Motivation Final Exam

What is Atkinson's model?

Achievement behavior depends not only on the individual's dispositional, implicit achievement striving, but also on his/her task specific probability of success and the inventive to succeed

What is it called when the two motivational experiences of wanting and needing diverge apart from one another?

Addiction

Which influences have been found to produce restraint release?

Alcohol, Anxiety, Depression

What are the assumptions of cognitive evaluation theory?

All external events have a controlling and informational aspect and all people possess psychological needs for competence and autonomy

Which brain structure detects, learns about, and responds to the stimulus properties of environmental objects, including both reward-eliciting and threat-eliciting properties?

Amygdala

Which brain structure involves processing both one's own feelings as well as the feelings and emotions of other people?

Anterior cingulate cortex

What is the need to experience self-direction and personal endorsement in the initiation and regulation of one's behavior, and it reflects the desire to have one's choices and preferences rather than environmental events determine one's actions?

Autonomy

What is presented with two or more courses of action, preferring one course of action over the other?

Choice

What theory of motivation focuses on mental processes as "springs to action" that energize and direct behavior in purposive ways?

Cognitive

______ engagement expresses the extent to which the person actively monitors how well things are going and uses sophisticated learning and problem-solving strategies.

Cognitive

What is the need to be effective in interactions with the environment, and it reflects the desire to exercise one's capacities and skills, and in doing so, seek out master optimal challenges?

Competence

Which scientific discipline involves an emerging anomaly that cannot be explained by the existing consensus/ paradigm. A clash erupts between the old and new way of thinking.

Crisis and revolution

According to Clark Hull, ______ is a pooled energy source comprised of all current physiological (biological) disturbances

Drive

What is the theoretical term used to depict the psychological discomfort stemming from a persistent biological deficit?

Drive

What is exertion put forth during a task?

Effort

What are short-lived subjective-physiological-functional-expressive phenomena that orchestrate how a person reacts to significant life events?

Emotions

Where does a person's high level of extrinsic motivation come from?

Environmental incentives, consequences, and rewards

Which hormone generates a feeling of satiety?

Leptin

According to the ______ hypothesis, when body weight drops below its in-born homeostatic balance, then increased hunger and increased eating behavior becomes more problematic

Lipostatic

What is the tendency to avoid failure equation?

Maf x Pf x If

What are conditions that involve and satisfy the need for achievement?

Moderately difficult tasks, competition, and entrepreneurship

What important event in the history of motivation occurred in the 1960s?

Motivational researchers began to reject "grand theories" in favor of "mini-theories"

What is the tendency to achieve equation?

Ms x Ps x Is

What is the condition within the person that is essential and necessary for life, growth, and well-being?

Need

What are conditions within the individual that are essential and necessary for the maintenance of life and for the nurturance of growth and well-being?

Needs

What is the physiological stop system that terminates drive?

Negative feedback

The behavioral act of taking out the garbage in order to stop your roommate's persistent nagging to do so results in ______ for the act of taking out the garbage

Negative reinforcement

Which scientific discipline consists of a new way of thinking and explaining for discipline changing progress. Embracing the new consensus, participants settle into this. Progress returns to making incremental advances

New paradigm

Which brain structure stores and processes reward-related value information of environmental objects and events to formulate preferences and to make choices between options?

Orbitofrontal cortex

What is the so-called bonding hormone that typically motivates the "tend and befriend" coping response?

Oxytocin

Which scientific discipline involves factionalism giving way to a shared consensus about what constitutes the disciplines methods, questions, and problems to solve. Participants accumulate knowledge and make incremental advancements

Paradigmatic

What is the time between when a behavior first starts until it ends?

Persistence

Which scientific discipline consists of participants who do not share the same language or the same knowledge base. Debates are frequent about what should be the discipline's methods, core questions, and key problems to address and solve

Preparadigmatic

An individual who is sensitive to negative outcomes, avoids possibilities of loss, and adopts a vigilant behavior strategy of caution that might be characterized as "do the right thing" is demonstrating what kind of mindset?

Prevention

What is the number of occasions that the person exacts a particular goal-directed response given the total number of opportunities to do so?

Probability of response

What is the need to establish close emotional bonds and attachments with other people, and it reflects the desire to be emotionally connected to and interpersonally involved with significant others in warm relationships?

Relatedness

What are the hidden costs of extrinsic motivation?

Rewards tend to undermine intrinsic motivation, tend to undermine the development of autonomous self-regulation, and tend to undermine conceptual understanding and the quality of learning

What do the letters stand for in the equation S: R > C

S = situational cue (incentive) R = response (behavioral action) C = consequence (reward, punisher)

People with specific goals outperform people with vague goals because:

Specific goals reduce ambiguity in thought and variability in performance

The following example reveals the importance of which theme in the study of motivation? The worker who has an interesting job and works with supportive co-workers will perform better and be happier on the job than will the worker who has a boring job and works with conflictual co-workers.

To flourish, motivation needs supportive conditions

Theories help motivation researchers:

Understand the complex phenomena they study

When do people typically experience an increased desire to affiliate with others?

When they feel fearful and anxious

What is an efficacy expectation?

a judgment of one's capacity to execute a particular act or course of action "Can I do it?"

What is an outcome expectation?

a judgment that a given action, once performed, will cause a particular outcome. "Will it work?"

