T. Herzl) Who?
Theodor Herzl, a Viennese Jewish journalist
Laissez-fair economics
Theory that opposes government interference in economic affairs beyonds what is necessary to protect life and property.
Original Buddhism
Theravada
How many sailors and ships were on the expeditions?
There were 28,000 sailors and sixty two ships
How did the new Imperialism differ from the old Imperialism?
They Europeans demanded more influence over the economic, political, and social lives of the people. They also wanted the people to adopt European customs
What was happening to the Central Powers?
They began to crumble
What were some of the borrowings of the Hittites?
They borrowed the language Akkadian from the Babylonians they had conquered. They also borrowed ideas about literature, art, politics and law from the Mesopotamians
Italians
They bought Asian goods from Muslims. They controlled trade across the land routes of the Mediterranean region. They resold the items at increased prices to merchants throughout Europe.
Daimyo
They built fortified castles and created small armies of samurai on horses. Later they added foot soldiers with muskets (guns) to their ranks. Rivals often fought each other for territory. This led to disorder throughout Japan.
Why didn't many French settle in America?
They didn't want to build towns or raise families
What great fear drove the Latin American Creole elites to pursue independence and political change?
They feared that social unrest from the lower classes and nonwhites would get out of control.
What did Latin America benefit from their increase in exports?
They got a little more money on exports but they were buying foreign goods and therefore did not industrialize.
What are the strengths of the Safavids?
They had a strong, central, and secular gov. They were also geographically in the trade routes which made them rich
Why was China self-sufficient?
They had healthy agricultural economy and extensive mining and manufacturing industries.
What regulations were put on the Indians?
They had to produce raw material for Britain, and could have no competition with Britain
What was the Manchu military system like?
They kept the Ming system and stressed devotion to Confucianism
Why did the Phoenicians develop a writing system?
They needed a way of recording transaction clearly quickly
What factors in Africa helped the Europeans to colonize?
They played other groups that were not united against eachother
What happened to Korea after the Japanese defeated Russia?
They ruled Korea as a protectorate but then annexed it in 1910.
samurai
They seized control of old feudal estates during the Japanese civil war. They offered peasants and others protection in return for their loyalty.
Muslims
They sold Asian goods to Italian merchants
Was the attitude of many of China's Qing Dynasty leadership towards the modern, industrialized societies of the West cautious? Did China take mild measures to adopt some Western innovations?
They took cautious and mild measures to adopt some Western innovations.
People liked the Ottomans when they were captured because...
They treated them well, even improving the life of the poorests lifestyles. They were very nice rulers.
How did the US use the Roosevelt Corollary?
They used it to justify US intervention in Latin America.
What did Japan and Italy want and not get?
They wanted to gain territory & gained less than they wanted.
Why were Chinese and Japanese rulers concerned about Western ideas and practices?
They were concerned that it would cause external intrusion
What did the excavations at Knossos reveal about Minoan culture?
They were graceful, athletic people who loved nature, beautiful objects and sports (boxing, wrestling and bull-leaping)
Dutch
They were masters of the Indian Ocean trade by the time of Qian-long. They accepted China's restrictions. Their diplomats paid tribute to the emperor through gifts and by performing the required "kowtow" ritual.
Who were the "Boxers"?
They were poor peasants and workers who resented special privileges granted to the foreigners.
Society of Righteous and Harmonious Fists-
They were the secret society that became known as the Boxers.
How did women help with the war?
They worked in factories , offices, shops, built tanks & munitions, plowed fields, paved roads, ran hospitals, worked as nurses
philosophes
Thinkers of the Enlightenment; Wanted to educate the socially elite, but not the masses; were not allowed to openly criticize church or state, so used satire and double-meaning in their writings to avoid being banned; Salons held by wealthy women also kept philosophes safe; They considered themselves part of an intellectual community, and wrote back and forth to each other to share ideas. -france
Uthman
Third caliph and member of Umayyad clan; murdered by mutinous warriors returning from Egypt; death set off civil war in Islam between followers of Ali and the Umayyad clan
Pacific Northwest People
This culture's most important resource was the sea. They hunted whales in canoes.
Declaration of Independence
This document was adopted on July 4, 1776. It established the 13 American colonies as independent states, free from rule by Great Britain. Thomas Jefferson wrote the majority of this document.
Mao Zedong
This man became the leader of the Chinese Communist Party and remained its leader until his death. He declared the founding of the People's Republic of China in 1949 and supported the Chinese peasantry throughout his life.
american revolution
This political revolution began with the Declaration of Independence in 1776 where American colonists sought to balance the power between government and the people and protect the rights of citizens in a democracy.
kowtow
This ritual involved kneeling in front of the emperor and touching one's head to the ground nine times.
Napoleonic Code
This was the civil code put out by Napoleon that granted equality of all male citizens before the law and granted absolute security of wealth and private property. Napoleon also secured this by creating the Bank of France which loyally served the interests of both the state and the financial oligarchy
Reign of Terror
This was the period in France where Robespierre ruled and used revolutionary terror to solidify the home front. He tried rebels and they were all judged severely and most were executed
Working class/ Proletariat
Those who must sell their labor to survive; the lowest class in Industrial Revolution. They were treated very poorly.
spices; Asia
Through overseas exploration, merchants and traders hoped ultimately to benefit from what had become a profitable business in Europe: the trade of _____ and other luxury goods from ______
Excommunicate
Throw out of the church
What was Tamerlanes nickname?
Timur, the Lame
astrolabe
To better determine their location at sea, sailors used this. The Muslims had perfected it. This tool was a brass circle with carefully adjusted rings marked off in degrees. Using the rings to sight stars, a sea captain could calculate latitude.
What was Leopold's true motive for colonizing the Congo?
To cruely force Africans to collect sap from rubber plants
Alternate attendance policy
To keep the daimyo from rebelling, Ieyasu required that they spend every other year in the capital. Even when they returned to their lands, they had to leave their families behind as hostages in Edo. Ieyasu had tamed the daimyo.
Canton, Macao, and Ningbo
To keep the influence of outsiders to a minimum, only the Chinese government was to conduct foreign trade, and only through three coastal ports:
What was the most important role of the scholar-gentry class according to Confucius?
To promote harmony through the administration of the state.
congress of Vienna Why?
To try to ensure peace in the future
What improved the outlook of the colony?
Tobacco
Who was the main new shogunate in the 17th century?
Tokugawa
Who was the first person/dynasty accept trade and missionary activity?
Tokugawa and the Ming
Topitzin
Toltec ruler that tried to change the religion by ending sacrifices.
In 1908 what did Austria do?
Took over (annexed) Bosnia & Herzegovina
Judaism: Holy books
Torah and other books of the Hebrew Bible
What type of war was it known as and why?
Total War because everything was destroyed and everyone was involved
What philosophies did the Ming follow?
Traditional Confucian institutions were used to rule the empire
What was the treaty Russia signed with Germany to end the war between them?
Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
What was the main treaty that ended WWI called? (There were 5 in all) What day and year was it signed?
Treaty of Versailles; June 28, 1919
Treaty of Kanagawa-
Treaty which allowed Japan to open 2 ports which the US could take on supplies
What type of war was in the Western Front and describe it?
Trench Warfare; Soldiers fought eachother from trenches
What country did the Ottoman empire start?
Turkey
Turkish Empires Rise in Anatolia
Turkish people convert to Islam and establish new empires that renew Muslim civilization.
Who were the Big Four and who were their leaders?
U.S- Woodrow Wilson France- Georges Clemenceau Great Britain- David Lloyd George Italy- Vittorio Orlando
Eli Whitney
U.S. inventor of the mechanical cotton gin.
Alexander Graham Bell
U.S. inventor of the telephone; greatly sped up communication.
Thomas Edison
U.S. inventor; inventions included the phonograph and the electric light, microphone, and kinetoscope.
Richard Nixon
US President who promised peace with honor in Vietnam which means withdrawing American soliders from South Vietnam
Millard Fillmore-
US president who sent Mathew Perry to Japan in 1854 for the Treaty of Kanagawa
Nikita Khruschev
USSR leader after Stalin, involved in the Cuban Missile Crisis.
Kivas
Underground ceremonial chambers used for religious practices.
What late 20th century issue in Latin America can be traced back to colonial times?
Uneven distribution of wealth
Hinduism: Holy books
Vedas; Upanishads, Mahabharata and others
Who revised and adopted the Mexican Constitution of 1917?
Venustiano Carranza
Ho Chi Minh
Vietnamese communist statesman who fought the Japanese in World War II and the French until 1954 and South Vietnam until 1975 (1890-1969)
Second age of English
Viking raids begin
Pueblos
Villages of apartment-style compounds made of adobe, stone or clay.
George Washington
Virginian, patriot, general, and president. Lived at Mount Vernon. Led the Revolutionary Army in the fight for independence. First President of the United States. 1732-1799
New Imperialism
Went on in Africa in the 1700s. European countries set up colonies in Africa.They met at The Berlin Conference in order to decide which countries got which areas in Africa. They did not take into account the tribal cultures & geography which caused many problems in Africa. For example, some tribes were grouped w/tribes they did not get along with.
Government and Law 1
West Africa was originally matrilineal; Islam changed succession to patrilineal
Decorative Arts 1
West Africa's decorative arts originally included pictures of people and animals
Language 2
West Africans still used their native languages for everyday speech.
Indus River Valley
West; Now relatively dry area forming backbone of Pakistan, in ancient times more moderate environment, cultural center of India.
Architectural Styles 1
Western African built shrines to the forces of nature, but after converting to Islam built mosques.
What was the deadlocked region in northern France known as?
Western Front
Which nations carved out "spheres of influence" in China by the end of the 19th C.?
Western nations plus Russia and Japan.
glyphs
What are the 800 hieroglyphic symbols called
Socialism/ Welfare state
What has the Incan government been compare to?
"Warring States" period
What is Sengoku?
20
What was the May math system based on?
Wilmot Proviso-
What: An amendment in congress stating that any territory acquired from Mexico would be free. Who: By David Wilmot When: 1846,,,passed the House twice, but failed to ever pass in Senate. The "Wilmot Proviso", symbol of how intense dispute over slavery was in the U.S.
Constantinople
When Byzantium became capital instead of Rome, massive walls protected it. It was filled with imperial buildings and renamed this
What is the DYarchy system?
