Motor Development - Final
Since fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) covers a wide range of problems, there are many possible symptoms. List all symptoms of FAS:
(part of the symptoms...) - a small head. - a smooth ridge between the upper lip and nose, small and wide-set eyes, - a very thin upper lip, or other abnormal facial features.
The study of that which is concerned with body measurement is called ______________.
* anthropometry*
*Dynamic visual acuity* improves gradually, reaching levels that are stable from about _____ years of age to the beginning of middle-age adulthood.
*12*
By which fetal week is the circulatory system operating?
*12*
Down syndrome is caused by an extra chromosome in which pair of chromosomes?
*21*
A loss of 1% of bone mass occurs each year, starting as early as the mid-_________.
*30s*
Muscle mass increases rapidly in boys up to about age 17 and ultimately accounts for _________% of men's body weight.
*56*%
Reflexive Behavior Some reflexes (e.g., blinking, sneezing, etc.) persist throughout life. However, most of the *27 major infant reflexes* will *disappear* by ___________?
*6 months* Note: - Most *"infant"* reflexes do not last beyond the first year. - Reflexes that endure are called *"lifespan"* reflexes
The study of that which is concerned with body measurements is called ....?
*Anthropometry*
This primitive reflex will test the pyramidal tract activity for later motor movement (*toes spreading*)...?
*Babinski Reflex*
This primitive reflex is elicited by providing *pressure* simultaneously to *BOTH palms*, which causes the infant to exhibit one or all of the following behaviors: - mouth opens - eyes close - neck flexes - head tilts forward .....?
*Babkin Reflex* notes: - elicited at birth and normal disappears by 3rd month - if persists after 12th week, could be sign of *spastic motor development*
These are masses of nerve cells found deep within the cerebral hemispheres. Controls *posture* and *gross movements*. ...?
*Basal Ganglia*
Vital capacity is linked mostly strongly to which of the following?
*Body Size*
The *anthropometric* measure of head circumference estimates ....?
*Brain Growth*
Perception occurs when sensory information is interpreted by the ....?
*Brain*
The __________________ controls *complex motor functions* such as walking, balance, posture, and general motor coordination.
*Cerebellum*
Piaget's theory of motor development is an excellent example of which type of theory?
*Cognitive developmental theory*
This locomotor reflex is believed to be essential to the voluntary creeping movement.... ? clues: - observed from birth to 3-4 months - disappears by 4th month
*Crawling Reflex*
Apart from teratogens, perhaps the most potent environmental influence on growth and development is ......?
*Diet*
What is the *primary determinant* for Motor Performance?
*Environment Agents* aka Affordances
True/False? *Endomorphs* have lean body types and find it more difficult to build muscle.
*False*
True/False? Aging is the increased capacity to mange one's own body.
*False*
True/False? During adolescence the strength index is much greater males when compared to females, but this difference disappears when accounting for body weight (when strength index is divided by body weight).
*False*
True/False? Mid-growth spurt occurs in every 7 year old.
*False*
True/False? The *information-processing* view of developing compares the brain to a telephone.
*False*
True/False? The Bronca's is part of the brain stem that directly connects with the spinal cord. Contains tracts that regulate vital internal processes (e.g. respiration, HR & BP).
*False*
True/False? The right side of the heart pumps oxygenated blood into the aorta.
*False*
True/False? The Corpus Callosum is made up of about 100 million nerve fibers, which carries information to and from each side to the brain.
*False*
True/False? Cells of humans possess 23 chromosomes arranged in 43 pairs.
*False*. Humans possess 23 pairs of chromosomes, 46 in total.
There is a rapid increase of _____ in the first 6 months after birth, and the highest peak weight velocity occurs in the first month.
*Fat*
This *perspective* of motor development suggests that perceiving is experiencing and that perception and motor action are connected....?
*Gibson's Ecological Perspective*
*Adolescence*, ages *12-18* years old, describes what *phase*?
*Growth and Refinement* - seen significant improvements in motor skill performance
The pituitary gland produces __________ hormone, which is responsible for activating the adolescent growth spurt.
*Growth* hormone...
This postural reflex is a *precursor to rolling movements*....? clue: appears around 2nd month and persist until about 6 months
*Head-and-Body Righting* note: The head "rights" itself with the body when the body is turned to one side.