What a person "needs" within an implicit motive is to experience:

a particular pattern of affect or emotion

What is an exchange relationship?

a relationship between acquaintances or between people who do business together

What is a communal relationship?

a relationship between persons who care about the welfare of eachother

In terms of the historical study of motivation, what was so important about the fact that motivational thinkers began to embrace the cognitive revolution?

an ideological shift away from studying animal, biological, and evolutionary motivations constructs

In general, motivation researchers rely heavily on _______ measures, but only lightly on _______ measures.

behavioral and physiological; self-report

The strongest negative feedback system that regulates and lessens the experience of thirst and inhibits drinking is found in the body;s:

cells

What are attitudes of people like in cognitive dissonance theory?

clear, salient, and strong

According to Deci and Ryan's cognitive evaluation theory, all extrinsic events have two functional aspects: controlling aspect and information aspect. To say an external event is controlling means that it:

coerces a person into doing some particular act

People high in the need for power desire have high levels of:

control, impact & influence

Social contexts and environments that frustrate and thwart the person's psychological need for autonomy are referred to as:

controlling

Pairing "science" and "motivation in the phrase "motivational science" means that answers to motivational questions require:

data-based, empirical evidence to validate objectively one's claims about how motivation works

Which mindset best distinguishes between the motivation of setting goals and the volition of actually doing the work to attain those goals?

deliberative-implemental

The motivational spring to action that results when a person's present state falls short of their hoped-for ideal is referred to as:

discrepancy

What are the benefits gained following an experience of psychological need satisfaction?

engagement, internalization, personal growth & well-being

According to the textbook, the current gold standard for technology that allows us to look deeply inside the brain to monitor activity during a motivational or emotional state is the:

fMRI, functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging

A prerequisite environmental condition that allows people to engage freely in optimal challenges and to experience optimal motivation even in the face of failure is:

failure tolerance

Which hormone generates a desire to eat?

ghrelin

When a person pursues a goal that is wholeheartedly accepted, embraced, and owned by the self it is an issue of:

goal concordance

What are the characteristics that best represent an effective manager?

high power, high affiliation, and high inhibition

According to self-determination theory, the motivation that needs to be most enhanced in asking another person to engage in an uninteresting but important activity is to promote:

identified regulation

What is a promotion mindset?

individual is sensitive to positive outcomes, approaches possibilities of gain and adopts an eager behavioral strategy of locomotion

Which motive is the social motive to engage in warm, close, positive interpersonal relations that hold little fear of rejection?

intimacy

According to the dynamics-of-action model, achievement behavior eventually ends because:

once achievement behavior begins, it tends to consume itself

"Failure as a challenge" means that the meaning of failure is:

opportunity for learning and personal growth

Cellular dehydration causes ______ thirst, whereas dehydration of the bloodstream leads to ______ thirst

osmometric; volumetric

According to the textbook, an environmental challenge does not create the psychological experience of being challenged until one additional ingredient is added to the experience:

performance feedback information

Flow occurs when:

personal competence and activity challenge are both high

The TOTE unit—test, operate, test, exit—is a cognitive mechanism that explains how ___________ energize and direct motivated action.

plans

Cognitive dissonance theory predicts that once a difficult choice between equally attractive alternatives is made, people experience:

post-decision regret

People with relatively high activity in their right prefrontal lobes show a relatively strong sensitivity to:

potential signals of punishment and negative emotions

People with relatively high activity in their left prefrontal lobes show a relatively strong sensitivity to:

potential signals of reward and positive emotionality

Which brain structure plays a key role in arousal, alertness, and the process of awakening the brain so to process incoming sensory information?

reticular formation

A person's mental representation of how sexual episodes are to be enacted constitutes a sexual:

script

For men's faces, the facial metrics most associated with physical attractiveness are:

sexual maturity features

The primary condition that involves the need for relatedness is _______, while the primary condition that satisfies the need for relatedness is_______

social interaction; partner responsiveness

According to the textbook, the most important environmental influence on drinking behavior is:

taste

In understanding how the brain processes motivational stimuli the text reminds us that:

the regions of the brain involved in emotion and motivation are highly interconnected and work in an integrated fashion

The dopamine-based reward circuit involves:

the ventral tegmental area, the nucleus accumbens, the prefrontal cortex, and the orbitofrontal cortex

The first grand theory of motivation study was:

the will

A motivational psychologist would agree with this statement:

to adapt optimally, people need positive, approach-based motives rather than aversive, avoidance-based motives

Internalization refers to the process through which an individual:

transforms a formerly externally prescribed regulation into an internally-endorsed one

What are attitudes of people like in self-perception theory?

vague, ambiguous, and weak

The anatomical starting point in the brain's dopamine-based reward system is the:

ventral tegmental area

In the history of emotion, the study of people's facial expressions was so important because it showed that emotions:

were about two-thirds cognitive (and about one-third biological)

According to the textbook, what makes for a good day?

when the event allows the experience of psychological need satisfaction

The smell of food, the appearance of food, the time of day, and the presence of other people eating all represent ______ that contribute to and regulate the rise and fall of hunger and eating?

Extraorganismic mechanisms

What represent must-have necessities in determining one's preference for selecting a mate?

For men, physical attractiveness; For women, social status

Which hypothesis of hunger indicates appetite rises and falls in response to changes in plasma glucose?

Glucostatic

Which mindset concerns the question of how people think about their personal qualities, such as their intelligence and personality traits?

Growth-Fixed

What is the term that describes the body's tendency to maintain a steady state?

Homeostasis

What is the duration of time a person waits to get started on a task upon first being given an opportunity to do so?

Latency

Which brain structure is most responsive to natural rewards in the regulation of eating, drinking, and mating and also regulates both the endocrine system and the autonomy nervous system?

Hypothalamus

What creates a type of close-mindedness that narrows one's focus of attention to include goal-directed action to to exclude distractions and interruptions?

Implementation Intentions

A ______ is an environmental object that occurs before the start of a sequence of behavior and attracts or repels the individual to engage or not in the behavior

Incentive

Charles Darwin's biological determinism and the study of animal's inherited behavior gave rise to which motivational concept?

Instinct

What is true regarding motives?

It is an internal process that energizes and directs behavior