When all important administrative positions are shared equally between Chinese and Manchus
muskets and canons
When the Europeans came to Japan, the most famous and interested "things" that the Japanese liked were what? (2)
To know which God was in charge
Why was it important for the Mayas to have accurate calendars?
iron curtain
Winston Churchill's term for the Cold War division between the Soviet-dominated East and the U.S.-dominated West.
Amsterdam
With so many goods from the East traveling to the Netherlands, the nation's capital became a leading commercial center.
What 2 firsts happened during the Crimean War?
Women became army nurses, and First to be covered by newspaper correspondence
As an experience of women in 19th C. Britain, did working-class women usually leave outside paid employment after they were married?
Women were expected to be homemakers and moral educators. Left outside paid employment
Who was the U.S. president at this time?
Woodrow Wilson
What was the difference between the middle and working class European women from 1750 to 1900?
Working class women labored in factories, but middle class women following the cult of domesticity
Was Li Zicheng successful in his revolt?
YES, he extended the revolt and finally occupied the capital Beijing
In Latin America even without caudillos did Latin Americans still lack a voice?
Yes, they had little experience with democracy and voting rights were restricted to few members of the upper and middle class who owned property
What dynasty did China establish a tributary relationship with?
Yi dynasty in Korea
Who were Kangxi's two successors?
Yongzheng and Qianlong
n 1368 the Ming dynasty replaced the
Yuan Dynasty
The founder of the Mughal dynasty, and a descendant of Chinggis Khan and Tamerlane, was
Zahir al-Din Muhammad.
Plan of Ayala-
Zapata's plan for removal of Madero and redistributing land to the peasants.
roads and canals, coined money, and iron
Zhou improvements in technology and trade
Who founded the Ming (Bright) dynasty?
Zhu Yuanzhang (also called Ming Honwu)
What southern Africa nation finally fell to the British in 1887?
Zulu
paper, silk
_____ was invented in ad 105. before that, books were usually written on ____
irrigation
__________ projects under shi huangdi increased farm production. trade blossomed, and pushed a new class of merchants into prominence
peasants
__________ were bitter over years of high taxes, harsh labor, and a severe penal system. they rebelled.
manufacturing, commerce
______________ and ________ were actually very important to the han empire.
Confucius
a Chinese thinker and social philosopher of the Spring and Autumn Period.
What is a warrior for Islam?
a Ghazi
Judah
a Hebrew kingdom in Palestine, established around 922 b.c.
Dreyfus Affair Who?
a Jew officer in French army accused of treason 1893
What was the first direct contact between China and the West in 1514?
a Portuguese feet coming to present-day Hong Kong
Tacitus
a Roman historian who is known for presenting the facts accurately. He was concerned about the Roman's lack of morality
The steppe tradition which caused the greatest problem for the Islamic empires was
a bloody competition among heirs to the throne.
Hurrem Sultana was
a concubine who had tremendous influence over Suleyman the Magnificent
Peninsular War
a conflict, lasting from 1808 to 1813, in which Spanish Rebels, with the aid of British forces, fought to drive Napoleons French troops out of Spain.
Otto von Bismark
a conservative junker who was chosen to be prime minister, he declared that he would rule without a legal budget, those actions were directly violations of the Constitution,
protectorate-
a country or territory with its own internal government, but under the control of an outside power
Inquisition
a court held by the Church to suppress heresy
guillotine
a device used during the French Revolution for beheading people
plebiscite
a direct vote in which a country's people have the opportunity to approve or reject a proposal.
The Franco-Prussian War
a few German states remained independent(free from Prussia) the majority were catholic, Bismark created the impression that the French ambassador had insulted the Prussian king. The French reacted to Bismark's deception by declaring war on Prussia. The Prussians had captured Napoleon III and he surrendered due to starvation. The war was the final stage in German unification, the nationalistic fever seized people in southern Germany and they finally accepted Prussian leadership.
Imperial government
a government headed by an emperor or sometimes an empress
Mahabharata
a great Indian epic poem, reflecting the struggles of the Aryans as they moved south into India...
Indo-European
a group of semi-nomadic peoples who, about 1700 b.c., began to migrate from what is now southern Russia to the Indian subcontinent, Europe, and Southwest Asia
bureaucracy
a highly organized body of workers with many levels of authority
Ramadan
a holy month in the calendar of Islam. During this time Muslims must fast between dawn and sunset. A simple meal is eaten at the end of the day. This reminds Muslims that their spiritual needs are more important than their physical needs. A special time during this month is the Night of Power, which is said to be when Gabriel gave Muhammad his message. Is the ninth month of the Islamic calendar and is observed by Muslims everywhere, and the 3rd pillar of Islam.
Israel
a kindgom of the united Hebrews in Palestine, lating from about 1020 b.c. to 922 b.c.; later the norternmost of the two Hebrew kindgoms...
King Minos
a king of the Minoans who legend has it owned a half-human, half-bull monster called the "Minotaur"
Aegean Sea
a large sea that the island of Crete was located in....
Reconquista
a long effort by the Spanish to drive the Muslims out of Spain
Phoenicians
a maritime civilization of the Mediterranean that developed extensive trade and communication networks as well as an early alphabetical script
warlord
a military leader operating outside the control of the government
knights
a military servant often holding land on the condition that he serves his master as a mounted man of arms
What is God-ism?
a mixture of Islam, Hindu, Christianity, and Buddhism. Akbar was the God and it died when Akbar died.
Kublai Khan
a mongol that took the position of chinese emperor in 1279. he ended the civil service exams, and did not believe that confucian learning should be given in government jobs.
Enlightenment
a movement in the 18th century that advocated the use of reason in the reappraisal of accepted ideas and social institutions
Zheng He was
a muslim admiral of the Chinese army.
covenant
a mutural promise or agreement-especially an agreement between God and the Hebrew people as recorded in the Bible...
three-field system
a new system, farmers could grow crops on two-thirds of their land each year, not just half of it; population grew dramatically because of it
tribute
a payment made by a weaker power to a stronger powper to obtain an assurance of peace and security...
White Man's Burden" What?
a poem written by Kipling on imperialism/ it is to civilize any non white or non western Europeans b/c they are uncivilized, we are saving them, they might hate you during the process but they will thank you in the end
containment
a policy of creating strategic alliances in order to check the expansion of a hostile power or ideology or to force it to negotiate pecefully
What was paternalism?
a policy of treating subject people as if they were children, providing for their needs but not giving them rights
Miguel Hidalgo
a priest in the small village of Dolores, he was poor but well educated, he called for a rebellion against the Spanish (grito de Dolores= "cry of Dolores"), the next day Hidalgo's Indian and Mestizo followers began a march toward Mexico city, this alarmed the Spanish army and creoles, they defeated Hidalgo
Jan Hus
a professor in Bohemia who taught that the authority of the Bible was higher than that of the pope
Zhu Xi was
a prominent speaker that stressed the importance of applying philosophical principles to everyday life.
Papal States
a region around Rome that was captured from the Lombards by Pepin the Short and given to the pope
Palestine
a region at the easter end of the Mediteranean Sea where the Phoenicians lived...
Jainism
a religion founded in India in the sixth century b.c. whose members believe that everything in the universe has a soul and therefore should not be harmed...
11th Century
a renewal of ecclesiastic influence. Monasteries, religious orders, and the Papacy itself were reformed. This renewal of Christian enthusiasm, however, relied heavily on the emergence of a powerful common enemy: Islam. A papal call to retake the city of Jerusalem led to the Crusades, and nearly two centuries of warfare between Christians and Muslims. The Crusades initially met with success, and a number of small, Christian kingdoms were established in Muslim territory. These, however, were short-lived, and the sacking of Constantinople by the Crusaders led to long-term animosity between the eastern and western branches of Christianity.
What was a maharajah?
a ruler
aristocracy
a ruling class of noble families
Minoans
a seafaring and trading people that lived on teh island of Crete from about 2000 to 1400 b.c....
Phoenicians
a serfaring people of Southwest Asi, who around 1100 b.c. began to trade and established colonies throughout the Mediterranean Sea...
Concert of Europe
a series of alliances among European nations in the 19th century, devised by Prince Klemens von Metternich to prevent the outbreak of revolutions
tournament
a series of jousts between knights contesting for a prize
Brahman
a single spiritual power that Hindus believe lives in everything
Akbar's answer to the religious diversity and conflict in India was to create what
a syncretic religion called the "divine faith" that all could worship.
civil service examinations
a test given to qualify candidates for positions in the government.
Mita
a tribute of labor.
common law
a unified body of law that the rulings of England's royal judges formed
Peloponnesian War
a war between camps led by Athens and Sparta; ended with the unconditional surrender of Athens
Great Fear
a wave of senseless panic that spread through the French countryside after the storming of the Bastille in 1789.
Social Darwinism What Significance?
a way of describing the way of life and that the fittest survived, ones that can adapt survive longer and have more advantages then those who cant
Hong Xiuquan-
a young man in 1830s who began the Taiping Rebellion.
Throughout the Atlantic world, how did slave owners and whites react to the Haitian Revolution?
a. Napoleon sold the Louisiana territory to the United States. b. The dawning movement to abolish slavery got a strong boost. c. Slave owners and whites were filled with fear and trepidation.
Indian civilization began
about 3 to 5,000 B.C.E. Indus Valley civilization about as old as Egypt or Mesopotamia. But unlike those areas, Indian civilization has substantial links with ancient culture.
religious toleration
acceptance of people who held different religious beliefs
central asia
after his army forced the nomads to retreat into _______ ____
chandragupta
after several years of fighting, ___________ defeated selecus
social contract
agreement among all the people in a society to give up part of their freedom to a government in exchange for protection of natural rights. John Locke and Jean-Jacques Rousseau were two European political philosophers who wrote about this concept.
collar harness
allowed horses to pull much heavier loads than did the harness being used in europe at the time
god
although the buddha had forbidden people to worship him, some began to teach that he was a ___
1776
american revolution/ Smith writes Wealth of Nations
Battle of Trafalgar
an 1805 naval battle in which Napoleon's forces were defeated by a British fleet under the command of Horatio Nelson.
Hittites
an Indo-European people who settled in Anatolia around 2000 b.c.
Ayrans
an Indo-European people who, about 1500 b.c. began to migrate into the Indian subcontinent.