__________ is a collection of qualities set at birth that account for many of our traits (e.g., hair and eye color).
*Heredity*
This postural reflex results in the *head tilting* in the *opposite* direction of *body tilt*....? clue: related to upright posture
*Labyrinthine Righting Reflex*
As exercise intensity increases, the amount of ________ in the blood increases.
*Lactic Acid*
_____________ is defined as a relatively permanent change resulting from practice or past experience.
*Learning*
*50%* of *regression* is due to what?
*Lifestyle factors*
Which of the following activities depends mostly on aerobic power?
*Long-distance running*
To study how children develop the skill of hopping, a researcher obtains one group of children and examines their hopping at 4, 5, 6, and 7 years. This is an example of a(n) _______?
*Longitudinal*
With aging, how much *bone mass loss* is seen in *males*? *Females*?
*Males* = *10-15%* *Females* = *30%*
The part of the brain stem that directly connects with the spinal cord. Contains tracts that regulate vital *internal processes* (e.g., respiration, heart rate, & blood pressure).
*Medulla*
Which of *Bronfenbrenner's systems* refers to your family, church group, and school?
*Microsystem*
Which of the following is not common explanation for the accelerated maturation and increased body size that characterize the secular trend over the last 300 years? - more exercise - better nutrition - generic factors - better health care
*More Exercise*
This primitive reflex precedes the startle reflex and causes the *arms* and *legs* to *extend*....? Clue: can trigger by placing palm of head (lifting the head) and remove suddenly so the head beings to fall
*Moro Reflex* - disappears at 4-6 months
________ is an area located in the middle, top part of the brain that helps control *fine motor muscles*.
*Motor Cortex*
Which of the following structures/pathways completes it's myelination the earlist - even during the fetal months?
*Motor Roots*
The ___________, one of the three layers of the heart, is composed primarily of cardiac muscle.
*Myocardium*
*Younger athletes* generally have greater levels of strength, speed, and endurance. How about *older athletes*?
*Older athletes* have *higher skill level* and *experience*, but *less vigorous physical activity*.
This primitive reflex leads to *voluntary reaching* and *grasping*...?
*Palmar Grasp Reflex* note: can be triggered by touching the palm
This postural reflex is a *conscious attempt* to *break* a *potential fall*....? clue: forward and downward present around 4th month...
*Parachuting Reflex*
What are some *influential factors* in regards to *Motor Skill Refinement*?
*Physical Education* - not emphasized in the U.S.A. *Sports Participation* - can be expensive and lifestyles are more sedentary (e.g., stupid video games)
This primitive reflex will cause the *toes to contract* or *flex* .....? clue: must disappear before the baby can stand or walk
*Planter Grasp Reflex* note: involuntary response to stroke simulation along the sole of the infant's foot
The ____________________ contains nerve tracts for *coordination* and *involuntary influences* on posture and other autonomic movements.
*Pons*
This postural reflex is an *involuntary attempt* to *maintain* an *upright position*.....? clue: this reflex usually appears around the 3rd month and disappears by the end of the 1st year.
*Pull-Up Reflex*
Which of the following is *not* affected markedly by advancing age in the healthy adult?
*Resting Cardiac Output*
This primitive reflex is an instinctive response to *locate* nourishment....? Clue: head turns toward food
*Rooting Reflex* Note: contributes to head and body-righting reflex (rolling over)
The ______ phase of the developmental continuum occurs during infancy.
*Rudimentary*
The newborn has a temporary form of farsightedness, because the newborn's eyeball is __________.
*Short*
Which of the following is not a "biological" mechanism for assessing age ......?
*Skeletal Age*
In contrast to reflex behavior, ________________ ____________________, are stereotypic *repetitive motions* that appear in the *absence* of any known stimuli.
*Spontaneous Movements*
*Later childhood*, ages *6-12*, describes what *phase*?
*Sport Skill*
This primitive reflex is elicited by a *rapid change* of *head position*, by producing a *loud noise* by striking the surface that's supporting the baby...? Clue: causes the *arms* & *legs* to *flex immediately*
*Startle Reflex* note: may not appear until 2-3 months *after* moro disappears
What's the key difference between the *Startle Reflex* and the *Moro Reflex*?
