Motivation
Industrial Organizational Psychologists (I/O)
focus on scientific study of the workplace, Apply psychological rigor and methods to issues of critical relevance to organizations.
Intrinsic Motivation
A Motivation in which the resulting behavior is the reward itself. (ex. Community Service)
Behavior
Action from which we infer motivation eg. Examining Actions
Cognitive Approaches
Adam's Equity Theory (Fairness), & Vroom's Expectancy Theory (If I do this will I get a good enough reward?)
Major Approaches to Worked based motivation
Behavioral, Need-based, cognitive and Job design
Drive Reduction Theory
Belief that behavior is motivated by drives that arise from biological and physiological needs that demand satisfaction. Important for learning (especially operant conditioning)
Incentive Theory
Belief that our attraction to particular goals or objects motivates much of our behavior
Job Design Approaches
Content of the jobs employees perform as primary source of motivation - your environment and rewards are the primary motivations for your work (Herzberg two Factor & Hackman & Oldham's Job Characteristics)
Achievement Motivation
Desire to Achieve Success
Avoidance Motivation
Desire to avoid failure
Situational Constraints
Determinant of behavior, Environmental Behaviors
Ability
Determinant of behavior, General capacity to do work
Lipostatic Theory (Hunger)
Eating is Regulated to maintain a set fat point based on activity and intake
Glucostatic Theory (Hunger)
Eating is controlled by receptors in bloodstream that measure glucose (primary metabolic fuel) Low levels of Gluecose brain triggers hunger.
Performance
Evaluation of behavior eg. Grading Scale
Four Stages of Sexual Arousal
Excitement, Plateau, Orgasm, Resolution phase.
What are instincts
Fixed (inborn - or unlearned) patterns of response that are specific to members of a particular species.
Human Factors / Engineering Psychologists
Focused study of proper assignment of jobs for humans and machines. (Advocate systematic use of relevant knowledge to achieve people-machine-environment compatibility in the design of interactive systems)
Herzberg Two Factor Theory
Hygiene Factors (basic needs) make job not undesirable, Motivtors (Higher Order Desires) make the job desirable. w/o Hygiene factors job will not be desirable.
Brain Hunger & Sexual regulation Structure
Hyothalamus
Hormones related to Hunger
Leptin → decreases hunger Ghrelin → increases hunger
York-Dodson Law
Moderate Arousal is ideal for quality performance, either high or low arousal will lead to poor performance.
Need Based Approaches (Work Motivation)
Motivation based on a person's efforts to satisfy a series of sequential human needs which vary in complexity and importance (ex. Maslow's Hierarchy, Alderfer's ERG Theory, & McClelland's Acquired Needs Theory)
What is Motivation
Need or desire that energizes and directs behavior, Factors that activate, direct and sustain goal oriented behavior.
What are motives
Needs or wants that drive behavior and explain why we do what we do
Psychosocial Needs (AKA interpersonal needs)
Needs that reflect interpersonal aspects of motivation, such as the need for friendship or achievement
Hierarchy of Needs (Abraham Maslow)
Order to human needs, which starts with basic physiological needs that must first be satisfied before higher-level needs (in reality it is arbitrarily ordered
Instinct Theory
Out behavior is solely motivated by instincts. Fallen out of favor because Only describes (no explination of behavior) and does not take into account culture and learning.
Sexual Strategies Theory
Overall: Pass genes along, for success people look for attractive, kind, honest, good-natured & intelligent people - Male goal = spread the seed, female Goal = find stable mate because females bear brunt of child raising.
McClelland's Acquired Needs Theory
People have some combinations of needs for Power (Leader), Achievement (accomplish goals) & Affiliation (make friends)
Possible reasons for Sexual Orientations
Prenatal Hormones, Genetic Component, Different Brain clusters, Mostly viewed as neither willfully chosen nor willfully changed.
Types of Drives and Examples
Primary - Hunger, Thirst & Sexual, Secondary - monetary wealth
Incentives
Pull External Stimulus pull organism to certain things or Positive or negative stimulus that motivates behavior
Drives
Push Internal States push an organism in certain directions or Internal tension created by unmet needs and/or disturbance in homeostasis
Extrinsic Motivation
Reflects a desire for an external reward or outcome, The resulting behavior is a means to an end.
Definition of Work Motivation
Set of energetic forces that originate both within as well as beyond an individual's being. Determine work form, duration, intensity, and direction
Need
State of deficiency or Deprivation with regard to an essential requirement.
Taste Prefrences
Sweet and Salty are universally prefered, Emotional states can change preferences.
reinforcement Theory (Behavioral Approach)
Uses reinforcements and punishments as sources of motivation - is an oversimplification of reality
Optimum Arousal Theory
Whenever the level of stimulation dips below an organism's optimal level, the organism seeks ways of increasing it, and when stimulation exceeds an optimal level, the organism seeks ways of toning it down.
Alderfer's ERG Theory
an explanation of human needs that divides them into three basic types; existence needs, relatedness needs, and growth needs. Said these can be achieved simultaneously.
Incentive
positive or negative environmental stimulus that motivates behavior (Incentive Theory)
Oxytocin (Hormone)
released during sex and promotes attraction
Incentive value
the strength of the "pull" of a goal or reward
Sensory Specific Satiety
tiring of the same food in repetition, Causes consuming of foods with diverse nutrients.