Babylonian
an ancient empire of Mesopotamia in the Euphrates River valley; flourished under Hammurabi, who had a very strict code of law which told people how to live; fell to the Persians
sanskrit
an ancient language of India (the language of the Vedas and of Hinduism)
xiang yu
an aristocratic general who was willing to allow the warlords to keep their territories if they would acknowledge him as their feudal lord
Estates-General
an assembly of representatives from all three of the estates, or social classes, in France
Romanticism
an early 19th century movement in art and in thought, which focused on emotion and nature rather than reason and society
White Man's Burden" Why?
an excuse to make colonies and to take over places to have more control and better oneself... why, b/c area has valuable natural resources for example
United Nations
an organization of independent states formed in 1945 to promote international peace and security
guild
an organization of individuals in the same business or occupation working to improve the economic and social conditions of its members
Canaan
ancient home of the Hebrews....
Silk roads
ancient trade routes that extended from the Roman empire in the west to China in the east
Cuneiform
ancient wedge-shaped script of the Sumerians, probably the first written script in the world
What set the stage for Vietnamese against the French?
anger over the pesants decreased rice comsumption
canon law
another name for Church law to which all medieval Christians were subject.
hinayana
another name for theravada
Napoleon surrenders
april 1814
Nubia
area south of Egypt; kingdom of Kush invaded and dominated Egypt from 750 to 664 B.C.E.
Holy Roman Empire
area that included most of Germany and northern Italy that Otto I established
Zhou
around 1027 these people overthrew the Shang
selecus i
around 305bc, chandragupta began to battle _______ _, one of alexander the great's generals
Where did the Phoenicians settle and trade?
around the Mediterranean
buddhism
as a result of asoka's sorrow, he studied _______ and decided to rule by the teaching of "peace to all beings"
trade
as contact with people from other lands increased, the chinese realized how valuable their silk was as an item of _____
Four Noble Truths
as taught by the Buddha, the four basic beliefs that form the foundation of Buddhism
What view did France and other European powers have concerning Africa countries handing the running of a country?
as unable to handel the complex buisness of running a country
communication
asoka also improved conditions along the roads to make travel easier for his officials and to improve _____________ in the vast empire
sorrow
asoka felt ______ over the slaughter at kalinga
roads
asoka had extensive _____ built so he could visit the far corners of india
well being
asoka was very concerned for his subjects' ____ _____
Hellenistic period
associated with the spread of Greek influence as a result of Macedonian conquests; often seen as the combination of Greek culture with eastern political forms
What did the French really end up doing?
association
kalinga
at this battle, asoka's army killed 100,000 soldiers. even more civilians perished.
White Man's Burden" What Significance?
b/c this is what people actually said they thought they were doing to the people they imperialism... saving then while in reality they took all freedom away from these people and make them their slaves/ treated them life nothing and interrupted their ways of life and culture into their own
Buddhism
based on Four Noble Truths, the teaching of Siddhartha Gautama that life is permeated with suffering caused by desire, that suffering ceases when desire ceases, and that enlightenment obtained through right conduct and wisdom and meditation releases one from desire and suffering and rebirth
What were some of the effects of Solomon's reign?
beautified the capital city and built temple twice: Building project required high taxes, strained the kingdom. After his death the Jews in the north revolted, and the kingdom divided in two: Jews and Israelites
Diocletian 284 AD
became emperor who restored order to Rome and increased its strength. Governed as an absolute ruler and limited personal freedoms. Also created a tetrarchy in which there were 2 main leaders and 2 co-rulers.
Jose Maria Morelos
became leader of the rebellion after Hidalgo's death for 4 years, however he was defeated by Agustin de Iturbide
Venetia
became part of Italy, and the last part was known as the papal states, the pope however kept n control of Vatican city
irrigate
because drought was common, farmers often had to _________ their crops
Why did Britain treasure India so much?
because of its potential
astronomy
because sailors on trading ships used the stars to help them figure their position at sea, knowledge of __________ increased.
Dreyfus Affair Why?
because someone sold out the French in their plan to get back and obliterate Germany
agriculture
because there were so many people to feed, confucian scholars and ordinary chinese people considered ___________ the most important and honored occupation
shi huangdi
begun his reign by halting the internal battles that sapped china's strength. next he turned his attention to defeating invaders and crushing resistance within china to his rule.
Monotheism
belief in only one god, a rare concept in the ancient world
Nationalism
belief that people's greatest loyalty should not be to a kintg or empire but to a nation of people who share a common culture and history
When did the Ottoman empire begin?
between 1300 and 1326
Romanesque
between 800 and 1100 churchs had round arches and a heavy roof held up by thick walls and pillars with little light
Where do some historians think the Aryans lived before they arrived in India?
between Caspian and Aral Seas
When did the Safavid empire exist?
between the 16th-18th century
Ang Yang
birthplace of chinese archaeology. in 1976 they discovered the tomb.
I Ching
book of changes. Yin and Yang. consequences and rewards.
Popol Vuh
book that recounts the Maya version of the creation story.
Mayan
brilliant Central American society known for math, astronomy, and a sophisticated written language
What happened to the empire when he died?
broke up into many quarreling corrupt functions. Corruptions and theft, inflation
Guissppe Verdi and Richard Wagner
brought European opera to a dramatic and theatrical highpoint
meditation
buddhas walked the paths circling the stupas as part of their ___________
hinduism, buddhism
by 250 bc, _______ and _______ were india's 2 main faiths
2000
by 303 bc the chandraguptan empire stretched _____ miles, uniting north india politically for the first time
sacrifices
by the time of the mauryan empire, hinduism had developed a complex set of __________ that could be performed only by the priests.
What was the official title of the one who carried out the gov't orders in India?
cabinet members
aryabhata
calculated the value of pi to four decimal places. also calculated the length of the solar year as 365.358 days.
Four noble truths
can be achieved by following the Eightfold Path (aka the Middle Path: the path between passion/luxury and pain/self-torture)
Knossos
capital city of the Minoans...
China government
centralized govt, large beuracracy, lower taxes, lighten up punishments, civil service, study of confuscionism
great king of kings
chandra gupta i took this title
north, ganges
chandra gupta i's empire included the magadha and the area _____ of it, with his power base along the ______ river
shakas
chandra gupta ii defeated the ______, and added their coastal territory to his empire. this increased trade
samudra gupta
chandra's son, became king in 335. lover of the arts, but had a warlike side. expanded the empire
4
chandragupta divided the empire into _ provinces, each headed by a royal prince. each province was then divided into local districts, whose officials assessed taxes and enforced the law
magadha
chandragupta maurya was born in the powerful kingdom of ________
northwest
chandragupta moved _________, seizing all the land from magadha to the indus
kautilya
chandragupta relied on an adviser named _________, a member of the priestly caste. he wrote a ruler's handbook called "arthasastra" which proposed tough minded policies to hold an empire together
asoka
chandragupta's grandson. brought the mauryan empire to its greatest heights
32
chandragupta's son ruled for __ years
education
cheap paper helped spread _________ in china.
Attila
chieftain who united the Huns. With 100,000 soldiers, he terrorized the kingdom
floods, geographic isolation, and invasions
china's environmental challenges
ancestor worship
chinese believed in being never mean to their parents. believed in afterlife and servents die with the king.
family
chinese culture. the ____ was central to chinese society.
Who flocked to Malaysia and now they Malayans are a minority today?
chinese immagrants
syllable or unit of language
chinese language. each character stands for one
Abraham
chosen by God to be the "father" of the Hebrew people...
Carthage
city founded by the Phoenicians; became a major commercial center and naval power in the western Mediterranean until defeated by Rome in the Punic Wars
Avignon
city in France where Clement V moved from Rome to
Teotihuacan
city of the Gods
William the Conqueror
claimed the English crown and invaded England with a Norman army
What did the Ottoman empire trade?
coffee and ceramics
Jacob and Wilhelm Grimm
collected fairy tales and created dictionary of German grammar
rig veda
collection of 1000 hymns. the oldest of the vedas. foundation of Hinduism.
religious practices 1
combined with their ancient beliefs: respect the spirits of dead ancestors and pray or make sacrifices to spirits and wore amulets to protect them.
Khmer Rouge
communist party in Cambodia that imposed a reign of terror on Cambodian citizens
Torah
compilation of teachings that guide Judaism
Math
concept of zero- decimals- calculate time
Aryans
conquered the harrapans, very militaristic! blonde hair, blue eyes. CHARIOTS, quick attack. Aryans were: - Nomadic; hunter/gatherers, roving shepherds, always moving to get best grazing land for animals to farmers - Excelled at war - Oral tradition—not writing—Vedas (collection of sacred stories, instructions, traditions) settled down - Rigveda - They fought with each other for the power; Aryans arrived about 2000 BCE
Hindu re-born
contact w/mono- sticks to 1,2, or 3 gods.
Why did Europe draw disproportionately on the world's resources?
contact with other civilizations contribute to Europe's Industrial Revolution
The establishment of independent states in the Balkans
contraction of the Ottoman Empire Importance: movements to create independent states and reunite ethnic groups in the Balkans; provoked crises within the European alliance system that ended with the outbreak of World War I
Seleucids
controlled Persia after the death of Alexander the Great; retained Achaemenid systems of administration and taxation, as well as the imperial roads and postal service
The Ottomans took the Byzantine cathedral Hagia Sofia and
converted it into the mosque of Aya Sofya.
What did he have the Egyptians grow?
cotton
Brahma
creator god
brahma
creator of the world
separation
culturally distinct group resist being added to a state or tries to break away(Greeks in the Ottoman empire and French speaking Canadians)
State-building
culturally distinct groups form into a new state by accepting a single culture (Turkey and the U.S)
Alexander II
decided to move Russia toward modernization and social change. He and his advisers believed that his reforms would allow Russia to compete with Western Europe for world power, his first reform was to free the serfs, , the govt had to pay the nobles for their land, , each peasant community had 49 years to pay off their land, while they were free they were in debt,
Jean Jacques Dessalines
declared the colony of Saint Dominique a free country, he called the country Haiti which meant "mountainous land"
Assyrians
descendants of the Akkadians who were traders and fierce warriors known for a powerful army and a well-structured state; used cavalry instead of chariots
Dravidians
descended from Indus River culture in India since beginning of its civilization.