*Startle reflex* will cause the baby's arms & legs to *flex*. *Moro reflex* will cause the baby's arms & legs to *extend*.
This locomotor reflex is the forerunner to walking....? clues: - present at birth - persists to the 4th month and will suppress & reappear later on (due to baby being too heavy)
*Stepping Reflex*
This primitive reflex is stimulated by *touching the lips*? Clue: occurs pre and postnatally (prior to birth)
*Sucking Reflex* - baby is sucking for nourishment Note: *rooting reflex* (instinctive response to seek food) works w/sucking reflex.
This locomotor reflex can be elicited during the 2nd week after birth by holding the infant horizontally in the water w/its head up or over the surface of the water....?
*Swimming Reflex* note: this involuntary response usually disappears by about the 4th month (suppresses)
True/False? Boys experience is more intense growth spurt than girls do because boys have a great amount of *testosterone* in their body.
*TRUE*
This primitive reflex causes *flexion* on *one side* and *extension* on the *other*. clues: - appears *~7 fetal months* of age and disappears ~5 months - not always seen in newborn
*Tonic Neck Reflex* Note: Asymmetric = "fighting stance" Symmetric = look to illustration
From 1980 to 2000 the number of births in North America to women over the age of 35 years has...?
*Tripled*
A distance curve conveys height over time.
*True*
Because of the cephalocaudal growth pattern, infants are probably too top-heavy to be able to walk.
*True*
Over the first several months of fetal life, red blood cells are produced outside of the bone marrow.
*True*
True/False? Although prolonged maternal fear and anxiety during pregnancy may cause delays in motor development, moderate stress midway through pregnancy has been associated with higher motor development scores in children aged 2 years.
*True*
True/False? As people age, deterioration of some functions (e.g., vision, hearing) is unavoidable.
*True*
True/False? One way that energy is released for muscle contraction is through glycolysis. This is considered to be an anaerobic process.
*True*
True/False? The *developmental systems perspective* reflects the notion that development occurs from the interaction of people in their environmental contexts.
*True*
True/False? The pons contains nerve tracts for *coordination* and *involuntary influences* on posture and other autonomic movements.
*True*
True/False? Over the first several months of fetal life, red blood cells are produced outside of the bone marrow.
*True*
*Rudimentary Behavior* Are voluntary movement responses predictable?
*Yes*. They appear in a *very predictable sequence*, with some variations.. (e.g., plantar grasp >> walking)
Which of the following measures only *declines* from birth to old age?
*basal metabolic rate*
The __________ reflex movement caused by visual and auditory stimuli.
*blinking*
The primary determinant of maximal oxygen uptake is _______ output.
*cardiac*
Maximal oxygen uptake is considered the best measure of _________ fitness.
*cardiorespiratory*
The _______ controls *complex motor functions* such as walking, balance, posture, and general motor coordination.
*cerebellum*
*Background*: The use of Post-activation potentiation (PAP) techniques are becoming increasingly popular prior to power-based sports training and competition. A Wingate cycle test is widely used to measure work and power output during short, high-intensity bouts. *Purpose*: The purpose of this study was to compare the differences between two conditioning activities (Loaded Counter Movement Vertical jumps vs. Dynamic Mid-Thigh Pulls) upon a 15s Alactic cycle test. *Methods*: 11 male subjects (Mean Age = 22.3 ± 4.6 years, were utilized in this study, each performed 3, 15 second maximal bouts of exercise on the cycle ergometer, with a relative load of 0.08kg/kgBW. The order of conditions was randomized, following a mandatory warm up one maximal bout was a control, the others tested possible potentiation following the two separate conditioning activities, Lower extremity plyometrics with 5 sets of 3 maximal explosive bouts with 10 % body weight (condition 1) and dynamic mid-thigh pulls with 3 sets of 1 maximal explosive bout with 1.5 time body weight (condition2). 2-ANOVA"s where used to compare between conditions, significance was set at p < 0.05. *Results*: Both conditioning activities showed significant improvement compared to control for Maximum Power (p < 0.05), and condition2 showed a significant improvement compared to control for Relative Peak Power (p<0.05). There were no significant differences were seen between the 2 PAP protocols (p >0.05). *Conclusion*: Both PAP protocols improved power measured by ALactic cycle test greater than the control. The use of loaded CMVJ's prior to BMX competition may be a viable practical alternative to DMTCP's.
