Motivation - Chapter 10
How can teachers reduce anxiety in classroom?
create a classroom climate that is: 1) accepting 2) Set realistic goals 3) work at a moderate pace 4) provide structure 5) design tests that begin with easy problems
Students intrinsic motivation generally
declines from elementary school to secondary school
If a person attributes success to stable factors then ....
association of past success will be attributed to the future
How can learned helplessness be modified?
attribution training program that emphasizes lack of effort, rather than lack of ability frequent feedback on their lack of effort
When a person has a high probability of success it can be detrimental regarding the expectancy theory, because...?
because the person has so much confidence, he does not prepare
What needs diminish once they are satisfied?
deficiency needs
What feedback should be given more, effort or ability?
effort
You should always praise students for their ______, which is controlled by them, rather than their _____, which is not.
effort intelligence
A person who does not feel responsible for outcomes has an _____
external locus of control
What is the main source of anxiety in school>
fear of failure
If attribution is that success or failure is due to controllable factors, the outcome is
feeling of pride or shame
What do students with learning goals see the purpose of school as?
gaining motivator competence in skills being taught
Achievement motivated students choose work partners for complex tasks that are _____, while affiliation motivated students choose a _______
good at the task friendly partner
If attribution is that success or failure is due to uncontrollable factors, the outcome is
gratitude for good luck
What needs can never be satisfied completely?
growth needs
How does an overly high probability of success negatively impact motivation?
if it is too easy, then child won't even try
What is motivation?
influence of needs and desires on the intensity and direction of behavior
What is synonomous with self efficacy?
internal locus of control
Why is self regulated learning not the same as achievement motivation?
self regulated learning requires independent responsibility, not to simply comply with teacher's demands, like achievement motivation
What type of student is likely to seek to gain positive judgment for their competence?
students with performance goals
What type of student will fall into pattern of helplessness if they don't do well?
students with performance goals
What attributions are external?
task difficulty luck
What are the implications of expectancy theory on education?
tasks should be neither too easy, nor too difficult
What types of tasks should be used in the classroom for learning goals?
tasks that have a strong influence on student's adoption of learning goals tasks that are challenging, meaningful, and related to real-life
If a person attributes success to unstable factors, then...
the expectation is that the future will differ from the past
What is learned helplessness?
- expectation that one's actions will lead to failure - no matter what one does, one is doomed to failure or ineffectively, "nothing I do matters."
How can teachers help students overcome learned helplessness?
1) Accentuate the positive 2) Eliminate the negative 3) Go from familiar to new using advanced organizers 4) Create challenges where students actively create problems and solve them using their own knowledge
What are the 3 explanations for people's successes and failures?
1) Internal- within the person External- other factors caused it, besides yourself 2) Stable or Unstable 3) Controllable or Not
How should a teacher give feedback that has the greatest motivational value?
1) focus on ability 2) focus on effort 3) be specific re: student's actions 4) show an expectancy of success, all students can learn attitude 5) Formal means of rewarding student 6) Frequent feedback on progress
Name 5 ways teachers can increase a student's motivation to learn?
1) use intrinsic motivators 2) Use rewards with immediacy 3) Arouse interests and curiosity 4) Express clear expectations 5) Teach students to praise themselves
What is a cognitive approach?
Attribution theory
What are two types of needs in Maslow's hierarchy of Needs?
Deficiency Needs Growth Needs
What are deficiency needs in Maslow's hierarchy of Needs?
Esteem needs Belongingness and love needs Safety needs Physiological needs physiological, safety, love, and esteem critical to psychological and physical well-being must be fulfilled first before growth needs
What is the following statement? "I lucked out."
External Unstable
Does high achievement motivation lead to success in school, or does success in school lead to high achievement motivation?
Initially, motivation comes from family experiences Then after a few years in school, success and motivation cause each other
What is the following statement? " I'm smart."
Internal Stable
What is a humanistic model of needs?
Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs
What is the Expectancy Model?
Motivation= Perceived probability of success (Ps) X Incentive Value of Success (Is)
What are growth needs in Maslow's hierarchy of Needs?
Self-actualization need Aesthetic needs Need to know and understand
What type of student is likely to seek challenges?
Students with learning goals
Implications of research on learning goals versus performance goals is that you should
Try to convince students that learning, rather than grades is the purpose of academic work
What is external locus of control?
a person with an external locus of control is more likely to believe that other factors, such as luck, task difficulty, or other people's actions cause success or failure
What is internal locus of control?
a person with an internal locus of control believes that success or failure is the result of his or her own abilities
What does the expectancy model depend on?
a person's expectations of the reward
What are the 4 explanations for success or failure in achievement situations?
ability effort task difficulty luck
What attributions are internal to the individual?
ability and effort
What is self actualization?
acceptance of self and others, spontaneity, openness, relatively deep, but democratic relationships with others, creativity, humor, and independence
What are task or mastery goals?
learning goals
What type of goal is an intrinsic motivator?
learning goals
What do learning oriented students shift to over years in school?
learning or mastery goals to performance goals
What kind of tasks are better for learning?
moderate to difficult
What is attribution theory?
motivation theory that focuses on how people explain the causes of their own successes or failures.
What is the central assumption of Attribution Theory?
people will attempt to maintain a positive self image i.e. when a person does well, its attributed to one's own efforts/abilities (intelligence) ie. when a person does not do well, fails, due to factors which they cannot control
What is expectancy theory based on?
people's efforts to achieve depend on their expectations of reward
What type of goal is an extrinsic motivator?
performance goals
Motivation is largely determined by
personal or situational factors
What are implications of Maslow's theory for education?
relationship between deficiency needs and growth needs. i.e. if deficiency needs, such as love and self-esteem are not met, students will not have a strong motivation to achieve higher level growth objectives
What can learned helplessness arise from?
upbringing inconsistent, unpredictable use of rewards and punishments