Aryans
descended from pastoral peoples from Central Asia in the second millennium B.C.E.
aqueduct
designed by Roman engineers to bring water into cities and towns
Shiva
destroyer god
shiva
destroyer of the world
Mycenaeans
developed on the Peloponnesus Peninsula; built a huge fleet of ships to capture trade routes and established colonies; adopted Minoan writing and building ideas and eventually conquered the Minoans in 1450 BC.
What 2 discoveries in Africa increased European interest?
diamonds and gold
Iron plow
dig deeper, last longer, break up tough soil and roots.
What turning point occurred in India in 1858?
direct command of India
Treaty of Verdun
document dividing the land between Charlemagne's three feuding grandsons
Sumerians
dominated Southern Mesopotamia through the end of the 3rd Millennium BCE; responsible for the creation of irrigation technology, cunieform, and religious conceptions.
inflation
drastic drop in the value of money coupled with a rise in prices
steppes
dry grass covered plains
gupta empire
during the ______ ______, knowledge of astronomy increased further.
60
during the han dynasty, the chinese population swelled to __ million
During the Ming and Qing dynasties, a. women achieved a level of equality and freedom never seen before in Chinese history. b. women had many more literary and cultural opportunities than ever before. c. the role of women was fashioned after the prevailing pattern in Japan. d. the greater freedom for women was a reflection of European influence. e. patriarchal authority over females became tighter than ever before.
e, patriarchal authority over females became tighter than before.
Beginning in the 1630s and enduring for the next two centuries, Japanese foreign policy included all of the following except a. forbidding Japanese travel overseas. b. a prohibition on the construction of ships. c. a ban on the importation of foreign books. d. careful control of trade with Asian lands. e. open, vibrant trade with Europeans.
e. open, vibrant trade with Europeans.
Cavour & Garibaldi What?
each of them gained Italian territories
megasthenes
eager to stay at peace with the indian emperor, selecus sent an ambassador, ____________, to chandragupta's capital.
Jericho
earliest known Neolithic village based on sedentary agriculture
When did the Mughal empire fall?
early 17th century
Harappan
early brilliant Indian society centered around Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro; most likely declined due to ecological degradation
Neanderthals
early humans who were prevalent during the Paleolithic period
Great Leap Forward
economic and social plan used in China from 1958 to 1961 which aimed to use China's vast population to rapidly transform the country from an agrarian economy into a modern industrial society.
What did the US do in the Philippines?
educated and christianized them
Boer War
either of two wars: the first when the Boers fought England in order to regain the independence they had given up to obtain British help against the Zulus (1880-1881)
1861
end of Russian serfdom/ Italian unification
Bodhisattvas
enlightened persons who have postponed Nirvana to help others attain enlightenment
unpredictable floods and cycles of wet and dry seasons, and rivers that changed course
environmental challenges along the Indus River
alliances
families would make __________ with influential people in the court.
Islamic World
farming, trade: caravans, North Africa
Herodotus
father of history, first written history in the western world (Europe).
Radical
favored drastic change to extend democracy to all people, they believed that govt's should practice the ideals of the French revolution-liberty,equality, and brotherhood
Joan of Arc
felt moved by God to rescue France from its English conquerors; was burned at the stake
Noble Eightfold Path
final truth of the Buddhist Four Noble Truths that called for leading a life of balance and constant contemplation
Saint Dominique (Haiti)
first Latin American territory to free itself from European rule; While the French revolution was taking place, many Africans that worked on french plantations rose up against their French masters. In 1791, 100,000 enslaved Africans rose in revolt. In 1804, General Dessalines declared the colony an independent country.
Mauryan
first centralized empire of India founded by Chandragupta and reached its peak under Ashoka
the Shang Dynasty
first family of chinese rulers to leave written records. (1700 B.C. to 1027 B.C.)
Achaemenid empire
first great Persian empire which began under Cyrus and reached its peak under Darius
former han
first part of the han dynasty. ruled for 2 centuries
Daguerreotypes
first practical photographs, they were named after the French inventor Louis Daguerre, the images won him worldwide fame
Qin
first true unified empire of China founded by Shihuangdi and was marked by the early construction of defensive walls
bureaucratic
following kautilya's advice, chandragupta created a highly ______________ government.
silk mills
for a time, the government also ran huge ____ ____, competing with private silk weavers in making this luxurious cloth.
advances of mauryan empire
forced greeks out, huge army-by force, heavy taxes
mercenary
foreign soldiers who fought for money
Pope Gregory VII
fought lay investiture by issuing a decree forbidding high-ranking clerics from receiving their investiture from lay leaders. Excommunicated Emperor Henry IV.
Siddhartha Gautama
founder of Buddism; born a prince; left his father's wealth to find the cause of human suffering; also know as Buddha
What were castes?
four categories of class systems
Vedas
four collections of sacred writings produced by the Aryans during an early stage of their settlement in India.
What 2 European countries invested largely in the building of the canal?
france and Great Britain
time
from greek invaders, indians adapted western methods of keeping ____. they began to use a calendar based on the cycles of the sun rather than the moon.
Macedon
frontier state north of the Greek peninsula, became centralized under Philip II; conquered Greek city-states
Fu Hao, ang yang
full of riches, only unlooted tomb in the shang era. finely carved jade, ivory, bone, axes, bronze. human sacrifice. _______'s tomb found at _______
moksha
goal of reincarnation
Yahweh
god of the monotheistic religion of Judaism that influenced later Christianity and Islam
What was the major source of great wealth in Africa?
gold and diamonds
In this new age of imperialism, it was necessary not only to claim a territory but also to ________________________________________________.
govern the people living there
lycees
government run public schools
monotheism
gradually, hinduism changed. a trend toward ____________ was growing
Hittites
group that settles in central Anatolia around 2000 B.C.E., establishes powerful kingdoms, conquers the Babylonian empire in 1595 B.C.E., and dissolves about 1200 B.C.E. Technological feats include iron metallurgy and light horse-drawn chariots
2nd empire
gupta empire
Russia
had a feudal system where the nobles had the most power, Russians believed serfdom should end because it prevented the empire from advancing economically
agriculture
harappan culture was based on
theocracy
harappan culture was what type of government
mother, fertility, bull
harappan figures included: ______ goddess, ______ images, and the worship of the ____
gold and silver and stones
harappans traded, GS&S
unpopular
harsh taxes and repressive government made the qin regime _________
indus
have not deciphered what system of writing
Zionism (T. Herzl) What?
he founded the zionist mvt. to recreate a Jewish homeland, safe haven
Sigmund Freud What?
he was more interested in human mind= Anna O. blind and works with her throughout therapy (Psycho Analysis) hypnotizes her, take her back to childhood, she breaks down crying remembering of past visions and emotions of father cheating on mother- few weeks later her vision comes back everything sexual
mandate of heaven
heaven chose a particular dynasty to rule, heaven supported the dynasty for as long as the emperor ruled well. If the emperor did not rule well, heaven would send down signs such as natural disasters.
priests
hinduism became completely dominated by _______
yang chang
hipbone wound. combat. battlefield medicine. found teeth that can tell the diet and childhood. tomb of the warrior ______.
Crusade
holy war
they hired people who were more qualified to hold office
how did the Tang Dynasty use civil service examinations to improve the bureaucracy?
by using the mandate of heaven
how did the imperial government justify their power?
Catal Huyuk
important Neolithic settlement in Anatolia; early urban culture based on sedentary agriculture
Yellow River
important river in ancient China named for the rich loess soil carried by the river
Maurice Ravel and Claude debussy
impressionists in music
congress of Vienna What?
in 1814-15 - An assembly of representatives, led by the most influential states, concluded diplomatic agreements that established a "Balance of Power" among them and redrew the post-war map of Europe. Limits were set on national movements in central Europe.
Battle of Ayachucho (Peru)
in 1824, the Spanish colonies in Latin America won their freedom....the future countries of Venezuela, Columbia, panama, and Ecuador were united into a country known as Gran Columbia
Brahmin
in Aryan society, a member of the social class made up of priets.
enlightenment
in Buddhism, a state of perfect wisdom in which one understand basic truths about the universe...
Nirvana
in Buddhism, the release from pain and suffering achieved after enlightenment...
commune
in Communist China, a collective farm on which a great number of people work and live together
karma
in Hinduism and Buddhism, the totality of the good and bad deeds performed by a person, which is believed to determine his or her fate after rebirth...
reincarnation
in Hinduism and buddhism, the process by which a soul is reborn continuously until it achieves perfect understanding...
inferiors
in china, women were treated as
Mongols
in the 13th century a group that conquered almost all of asia and took over chinas imperial capitol. they also ended the system of civil service exams. they divided the chinese society into four classes.
When did cotton production increase in India and why?
in the Civil War because they could not get cotton for the United States
sans-culottes
in the French Revolution, a radical group made up of Parisian wage-earners, and small shopkeepers who wanted a greater voice in government, lower prices, and an end of food shortages
Gothic
in the early 1100s a new style of architecture evolved with hugh stained glass windows and thrust upward toward heaven
vassal
in the middle ages, a noble who usually was given a fief by his lord in exchange for loyalty
Effect of trade
increased banking, profits thru commerce, indian culture spreads, influence south east asia, spread of buddh
earthen, floods, grid
india's first cities had ______ walls and raised the cities for ______, laid out their cities on a precise ______ system, and had plumbing
gupta empire
india's second empire, the _____ _____, oversaw a great flowering of indian civilization, especially hindu culture
lunar eclipse
indian astronomers proved that the earth was round by observing a _____ _______. during it, the earth's shadow fell across the face of the moon. the astronomers noted that the earth's shadow was curved. thus, the earth was round
What were sepoys?
indian soldiers
chandra gupta ii
indians revered ______ _____ __ for his heroic qualities
Harappan civilization
indus valley civilization is sometimes called
What did Egypt do to block European domination?
initiated social and political reform
Romantic beliefs
inner feelings, emotion, imagination, supernatural, exotic, heroes, heroic actions, folk traditions, and valued common people
Edward Jenner
inoculated people with small amounts of cowpox to prevent them from getting smallpox (1749-1823) -vaccination
What is geopolitics?
intrest in or taking of land for its strategic location or products
Hyksos
invaders who seized the Nile delta and helped bring an end to the Egyptian Middle Kingdom
White Huns
invaders who weakened the empire of the Guptas, nomadic invaders from central Asia; disrupted Gupta administration and caused decline and eventual fall
William Tablot
invented light sensitive paper that he used to produce negatives. The advantage was that many printscould be made on one sheet,
Antoine Lavoisier
invented system of naming chemical elements; regarded as founder of modern chemistry
1767
invention of the spinning jenny
Who was the Egyptian leader when the Suez Canal was built?
isma'il
Why was the Suez Canal known as the "Lifeline of the Empire?"
it allowed britain quicker access to its colonies in Asia and Africa
Dreyfus Affair What Significance?
it sparked antisemitism and Jewish nationalism among Jews
The Chinese were hesitant to convert to Christianity because of
its exclusivity: they had honored many religions at the same time for centuries
What other leader was outraged by this and set up a boycott?
jamal al-din al-afghani
Jomon
japanese preagricultural society that lived in large villages and produced elaborate pottery
Matteo Ricci was
jesuit missionary in China
eastern zhou
king Ping Wang
Louis XVI
king of France from 1774 to 1792 his failure to grant reforms led to the French Revolution; he and his queen (Marie Antoinette) were guillotined (1754-1793)
King Wilhelm I
king of Prussia was crowned kaiser(emperor) , Germans called their Empire the Second Reich(HRE was the first)....Bismark achieved Prussian dominance over Germany and Europe "by blood and iron"
western
king of hui. nobles had power over nobleman. reward system. ________ zhou.