*cross-sectional* study
Resting heart rate _________ with age.
*decreases*
Resting heart rate ___________ with age.
*decreases*
The size of the eye nearly _______ between birth and maturity.
*doubles*
Which of the following statements bests describes the difference in muscle strength between adolescents males and females?
*females have less lean body mass*
The newborn eye lacks a distinct __________, which is the area in which central visual images are formed.
*fovea*
Compared to a young adult, a preadolescent child can have a ______ that is higher by 30 to 40 beats per minute.
*heart rate*
Children will often reach puberty at different times. This is an example of .....?
*individual differences*
The *two perceptual modalities* that are most important for *motor behavior* are *vision* and _______?
*kinesthesis*
In old age, which of the following is perhaps the most significant functional change in respiratory function?
*loss of pulmonary elasticy*
As people begin to age, it is likely that their *somatotype* become less ......?
*mesomorphic*
How an infant acts on an affordance depends on the infant's developmental level, present need, cognitive awareness of what the object might be used for, and .......?
*past experiences*
*Biological aging* commonly is equated with biological decline (regression), such as in ....?
*regression* results in the *loss* of : - muscle mass - bone mass - cardiorespiratory efficieny - neural function - general psychomotor slowing of body
______________ refers to the area(s) near the ends of long bones where new bones cells are formed and deposited so that the bones grow in length.
*secondary ossification centers* and *epiphyseal plates*
The mean age of menarche today tends to be earlier than it was 30 years ago. This is an example of a ________________ trend.
*secular*
A(n) ________ research design includes elements from both the cross-sectional and longitudinal designs.
*sequential*
Children are less able than adults to tolerate exercise in the heat in part because children _________ less than adults do.
*sweat*
Which of the following tends to increase after thirty years of age?
*systolic blood pressure*
The first pulsations of the heart may occur as early as the ________ week after conception
*third*
This type of growth curve displays rate of growth...?
*velocity curve*
In order to minimize the risk of heat injury when children practice sports, one should measure their ________ before and after practice to help determine the amount of fluid that needs to be replaced.
*weight*
What are some *mechanical advantages* *MALES* have?
- *longer legs* and *narrower hips* (running & jumping) - *longer arms* and *wider shoulders* (throwing and striking) Males are especially favored with throwing (e.g., MLB).
Compare and contrast key physiological difference between adults and children... ?
- Children have a *smaller heart* and results in a lower stroke volume and cardiac output than adults. - Children have *less anaerobic capacity* due to lower glycolytic capacity. - Children are *more susceptible to heat stress* due to reliance on convection only. Adults rely on both convection and evaporation. - Children have *lower absolute aerobic capacity*, but difference is minimal - none, when compared to size. Also, children generally lack training knowledge which could be a factor.
What are some examples of *Primitive Reflexes*?
- Sucking - Rooting - Moro - Grasping - Tonic Neck
*Gender Differences: Females* Females tend to mature easier and tend to peak around age _______.
.... peak around age *14*
List the 9 *Assumptions* of the development.
1) *Continual* and *cumulative* process 2) *All domains* of development are *interrelated* 3) Wide range of *individual differences* 4) *Environmental context* plays a major role 5) *Critical* and *sensitive* periods 6) Aided by *positive stimulation* 7) *Plasticity*- dramatic capacity for change 8) Motor development is a *dynamic process*—*not prewired, but self-organizing* 9) *Regression is inevitable*
List (in Order) the five goals of the developmentalist
1) *Describe* characteristic change in behavior, function, and appearance across the lifespan. 2) *When* does the change occur? 3) *What* causes the change? 4) Can change be *predicted*? 5) Is change *individual or universal*?
What are the *biological theories* of *advanced aging*?
1) *Genetic* - cellular clock - aging under direction of DNA genes 2) *Wear and tear* - aging result of long term accumulated damage 3) *Cellular Garbage/ Mutation* - free radicals and cross-linkage theories - with aging, accumulation of cellular garbage 4) *Immune system decline* - accumulation of disease over time - less self-healing 5) *Hormonal theories* - atrophy of thymus gland - estrogen decline, loss of growth hormone
Choose *three* theoretical views of motor development. Compare how the three views explain motor development.
