Motivation

Industrial Organizational Psychologists (I/O)

focus on scientific study of the workplace, Apply psychological rigor and methods to issues of critical relevance to organizations.

Intrinsic Motivation

A Motivation in which the resulting behavior is the reward itself. (ex. Community Service)

Behavior

Action from which we infer motivation eg. Examining Actions

Cognitive Approaches

Adam's Equity Theory (Fairness), & Vroom's Expectancy Theory (If I do this will I get a good enough reward?)

Major Approaches to Worked based motivation

Behavioral, Need-based, cognitive and Job design

Drive Reduction Theory

Belief that behavior is motivated by drives that arise from biological and physiological needs that demand satisfaction. Important for learning (especially operant conditioning)

Incentive Theory

Belief that our attraction to particular goals or objects motivates much of our behavior

Job Design Approaches

Content of the jobs employees perform as primary source of motivation - your environment and rewards are the primary motivations for your work (Herzberg two Factor & Hackman & Oldham's Job Characteristics)

Achievement Motivation

Desire to Achieve Success

Avoidance Motivation

Desire to avoid failure

Situational Constraints

Determinant of behavior, Environmental Behaviors

Ability

Determinant of behavior, General capacity to do work

Lipostatic Theory (Hunger)

Eating is Regulated to maintain a set fat point based on activity and intake

Glucostatic Theory (Hunger)

Eating is controlled by receptors in bloodstream that measure glucose (primary metabolic fuel) Low levels of Gluecose brain triggers hunger.

Performance

Evaluation of behavior eg. Grading Scale

Four Stages of Sexual Arousal

Excitement, Plateau, Orgasm, Resolution phase.

What are instincts

Fixed (inborn - or unlearned) patterns of response that are specific to members of a particular species.

Human Factors / Engineering Psychologists

Focused study of proper assignment of jobs for humans and machines. (Advocate systematic use of relevant knowledge to achieve people-machine-environment compatibility in the design of interactive systems)

Herzberg Two Factor Theory

Hygiene Factors (basic needs) make job not undesirable, Motivtors (Higher Order Desires) make the job desirable. w/o Hygiene factors job will not be desirable.

Brain Hunger & Sexual regulation Structure

Hyothalamus

Hormones related to Hunger

Leptin → decreases hunger Ghrelin → increases hunger

York-Dodson Law

Moderate Arousal is ideal for quality performance, either high or low arousal will lead to poor performance.

Need Based Approaches (Work Motivation)

Motivation based on a person's efforts to satisfy a series of sequential human needs which vary in complexity and importance (ex. Maslow's Hierarchy, Alderfer's ERG Theory, & McClelland's Acquired Needs Theory)

What is Motivation

Need or desire that energizes and directs behavior, Factors that activate, direct and sustain goal oriented behavior.

What are motives

Needs or wants that drive behavior and explain why we do what we do

Psychosocial Needs (AKA interpersonal needs)

Needs that reflect interpersonal aspects of motivation, such as the need for friendship or achievement

Hierarchy of Needs (Abraham Maslow)

Order to human needs, which starts with basic physiological needs that must first be satisfied before higher-level needs (in reality it is arbitrarily ordered

Instinct Theory

Out behavior is solely motivated by instincts. Fallen out of favor because Only describes (no explination of behavior) and does not take into account culture and learning.

Sexual Strategies Theory

Overall: Pass genes along, for success people look for attractive, kind, honest, good-natured & intelligent people - Male goal = spread the seed, female Goal = find stable mate because females bear brunt of child raising.

McClelland's Acquired Needs Theory

People have some combinations of needs for Power (Leader), Achievement (accomplish goals) & Affiliation (make friends)

Possible reasons for Sexual Orientations

Prenatal Hormones, Genetic Component, Different Brain clusters, Mostly viewed as neither willfully chosen nor willfully changed.

Types of Drives and Examples

Primary - Hunger, Thirst & Sexual, Secondary - monetary wealth

Incentives

Pull External Stimulus pull organism to certain things or Positive or negative stimulus that motivates behavior

Drives

Push Internal States push an organism in certain directions or Internal tension created by unmet needs and/or disturbance in homeostasis

Extrinsic Motivation

Reflects a desire for an external reward or outcome, The resulting behavior is a means to an end.

Definition of Work Motivation

Set of energetic forces that originate both within as well as beyond an individual's being. Determine work form, duration, intensity, and direction

Need

State of deficiency or Deprivation with regard to an essential requirement.

Taste Prefrences

Sweet and Salty are universally prefered, Emotional states can change preferences.

reinforcement Theory (Behavioral Approach)

Uses reinforcements and punishments as sources of motivation - is an oversimplification of reality

Optimum Arousal Theory

Whenever the level of stimulation dips below an organism's optimal level, the organism seeks ways of increasing it, and when stimulation exceeds an optimal level, the organism seeks ways of toning it down.

Alderfer's ERG Theory

an explanation of human needs that divides them into three basic types; existence needs, relatedness needs, and growth needs. Said these can be achieved simultaneously.

Incentive

positive or negative environmental stimulus that motivates behavior (Incentive Theory)

Oxytocin (Hormone)

released during sex and promotes attraction

Incentive value

the strength of the "pull" of a goal or reward

Sensory Specific Satiety

tiring of the same food in repetition, Causes consuming of foods with diverse nutrients.