King Minos
king who owned half bull half human monster called the Minotaur...
Shudras
laborers, craftworkers and servants in the Indian caste system
fief
land granted by a lord to a vassal in exchange for loyalty and service
subcontinent
landmass that includes India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh as the indian
lord
landowner that controlled his own military
Government (ME)
large bueracracy
Claude Monet, Edgar Degas, and Pierre Auguste Renoir
leaders of impressionism
Percy Bysshe, John Keats, George Gordon and Lord Byron
leading romantics poets of the time. fought for Greece's freedom, wrote poems celebrating heroes, passionate love, and the mystery of beauty and nature
Simon Bolivar
led 2,000 soldiers on a daring march through the Andes into what is now Columbia, he had won Venezuela's independence
Toussaint L' Overture
led enslaved Africans in revolt against the French that ended slavery and ended slavery and resulted in the new nation of Haiti, French sent him to prison in the Alps where he died
parliament
legislative group; started by Edward I
Congress of Vienna
liberals and nationalists through out Europe were revolting against conservative govt's, the congress of vienna was breaking down
38th Parallel
line of latitude that separated North and South Korea
centralized government
liu bang followed shi huangdi's policy of establishing ____________ __________, in which a central authority controls the running of a state
martial emperor
liu bang is called this because he adopted the policy of expanding the chinese emperor through war.
power
liu bang's first goal was to destroy the rival kings' _____
wudi
liu bang's great grandson. continued liu bang's centralizing policies. held the throne longer than any other han emperor
Describe the culture of the Safavid empire
loved painting, metalwork, textiles, carpets
vessels
low status in zhou
friends
lu had powerful _______ in court who helped her seize power.
infants
lu retained control of the throne by naming ________ as emperors. they were too young to rule, so she remained in control.
The Second Estate
made up of rich nobles. Only made up 2% od population, but owned 20% of land and paid almost no taxes. most hated enlightenment ideas b/c they threatened their status.
What was the story behind Maji-Maji?
magical water that if sprinkeled on their bodies would turn the European bullets into water
Ahura Mazda
main god of Zoroastrianism who represented truth and goodness and was perceived to be in an eternal struggle with the malign spirit Angra Mainyu
Hinduism
main religion of India, a combination of Dravidian and Aryan concepts; goal to reach spiritual purity and union with the great world spirit; its important concepts include dharma, karma, and samsara
Justinian
manages to win back almost of all of the old Roman Empire's territory
Greece
maritime trade, farming
Egypt
maritime trade, farming, nomadic herding
India
maritime trade, nomadic herding, farming
Henry II
married Eleanor of Aquitaine; introduced the use of the jury in English courts
first empire
mauryan empire
Mesopotamia
meaning "between the rivers," the first civilization located between the Tigris and Eurphrates Rivers in present day Iraq
glowing
megasthenes wrote _______ descriptions of chandragupta's palace
burghers
merchant-class town dwellers
temples
merchants commissioned the carving of cave ________ out of solid rock.
unification
mergers of politically divided but culturally similar lands (9th century Germany and Italy)
Thomas Aquinas
mid-1200s scholar argued that the most basic religious truths could be proved by logical argument
What did millions of people do in Southeast Asia that they didn't do in other colonial area?
migrate
expansion (GE)
military moves west trade w/ med
Greco-Roman culture
mixing of elements of Greek, Hellenistic and Roman culture
numerals, zero, decimal
modern _________, the ____, and the _______ system were invented in india
What type of British attitude was commonplace in India?
modernization
Ten Commandments
moral and ethical standards for followers of Moses
Eleanor of Aquitaine
most celebrated woman of the age; French duchy of Aquitaine, later queen of England, mother of two kings
patriarchal
most indian families were __________, headed by the eldest male.
small villages, farmers
most indians lived in _____ ________. the majority were _______, who walked daily from their homes to outlying fields
Harold Godwinson
most powerful noble, became king of england in 1066 after death of Edward the Confessor, ruled for brief time until defeated and killed at the Battle of Hastings
Liberal
mostly middle class business leaders and merchants, they wanted to give more power to elected parliaments , but only the educated and the landowners would vote
Composers
moved from tightly controlled formal compositions about enlightenment to celebrating heroism and national pride , musicians became popular,
Impressionism
movement in which artist reacted against realism by seeking to convey their impressions of subjects or moments in time
Where next did Great Britain get involved in a geopolitical struggle?
muslium lands in central Asia
What is Burma called today?
myanmar
Moses
named in the Torah as the man who led the Hebrews out of slavery...
Budapest
nationalist leader, Louis Kossuth called for a parliament and self government for Hungary
Italy
nationalists work to unite the many separate states on the Italian peninsula, some were independent, others were ruled by Austria, or by the pope. Prince Metternich sent Austrian troops to restore order in Italy.
SALT
negotiations between the US and the USSR which opened in 1969 in Helsinki designed to limit both countries' stock of nuclear weapons
Perseopolis
new capital of the Persian Empire established under the reign of Darius
Popular Buddhism
new teachings, can become buddha, worship buddha, mahayana
art
new trends in buddhism inspired indian ___
Marie Louise
niece of Marie Antoinette; part of Hapsburg family (Austria); mother of Napoleon I; 2nd wife of Napoleon
Did the Safavids have religious tolerance?
no
Was Britain able to take Afghanistan?
no
What are three reason that historians give to explain why Indo-Europeans migrated?
no one knows
The Ottoman, Safavid, and Mughal empires all originally came from where
nomadic Turkish-speaking tribes
Aryans
nomads from Europe and Asia who migrated to India and finally settled; Vedas from this time suggest beginning of caste system
The jizya was the tax paid by
non-Muslims for being in an Islamic country
In the Islamic world, the dhimmi were
non-Muslims who received the status of a protected people.
china's heartland
north china plain a.k.a.
Etruscans
northern Italian society that initially dominated the Romans; helped convey Greek concepts to the expanding Romans
Roman
not a strong economic system, maritime trade, silk road, farming
Albert Einstein What?
not all things are rational(balanced/ calm/ collected) (so no universal truth), everything is relative to the observer. created Universal Law of Gravitation. E=mc2. qualities of light(physics) Theory of Relativity= explore nature of gravity. Overturned the basis of Newtonian Physics, only light remained fixed
Harrapan Economy
o Economy based largely on agriculture—wheat, barley, rice, and peas primary crops (GGS—not a package one could have found anywhere in the New World.) Perhaps first to master cultivation of cotton. o Trade networks with Sumer and other civilizations in the West for things such as copper, lumber, precious stones and other luxury goods. Much trade by ship through Persian gulf. - historically much quicker, though more frightening and precarious than any other method. o Religious artifacts might link to modern Hinduism—figures might represent Shiva (Not in text) Mother goddess, fertility images found all over the ancient Eurasian world.
Anyang
oldest and most important Shang cities. built made out of wood.
Fu Hao
one of many wives of King Wu Ding of the Shang Dynasty and was known as the warrior princess
Code of Hammurabi
one of the first sophisticated collections of laws; regulated Babylonians' everyday behavior
caste
one of the four classes of people in the social system of the Aryans who settled in India- priets, warriors, peasants or traders, and non-Aryan laborers or craftsmen....
Philip II
one of the most powerful Capetians; "philip agustus"; established royal officials called bailiffs
liu bang
one of xiang yu's generals. turned against yu. declared himself 1st emperor of han dynasty.
bubonic plague
one-third of the population of Europe died of this deadly disease
What did the British trade with China and for what?
opium for tea
Why was monotheism unusual in its time and place?
other religions were polytheistic
vishnu, shiva
out of the 3 gods, ______ and _____ were by far the favorites.
fall of han
overthrown by wang mang-natural diseasters
What trade did they want to control in Nigeria?
palm-oil
record keeping
paper was much more convenient for ______ _______, so chinese bureaucracy expanded
tithe
pay a tenth of one's income, especially to the church
serf
peasant
According to Confucian tradition the most honorable class was
peasants
die
peasants faced a terrible choice: work on the great wall or ___
well-field
peasants had 8 plots of working. nobles had the 9th. early form of feudalism. you work, you get protection. ______-______ system.
Mulattos
people of mixed European and African ancestry, 4th in rank in Spanish-American Society
Mestizos
people of mixed European and Indian ancestry, 3rd in rank in Spanish-American Society
peace, stability
people throughout the empire appreciated the _____ and _________ that liu bang brought to china
Peninsulares
people who were born in Spain, the were at the top of the Spanish-American Society
What 3 island groups did the US get as a result of the Spanish-American War in 1898?
phillipine islands, Puerto Rico, and Guam
Social Darwinism Who?
philosopher Herbert Spencer 1820-1903
heliocentric theory
planets revolve around the sun
Describe the start of Jamestown?
planting crops
Medical
plastic surgery-medicines and treatments injections
Tennis Court Oath
pledge made by members of France's National Assembly in which they vowed to continue meeting until a new constitution was drawn up
Virgil
poet who spent ten years writing the most famous work of Latin literature, the Aeneid, the epic of the legendary Aeneas. which praised Rome and its virtues. It was modeled after the Greek epics of Homer
Vietnamization
policy of equipping and training of the South Vietnamese to fight for themselves
China fell behind technologically during the Ming and Qing dynasties due to the their preference for
political and social stability over technological innovation.
bodhisattvas
potential buddhas. could choose to give up nirvana and work to save humanity through good works and self sacrifice
vishnu
preserver of the world
Ronald Reagan
president, 1981-1989, who led a conservative movement against détente with the Soviet Union and the growth of the federal government.
