Motivation - Chapter 10

How can teachers reduce anxiety in classroom?

create a classroom climate that is: 1) accepting 2) Set realistic goals 3) work at a moderate pace 4) provide structure 5) design tests that begin with easy problems

Students intrinsic motivation generally

declines from elementary school to secondary school

If a person attributes success to stable factors then ....

association of past success will be attributed to the future

How can learned helplessness be modified?

attribution training program that emphasizes lack of effort, rather than lack of ability frequent feedback on their lack of effort

When a person has a high probability of success it can be detrimental regarding the expectancy theory, because...?

because the person has so much confidence, he does not prepare

What needs diminish once they are satisfied?

deficiency needs

What feedback should be given more, effort or ability?

effort

You should always praise students for their ______, which is controlled by them, rather than their _____, which is not.

effort intelligence

A person who does not feel responsible for outcomes has an _____

external locus of control

What is the main source of anxiety in school>

fear of failure

If attribution is that success or failure is due to controllable factors, the outcome is

feeling of pride or shame

What do students with learning goals see the purpose of school as?

gaining motivator competence in skills being taught

Achievement motivated students choose work partners for complex tasks that are _____, while affiliation motivated students choose a _______

good at the task friendly partner

If attribution is that success or failure is due to uncontrollable factors, the outcome is

gratitude for good luck

What needs can never be satisfied completely?

growth needs

How does an overly high probability of success negatively impact motivation?

if it is too easy, then child won't even try

What is motivation?

influence of needs and desires on the intensity and direction of behavior

What is synonomous with self efficacy?

internal locus of control

Why is self regulated learning not the same as achievement motivation?

self regulated learning requires independent responsibility, not to simply comply with teacher's demands, like achievement motivation

What type of student is likely to seek to gain positive judgment for their competence?

students with performance goals

What type of student will fall into pattern of helplessness if they don't do well?

students with performance goals

What attributions are external?

task difficulty luck

What are the implications of expectancy theory on education?

tasks should be neither too easy, nor too difficult

What types of tasks should be used in the classroom for learning goals?

tasks that have a strong influence on student's adoption of learning goals tasks that are challenging, meaningful, and related to real-life

If a person attributes success to unstable factors, then...

the expectation is that the future will differ from the past

What is learned helplessness?

- expectation that one's actions will lead to failure - no matter what one does, one is doomed to failure or ineffectively, "nothing I do matters."

How can teachers help students overcome learned helplessness?

1) Accentuate the positive 2) Eliminate the negative 3) Go from familiar to new using advanced organizers 4) Create challenges where students actively create problems and solve them using their own knowledge

What are the 3 explanations for people's successes and failures?

1) Internal- within the person External- other factors caused it, besides yourself 2) Stable or Unstable 3) Controllable or Not

How should a teacher give feedback that has the greatest motivational value?

1) focus on ability 2) focus on effort 3) be specific re: student's actions 4) show an expectancy of success, all students can learn attitude 5) Formal means of rewarding student 6) Frequent feedback on progress

Name 5 ways teachers can increase a student's motivation to learn?

1) use intrinsic motivators 2) Use rewards with immediacy 3) Arouse interests and curiosity 4) Express clear expectations 5) Teach students to praise themselves

What is a cognitive approach?

Attribution theory

What are two types of needs in Maslow's hierarchy of Needs?

Deficiency Needs Growth Needs

What are deficiency needs in Maslow's hierarchy of Needs?

Esteem needs Belongingness and love needs Safety needs Physiological needs physiological, safety, love, and esteem critical to psychological and physical well-being must be fulfilled first before growth needs

What is the following statement? "I lucked out."

External Unstable

Does high achievement motivation lead to success in school, or does success in school lead to high achievement motivation?

Initially, motivation comes from family experiences Then after a few years in school, success and motivation cause each other

What is the following statement? " I'm smart."

Internal Stable

What is a humanistic model of needs?

Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs

What is the Expectancy Model?

Motivation= Perceived probability of success (Ps) X Incentive Value of Success (Is)

What are growth needs in Maslow's hierarchy of Needs?

Self-actualization need Aesthetic needs Need to know and understand

What type of student is likely to seek challenges?

Students with learning goals

Implications of research on learning goals versus performance goals is that you should

Try to convince students that learning, rather than grades is the purpose of academic work

What is external locus of control?

a person with an external locus of control is more likely to believe that other factors, such as luck, task difficulty, or other people's actions cause success or failure

What is internal locus of control?

a person with an internal locus of control believes that success or failure is the result of his or her own abilities

What does the expectancy model depend on?

a person's expectations of the reward

What are the 4 explanations for success or failure in achievement situations?

ability effort task difficulty luck

What attributions are internal to the individual?

ability and effort

What is self actualization?

acceptance of self and others, spontaneity, openness, relatively deep, but democratic relationships with others, creativity, humor, and independence

What are task or mastery goals?

learning goals

What type of goal is an intrinsic motivator?

learning goals

What do learning oriented students shift to over years in school?

learning or mastery goals to performance goals

What kind of tasks are better for learning?

moderate to difficult

What is attribution theory?

motivation theory that focuses on how people explain the causes of their own successes or failures.

What is the central assumption of Attribution Theory?

people will attempt to maintain a positive self image i.e. when a person does well, its attributed to one's own efforts/abilities (intelligence) ie. when a person does not do well, fails, due to factors which they cannot control

What is expectancy theory based on?

people's efforts to achieve depend on their expectations of reward

What type of goal is an extrinsic motivator?

performance goals

Motivation is largely determined by

personal or situational factors

What are implications of Maslow's theory for education?

relationship between deficiency needs and growth needs. i.e. if deficiency needs, such as love and self-esteem are not met, students will not have a strong motivation to achieve higher level growth objectives

What can learned helplessness arise from?

upbringing inconsistent, unpredictable use of rewards and punishments