Agustin de Iturbide
proclaimed Mexico's independence in 1821, declared himself emperor, refused to recognize declaration of independence . he was overthrown, after he had been overthrown central America declared its absolute independence from Mexico
What did the Minoans export?
produce some of the finest painted pottery of the time, swords, figures and vessels of precious metals.
Charlemagne's influence
provided Western Europe with its first real unity since the collapse of Rome, the division of his empire following his death introduced a renewed decentralization. The lack of a centralized authority made Europe an easy target for invaders. Vikings from Scandinavia extended their influence from Russia to the coasts of North America. Magyars moved into Europe from the east.
johann Wolfgang von Goethe
published sorrows of young Werther , his novel told a sensitive young man whose hopeless love for a virtuous married woman drives him to suicide
What woman was removed from power in Hawaii when she tried to restore power if Hawaiians at the expense of wealthy planters?
queen liliuokalani
Marie Antoinette
queen of France (as wife of Louis XVI) who was unpopular her extravagance and opposition to reform contributed to the overthrow of the monarchy; she was guillotined along with her husband (1755-1793)
What 2 things were causing discontent among the Indians?
racism and economic problems
What made India increasingly more valuable?
railroad network
What 2 things did many nations look to Africa for?
raw materials and as a market for industrial products
What did it turn into?
rebellion
Queen Victoria
reign from 1837-1901 was the longest in English history. Her sense of duty and moral respectability reflected the attitudes of her age, which has ever been known as the Victorian age. British feeling of national pride,
taoism
rejection of piece and harmony
detente
relaxation of tensions between the United States and its two major Communist rivals, the Soviet Union and China
Describe Indirect Control
relied on existing political rulers. Each colony handeled much of the daily management of the colony. Each colony had a legislative council
Christianity
religion emerging from Middle East in the first century C.E. holding Jesus to be the son of God who sacrificed himself on behalf of mankind
clergy
religious officials, such as priests, given authority to conduct religious services
qin dynasty
replaced the zhou dynasty. its leaders employed legalist ideas to subdue the warring states and unify china
commanderies
reported to liu bang's central government, local provincials
Central to the belief of Twelver Shiism was the idea that the twelfth infallible imam was still alive and would
return to spread his faith.
Yellow Turban Uprising
revolt against the land distribution policies of the Han dynasty
What did the French make them grow?
rice
copper, tin, led cups
rice wine. drink out of ___. it is toxic which might explain why they died so young.
asceticism
rigorous self-denial and active self-restraint
China
river trade, farming, nomadic herding
trade by sea
rome, africa, china
meritocracy
rule by officials or proven merits
han dynasty
ruled china for over 400 years
Ping Wang, warring states
ruler of eastern zhou. period of ______. monarchy. shaping period of chinese culture.* foundation for china.
arthasastra
ruler's handbook written by kautilya. proposed tough-minded policies to hold an empire together, including spying on the people and political assassination
discontent
rumblings of _________ during the qin dynasty grew to roars in the year's after shi huangdi's death.
Sanskrit
sacred language of the early Aryans
Vedas
sacred texts in the Hindu religion, they are a set of four collections of hymns and religious ceremonies transmitted by memory through the centuries by Aryan priests
In 1894, who was named President of the new Republic of Hawaii?
sanford b. dole
monsoons
seasonal winds that dominate India's climate.
later han
second part of the han dynasty. ruled for 2 centuries
Guiseppe Garibaldi
secretly helped nationalist rebels in southern Italy, he captured Sicily, called the red shirts, united the southern areas he conquered with the kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia, cavour made king Victor Emanuel II step aside
Mahayana
sect of Buddhism that offers salvation to all and allows popular worship
alexander the great
selecus i was one of _________ ___ _____'s generals
macedonian
selecus wanted to reestablish __________ control over the indus valley
In an effort to modernize, what did the Ottoman Empire do with its ambassadors? Did China do this, too?
sent ambassadors to the courts of Europe to study their administrative methods.
Henry IV HRE
sent vicious letter to Gregory VII, humbled by pope, stood in snow
silk, 30, mud,
shang and zhou important things: _____, symbols, river civ., __ kings, ____ houses, warriors, hunters, chariots, bronze
earthen walls
shang surrounded their city with ______ for protection.
autocracy
shi huangdi established an ________-a government that has unlimited power and uses it in an arbitrary manner
first emperor
shi huangdi means this
standards
shi huangdi set _________ for writing, law, currency, and weights and measures.
human freedom
shi huangdi unified china at the expense of _____ ______
border
shi huangdi was determined to close the gaps around his empire and extended the wall almost to the length of the empire's ______
son
shi huangdi's ___ proved less able than shi, although he was as cruel. the qin empire fell to peasants from han
huang he, vietnam
shi huangdi's armies attacked the invaders north of the _____ __ and south as far as what is now _______
strengthening the trunk and weakening the branches
shi huangdi's policy to crush the power of rival warlords. he consolidated all families into the capital and carved china into 36 administrative districts controlled by qin officials
li su
shi huangdi's prime minister, a legalist philosopher
highway
shi huangdi's program of centralization included building a _______ network of more than 4000 miles.
What had caused European nations to want to colonize?
similar economics, political, and social reforms
Liberty, Equality, Fraternity
slogan of the french revolution that inspired nationalist feelings and the goal of the revolution
Venus figurines
small Paleolithic statues of women with exaggerated sexual features
Life (GE)
small villages-agricultural based- irrigation- family based-male dominated
Old Regime
social and political system of France in the 1770s
What determined the way of life for the British Army in India?
social class
buddhas
some buddhists also began to believe that many people could become _______
matriarchal
some tamil groups were __________, headed by the mother rather than the father. property, and sometimes the throne, was passed through the female line
guerrilla
spanish peasant fighter, supported by British to rebel against French king put in Spain by Napoleon
Trade
spices gems speciality wood
Junkers
strongly conservative members of Prussia's wealthy landowning class,
Hugh Capet
succeeded Louis the SLuggard and began the Capetian dynasty
What type of plantations became very successful?
sugar
What major crops were grown in Southeast Asia?
sugar cane, coffee, cocoa, rubber, coconuts, bananas, pineapples
Shah Abbas...
supported arts, created a standing army, welcomed foreigners, and gave many rights to Christians.
Shang Di
supreme chinese god
Social Darwinism What?
survival of the fittest" stated that those who were strong deserved their superiority while the weak deserved their inferiority
patriarchy
system of social organization in which males dominate the family and where public institutions, descent, and succession are traced through the male line
What were the plantation crops of India?
tea, indigo, coffee, cotton, and jute
advancements
technology-paper agriculture-growing population-horse collar
stateless societies
term relating to societies such as those of sub-Saharan Africa after the Bantu migrations that featured decentralized rule through family and kinship groups instead of strongly centralized hierarchies
What present day country is Siam?
thalland
What gossip spread among the sepoys and why did it upset them?
that the cartridges of their Enfield rifels were greased with beef and pork fat
How did Latin America refer to the US as politically and economically?
the "Colossus of the North"
Klemens von Metternich
the Austrian foreign minister who was the leader of the Congress of Vienna; claimed that he was guided by the principal of legitimacy
Who established a trading port at Singapore?
the British
The phrase "son of heaven" refers to
the Chinese emperors role in in maintaining order on earth
What European power had been active in Vietnam was early as the 17th century?
the French
Who took over Indochina on the Southeast Asian mainland?
the French
Who claimed the Marshall Islands and parts of New Guinea and the Solomon Islands?
the Germans
What was the first realstic social novel?
the Golden Lotus-about a wealthy landlord who manipulates people for wealth, sex, and power The dream of the Red Chamber is China' most distinguished popular novel-about love
reincarnation
the Hindu or Buddhist doctrine that person may be reborn successively into one of five classes of living beings (god or human or animal or hungry ghost or denizen of hell) depending on the person's own actions
Cuzco
the Incan capital city.
What act eliminated the tariffs on all sugar entering the US?
the Mckinley Tarriff act
It was during the reign of Emperor Wanli that the Ming dynasty
the Ming dynasty began to collapse because of his refusal to meet with government officials.
At the battle of Chaldiran in 1514,
the Ottomans defeated the Safavids
Anatolia
the Southwest Asian peninsula now occupied by the Asian part of Turkey-also known as Asia minor
Lyndon B. Johnson
the US president who sent soldiers into Vietnam because his goal was to stop the spread of communism.
Migration
the act of moving from one place to settle in another
Khayr al-Din Barbarossa Pasha was
the admiral who carried Ottoman naval power into the Mediterranean Sea and Indian Ocean
Waterloo
the battle on 18 June 1815 in which Napoleon met his final defeat, Located in Belgium, the place where the british army and the prussian army forces attacked the french. Napoleon's final defeat against the British and Prussians
monotheism
the belief in a single god...
What is racism?
the belief that one race is superior to others
What did the Russians want access to but the Ottomans controlled land around it?
the black sea
Why was this geopolitical?
the black sea
nirvana
the buddha had stressed that each person could reach a state of peace called _______. this was achieved by rejecting the sensory world and embracing spiritual discipline
self denial
the buddhist idea of ___ ______ proved difficult for many to follow
simony
the buying and selling of Church positions
The term "floating worlds" originally related to
the centers of Tokugawa urban culture-entertainment and pleasure quarters
Why did some business leaders push for annexing Hawaii?
the change cut into the sugar producers profit
plow
the chinese perfected a ____ that was more efficient because it had 2 blades
Bishop Odo of Bayeux
the commissioner of the Bayeux Tapestry.
balance of power
the distribution of power among nations so that no single nation can dominate or interfere with another
In The True Meaning of the Lord of Heaven, Matteo Ricci argued that
the doctrines of Confucius and Jesus were very similar, if not identical
How did the British and Dutch differ on how they thought of their Southeast colonies?
the dutch though of indonesia as their home
buy off
the early han emperors tried to ___ ___ the xiongnu by sending them thousands of pounds of silk, rice, alcohol, and money. usually the xiongnu accepted these gifts and continued their raids.
Who led African and Asian nationalist movements in the 20th century?
the educated class
Scientific Revolution
the era of scientific thought in europe during which careful observation of the natural world was made, and accepted beliefs were questioned (mid 1500s-late 1700s)
vernacular
the everyday language of their homeland
Commercial Revolution
the expansion of trade and business; increased availability of trade goods and new ways of doing business changed
Xia (Shyah)
the first chinese dynasty. leader was Yu. Yu helped with flooding.
marrying
the first gupta emperor came to power not through battle but by __________ a daughter of an influential royal family
Four Noble Truths
the foundation of Buddhist thought: life is pain; pain is caused by desire; elimination of desire will bring an end to pain; living a life based on the Noble Eightfold Path will eliminate desire
Siddhartha gautama
the founder of Buddhism...
peasants
the great wall of china arose on the backs of hundreds of thousands of ________
peninulares
the highest calls, officials went from spain to rule the colonies.
The practice of footbinding represented what in China?
the increasing subjugation of women during the Qing dynasty.
nonaligned nations
the independent countries that remained neutral in the Cold War competition between the United States and the Soviet Union
Fredrick William
the liberal parliament refused him money for reforms that would double the strength of his army. He saw the parliaments refusal as a major challenge to his authority. the junkers supported him.
nanda
the magadha kingdom was ruled by the _____ family
October, 1813
the month Napoleon faces European allies outside of Leipzig
What did the brightest "jewel in the crown" mean?
the most valuable of all Britain's colonies
Louis Napoleon
the nephew of Napoleon Bonaparte won president election, he took the title of Emperor Napoleon III , they welcomed a strong ruler who would bring peace and stability to France, he built railroads , encouraged industrialization, an promoted and ambitious program of public works, because of him unemployment decreased in France, and the country experienced real prosperity
mass religion
the new ideas changed buddhism from a religion that emphasized individual discipline to a ____ ________ that offered salvation to all and allowed popular worship
Georges Danton
the newly appointed minister of justice who led the sans-culottes in revenge on those who had aided the king and resisted the popular will.
Greece gain independence
the ottomans controlled most of the Balkans(region that contains present day Greece, Bulgaria, Romania, and Turkey) but the Greece had kept their culture alive, the Russians felt a connection to the Greek orthodox Christians and the Europeans (including Americans) adored their artwork that is why they assisted them in destroying the ottoman fleet
notice
the palace women and their families competed fiercely for the emperor's ______
prehistory
the period before the invention of writing
Domino Theory
the political theory that if one nation comes under Communist control then neighboring nations will also come under Communist control
Urban II
the pope who issued the call for the Crusades
Antigonid Empire
the portion of Alexander's realm that that included Greece and Macedon
Russification
the process of forcing Russian culture on all ethnic groups, this led to the communist revolution.
dharma
the religious and moral duties of Hindus
The Mughal emperor Aurangzeb reversed
the religious toleration of Akbar and began to tax the Hindus
What was a global effect of World War 1?
the rise of nationalist movements in colonial arease.
seppuku
the ritual suicide of a samurai
excitement, growth
the royal court of the 3rd gupta emperor was a place of __________ and ______.
Exodus
the second book of the Old Testament: tells of the departure of the Israelites out of slavery in Egypt led by Moses
Define imperialism
the seizure of a country or territory by a stronger country
blockade
the shutting of a port to keep people or supplies from moving in or out
rome
the silk road expanded through asia, india, all the way to ____
Great Schism
the split in the Church/division
tectonic plates.
the subcontinent of India revealed evidence of shifts in
Confucianism
the system of ethics, education, and statesmanship taught by Kong Fuzi and his disciples, stressing love for humanity, ancestor worship, reverence for parents, and harmony in thought and conduct
Analects
the teachings of Confucius compiled by his disciples
secret
the techniques of silk production became a closely guarded state ______
warring states
the time of the ______ ______. the west royal family and the east fought about the amount of land.
Hundred Years' War
the war that Edward III launched for that throne continued on and off from 1337 to 1453
Estates-General
the whole meeting of the council of the Third Estate
farmland
the xiongnu made raids into china's settled ________. there they took hostage and stole valuable items.
north, west
the xiongnu roamed the steppes to the ____ and ____ of china.
water
there was a tax on _____, and every month people had to give a day's worth of labor to maintain wells, irrigation ditches, resovoirs, and dams
govern
these power plays distracted the emperor and his officials so much that they sometimes could not ______ effectively
In what ways are The Ten Commandments similar to Hammurabi's code?
they are both moral codes that are created for people to follow and both deal with equality and punishment.
What did Christianity believe was a good reason for colonization?
they believed it would end the slave trade
What did the maharajahs do?
they broke away from Mughal control
Why were they called the "gunpowder empires"?
they developed the first canon. They were the first to use gunpowder in weaponry.
Why did the Americans not like the idea of colonization?
they had to fight for independece
burned
they ordered useless books to be ________. these books were the works of confucian thinkers and poets who disagreed with the legalists
Tula
this city contained pyramids, temples & tall pillars shaped as warriors.
mahayana
those who accepted new buddhist doctrines belonged to the _________ sect
theravada
those who held to the buddha's stricter, original teachings belonged to the __________ sect
Czar Nicholas I
threatened to take over part of the Ottoman Empire in the Crimean War, however Russia industries and transportation system failed to provide adequate supplies for the country's troops, as a result Russia lost the wara gainst the combined forces of France, Great Britian, Sardina, and the ottoman Empire
How did Buddhism spread?
through missionaries and traders carried beyond India
pillars
throughout the empire, asoka erected huge stone _______ inscribed with his new policies
The demand for what made Singapore one of the busiest ports?
tin and rubber
What did Leopold claim was his motive for colonizing the Congo?
to abolish the slave trade and promote Christianity
What did Europeans believe was their right and duty?
to bring the results of their progress to other countries
taxes
to clothe, feed, and pay the troops, the mauryan government levied high _____
What was the Berlin Conference in 1884-85 about?
to lay down rules for the division of Africa
murdered
to prevent criticism, shi huangdi and his prime minister, li su, ________ hundreds of confucian scholars
Cavour & Garibaldi Why?
to unite Italy as one country
army
to win his wars of conquest, chandragupta raised a vast ____. 600,000 soldiers on foot, 30,000 soldiers on horsebak, and 9,000 elephants
legalism
to win popular support, liu bang departed from shi huangdi's strict ________
What crop did Nasir al-Din sell to a British company?
tobacco
Mandate of Heaven
told zhou that they should take over and that god gave them to the right to control.
After the expansion of Islam into West Africa...
trade increased.
wives
traditionally, the emperor chose the favorite among his _____ as the empress and appointed one of her sons as successor.
African Societies and Kingdoms
trans-Saharan trade, gold, slate, Timbuktu
Louis-Phillipe
tried to bring liberal reforms to France, fell from popular favor
King Charles X
tried to stage a return to absolute monarchy in France, the attempt sparked riots that forced Charles to flee to Great Britain, he was replaced by Lois Philippe
Napoleons conquest of Spain in 1808
triggered revolts in the Spanish colonies, when he removed Spain's king Ferdinand VII and made his brother Joseph king of Spain,. The Creoles broke out a rebellion because they did not feel loyalty to a king imposed by the French.
Thereveda
truer to the early buddhism; more strict and harder to follow
September 7, 1812
two armes, French and Russian, clash at the battle of Borodino.
Third World
underdeveloped and developing countries of Asia and Africa and Latin America collectively
Otto von Bismark What?
unified southern and northern Germany through trickery in to one. Instituted a policy of blood and iron
Brazil's independence
unique because it took place without bloodshed, when Napoleons army invaded Spain and Portugal, his aim was to close the ports of these countries to British shipping.As French troops approached Lisbon(Portuguese Capital) the royal family and Prince John tried to escape. They took their court to Brazil (largest colony). Rio De Jernio became the capital of the Portuguese empire. After Napoleons defeat, King John and the Porteugese govt returned to Portugal. King John planned to make Brazil a colony again but the people signed a petition sating they wanted Dom Pedro (John's son) to rule.
303 bc mauryan empire...
united 200 miles of north india
city-states
urban areas that controlled surrounding agricultural regions and that were often loosely connected in a broader political structure with others
Frederic chopin
used Polish dance rythmsin his music
Felix Mendelsson
used the midsummer nights dream as an inspiration for his music
Conservative
usually wealthy property owners and nobility, they argues for protecting the traditional monarchies of Europe
What were divided into 4 broad categories called what?
varna
What countries made up French Indochina?
vietnam, Laos, Cambodia
Why do many Hindus say their religion in monotheistic
view their gods as incarnations/manifestations of one ultimate reality, so in a way they view it as a monotheistic religion
return of han
wang mang assasinated 25 AD-220AD spread into 3 kingdoms
indra
war god, caos, transformer god. (aryans)
Persian War
war sparked by revolt of Greek cities on the Ionian coast against Persia; after failure to take Athens, army forced to retreat back to Anatolia
daimyo
warrior cheiftains (warrior leader) became lords in a new kind a Japanese feudalism. It meant "great name."
The Third Estate
was 98% percent of Frances population. The third estate contained three parts to it. (1) a city-dwelling middle class called the bourgeoisie, (2) urban lower class, (3) peasants. The bourgeoisie was the fastest and richest growing part of the third estate. They staged the French Revolution.
Eric the Red
was a Viking who found and named Greenland. Even thought this was a cold land he named it Greenland to encourage people to come to this area to settle.
Lao Tzu
was a mystic philosopher of ancient China, best known as the author of the Tao Te Ching. considered the founder of Taoism
Pol Pot
was the leader of the Khmer Rouge of Cambodia responsible for the genocide in Cambodia
What kept the Indians from uniting against the British?
weak leadership
Albert Einstein Why Sign?
weakened peoples faith in the enlightenment... he unified a field theory that explains the relationship among all important force fields in nature
stupas
wealthy buddhist merchants who were eager to do good deeds paid for the construction of _______ - mounded stone structures built over holy relics
nationalists
weren't loyal to kings, but to their people, to those who share common bond, nationalists believed that people of a single "nationality" should unite under a single govt. However people who wanted to restore the old order from before he french revolution saw nationalism as a force for disunity. Authoritarian rulers saw that nationalism could also unify masses of people that is why they built nation-states in areas where they firmly remained in control.
king of Hui
western zhou king. ruled in royal lands.
they opened up the civil service exams to more candidates which created meritocracy
what changes did the song dynasty make to create a meritocracy?
they believed that confucian learning was not needed for government jobs
what did the mongols believe about the confucianism?
United Provinces of Central America
when Central America declared itself independent from Mexico it took a new name with countries today known as, Nicaragua, Guatemala, Honduras, El Salvador, Costa Rica
monopoly
when a group has exclusive control over the production and distribution of certain goods
nation-state
when a nation had its own independent govt, it defends the nation's territory and way of life, and it represents the nation to the rest of the world
Alexander III
when his father was assassinated, he had the power, he encouraged industrial development to expand Russia's power. A major force behind Russia's drive toward industrial expansion was nationalism.
empress lu
when liu bang died his son became emperor in name, but the real emperor was his mom _________ __.
executing
when lu died, people who remained loyal to liu bang's family rather than lu's family, came back into power. they rid the palace of the old empress's relatives by _________ them
What was the French policy of assimilation?
where a nation forces or encourages a subject people to adopt its institutions and customs
Sui and Song dynasties
which dynasties reunited china after the disunity of the han?
laying bricks for india's first cities
while egyptians were building pyramids, people in the indus valley were
Hill peoples
who may have lived in the region before history began.
Until the beginning of the 19th century how did the East India Company rule India?
with little interference
San Martin
with the help of Bernardo O' Higgins he freed Chile, he then planned to drive Spanish forces out of Lima, Peru but in order to do this he needed a larger army....In Ecuador San Martin left his army for Bolivar to command, the army then went to defeat the Spanish at the Battle of Ayachucho
The fourteenth and fifteenth centuries
witnessed a downturn in the fortunes of Europe as climate variations brought a series of poor harvests, which led to economic depression and disease. Beyond the tremendous loss of life created by the Black Death, there were social, psychological and economic consequences that would impact European society for centuries. This and other factors engendered the Hundred Years' War, which devastated France and brought economic disaster on England.
In the most industrialized countries of the West,____?____
women's movements by the early 1900s had become a mass movement.
Ludwig van beethoven
work evolved from classical music to the Enlightenment to romantic compositions,his ninth symphony celebrates freedom, dignity, and triumph of human spirit
William Langland
wrote "Piers Plowman"...suffering of poor vs. corruption
Mary Shelly
wrote Frankenstien
charles Dickens
wrote about London's working poor, and life of working middle class wrote Little Dorrit
victor Hugo
wrote les miserables and the als against a hostile society
Honore de Balzac(the human comedy) and Emilie Zola
wrote novels that describes the brutal struggles of everyday people. miseries of french workers in factories
manchuria, korea
wudi also colonized areas to the northeast, now known as _________ and _____. he sent his armies south to present day vietnam.
pastures
wudi attempted to make his northwest border safe by settling his troops on the xiongnu's former ________
stronger
wudi realized that the bribes were making the xiongnu ________, and sent more than 100k soldiers to fight them.
xiongnu
wudi's first set of enemies. fierce nomads known for their deadly archery skills from horseback.
Because of the Scientific Revolution, was Great Britain able to foster technological innovation and industrialize?
yes
Before the 19th C. were Asians and Africans seen as "heathens" because they weren't Christian?
yes
Did Mughals have religious tolerance?
yes
Did the American Revolution accelerate the established democratic tendencies of the colonial societies?
yes
Did the Mughals have a HUGE impact on architecture?
yes
Did the Young Turks advocate a militantly secular Turkish national state?
yes
Did unusually close alliances with the merchant class help Europe to industrialize first?
yes
Regarding Japanese colonial policies in Taiwan and Korea, were the Japanese just as cruel toward their subjects as the Europeans were to theirs?
yes
Was the Industrial Revolution seen as a failure because it seriously damaged the environment? Did it damage the traditional cultural heritage?
yes and yes
Plague of Justinian
• Bubonic plague repeatedly sweeps empire; kills many residents and weakens the empire
Attacks from East and West
• Byzantium faces attacks from many different groups • Empire survives through bribery, diplomacy, and military power • Constantinople falls in 1453; brings an end to Byzantine Empire
Emergence of Russian Culture
• Byzantium trades with Slavs—groups living north of Black Sea • Eventually Slavic and Greek traditions produce Russian culture
A Religious Split
• Christianity develops differently in Eastern and Western Roman Empires • Two churches disagree over many issues, including use of icons • Icons are religious images used to aid in prayer• Leading bishop of Eastern Christianity known as patriarch • In the West, pope excommunicated emperor—banished him from theChurch • Pope and patriarch excommunicate each other over religious doctrines • Eastern and Western churches officially split in 1054 • West—Roman Catholic Church; East—Orthodox Church
Constantinople's Hectic Pace
• City becomes trading hub with major marketplace • Giant Hippodrome offers chariot races and other entertainment • Racing fans start riots in 532; government restores order violently • Empress Theodora—powerful wife and adviser to Justinian
The Seljuks and the Crusaders
• Crusades begin in 1095—Christians drive Turks out of Anatolia • In 1099, Crusaders capture Jerusalem; massacre Muslims and Jews • Fragment of Seljuk Empire fights back, Muslims recover Jerusalem • Captain Saladin allows Western pilgrims access to Christian holy places
Contributing Social factors to Fall of the Western Roman Empire
• Decline in interest in public affairs, *Low confidence in empire, *Disloyalty, lack of patriotism, corruption, *Contrast between rich and poor, *Decline in population due to disease and food shortage
Byzantine Missionaries Convert the Slavs
• Eastern Orthodox missionaries seek to convert northern peoples, Slavs • Missionaries create Cyrillic alphabet—basis of many Slavic languages • Alphabet enables many groups to read the Bible
Malik Shah Dies
• In 1092 Malik Shah dies; no capable shah replaces him • Seljuk Empire disintegrates into loose collection of minor kingdoms
Slavs and Vikings
• In 800s, Vikings settle among Slavs; move to Kiev • Vikings and Slavs mix cultures, become one
Creating the Imperial Capital
• Justinian launches program to beautify capital, Constantinople • Constructs new buildings; builds magnificent church, Hagia Sophia • Byzantines preserve Greco-Roman culture and learning
New Laws for the Empire
• Justinian seeks to revise and update laws for governing the empire • Justinian Code—new set of laws consisting of four main parts • Code regulates much of Byzantine life; lasts for 900 years
An Empire Emerges
• Late 1400s Ivan III becomes prince of Moscow; challenges Mongol rule • Takes the name czar, Russian for "Caesar", and vows to restore Russia • Russian and Mongol armies face off at Ugra River in 1480 • Both armies retreat and Russia gains freedom from Mongol rule
Seljuks Face the Mongols
• Mongol armies under leader Hulagu capture Baghdad in 1258 • Hulagu, Genghis Kahn's grandson, burns palace, kills Abbasid caliph • Ends Turkish rule with much bloodshed
Mongol Rule in Russia
• Mongols give Russians many freedoms, but demand obedience, tribute • Russian nobles such as Alexander Nevsky support Mongols • Mongol rule isolates Russia from rest of Europe
The Mongols
• Mongols, nomads from central Asia, begin conquests in early 1200s • Kiev falls in 1240 to Genghis Khan's grandson, Batu Khan • Mongols rule much of Russia for the next 200 years
The Rise of Moscow
• Moscow founded in 1100s—located near Russia's three main rivers
Moscow's Powerful Princes
• Moscow's princes grow strong under Mongol rule throughout the1300s
Contributing Political factors to Fall of the Western Roman Empire
• Political office seen as burden, not reward, *Military interference in politics, *Civil war and unrest, *Division of empire, *Moving of capital to Byzantium
Contributing Economic factors to Fall of the Western Roman Empire
• Poor harvests, *Disruption of trade, *No more war plunder, *Gold and silver drain, *Inflation, *Crushing tax burden, *Widening gap between rich and poor and increasingly impoverished Western Empire
Decline of the Abbasids
• Powerful Abbasid Empire faces many attacks during 700s and 800s • Persians conquer Abbasid capital, Baghdad, in 945
Kiev Becomes Orthodox
• Princess Olga of Kiev visits Constantinople; converts to Christianity • Her grandson, Vladimir, becomes leader of Kiev around 980 • In 989, Vladimir has all Kiev citizens baptized in Dnieper River • Beliefs and traditions of Orthodox Christianity flourish in Kiev
The Eastern Roman Empire
• Roman Empire officially divides into East and West in 395 • Eastern Empire flourishes; becomes known as Byzantium • Justinian becomes emperor of Byzantium in 527 • His armies reconquer much of former Roman territory • Byzantine emperors head state and church; use brutal politics
Geography of Russia
• Russian territory: west of Ural Mountains, Black Sea to Baltic Sea • Forests in north, hilly grasslands in south; three great rivers
Contributing Military factors to Fall of the Western Roman Empire
• Threat from northern European tribes, *Low funds for defense, *Problems recruiting Roman citizens; recruiting of non- Romans, *Decline of patriotism and loyalty among soldiers
The Conquering Seljuks
• Turks are a nomadic group living along western border of China • Group led by Turkish family—the Seljuks—seizes Baghdad in 1055 • In 1071 Seljuk sultans crush Byzantine Empire at Battle of Manzikert • Seljuks take most of Anatolia; bring Turks close to Constantinople
The Turks Secure Persian Support
• Turks seek support of Persians and embrace Persian culture • Give Persians key posts, including that of vizier, or prime minister • Adopt Persian language and religion—Islam • Malik Shah was one of the most famous Seljuk rulers, or shahs • He and other shahs support Persian artists; build mosques
Kievan Russia
• Vladimir expands Russia into Poland, and north to Baltic Sea • Vladimir's son, Yaroslav the Wise, rules Kiev in 1019 • Forges alliances, creates legal code, builds churches
Kiev's Decline
• Yaroslav divides realm between his sons; causes civil war • Kiev's commerce is further weakened by the Crusades • The Crusades—clash between Christians and Muslims over Holy Lands