1) *Gibson's ecological perspective:* This theory states that individuals can directly perceive information in the environment and act with a reasonable response. For example, infants are considered "active explorers" in which they are constantly interacting with their environment, or affordances, which ultimately aids in their development. For example, a child might attempt to climb a tree and in the process learn to problem solve, as well as develop fine motor skills. As such, no past experience of climbing trees is required for the child. 2) *Maturation View:* Unlike Gibson's ecological perspective, Gesell's maturation theory puts a bigger emphasis on inherited factors influencing development versus environment contexts. In other words, motor development is dictated by maturation of one's biological systems (especially the nervous system). As such, his theory made learning and experience necessary for ongoing development. For example, a baby has to learn to crawling before walking. To the contrary, in Gibson's theory a baby could go straight to walking before crawling, given their affordances. 3) *Learning-Behavioral View* According to Bandura, observational learning or modeling is when most of what individuals learn comes from directly observing others in action. For example, a child might watch his father play a sport and adopt his behavior or competitive attitude as their own. However, this theory lacks biological factors that are normally associated with environmental contexts.
List the five distinct and specific *neurological structure* changes that occur with normal aging (not disease)...?
1) decrease in *brain mass* 2) decrease in *neuron number* 3) decrease in *dendrite density* 4) decrease in *nerve conduction velocity* 5) decrease in *connectivity*
What are the *3 factors* that have the greatest influence on *flexibility* in adulthood?
1. *Physical activity level* 2. * inherent effects* of aging 3. *degenerative joint disease*
What are the different *types of reflexes*?
1. *Primitive* - survival & protection 2. *Postural* - reaction to gravity 3. *Locomotor* - resemble voluntary locomotion
1. ...before ________ is defined as pre-term. 2. ... 3.3lbs is defined as ________. 3. No corpus collosum is called __________. 4. Increased blood flow to the skin cools they body by a process known as __________. 5. Anaerobic power decreases .....? 6. Dexa is know as ......?
1. ...before*38* is defined as pre-term. 2. ... 3.3lbs is defined as *very low birthweight*. 3. No corpus collosum is called *agenesis*. 4. Increased blood flow to the skin cools they body by a process known as *convection*. 5. Anaerobic power decreases by *40% with advancing age*. 6. Dexa is know as known as the *gold standard for measuring body composition.*
1. Biological traits received from parents _________? 2. Internal time table and tempo towards mature biologic state _________? 3. Experience _________? 4. Readiness __________?
1. Biological traits received from parents - *Heredity* 2. Internal time table and tempo towards mature biologic state - *Maturation* 3. Experience - *conditions within environment appropriate to level or needs of individual* 4. Readiness - *combination of maturation and experience that prepares the individual to acquire a new skill or understanding*
What are examples of *Locomotor Reflexes*?
1. Crawling Reflex 2. Stepping (walking) reflex 3. Swimming Reflex note: - resemble later voluntary locomotor movements - integrated by 5-6 months
1. Germinal period ...? 2. Fetal period....? 3. CNS is relatively developed, human form takes shape, internal organs begin to develop ....? 4. Embryonic period ...? 5. At 28 weeks the baby is ___________________.? 6. rapid weight gain, layer of fat forming beneath skin, bones of head are soft....? 7. Fetal Period (16 weeks) ....? 8. Fetal period (28 weeks) is the ...?
1. Germinal period - *Cell differentiation begins, inner and outer mass forms* 2. Fetal period - *the baby is 7.5cm in height, weighs 28g, movement begins, bone is replacing cartilage* 3. CNS is relatively developed, human form takes shape, internal organs begin to develop - *Embryonic period* 4. Embryonic period - *baby is 2-8 weeks, weights 14g, and is 2.5cm in height * 5. At 28 weeks the baby is *37.5-40 cm, approx 1lbs in weight. * 6. rapid weight gain, layer of fat forming beneath skin, bones of head are soft - *32-40 weeks*. 7. Fetal Period (16 weeks) - *growth spurt in lower part of legs, fingerprints and footprints emerge, weights 110grams, and is 15cm in height.* 8. Fetal period (28 weeks) is the *Age of Viability*
*Lifespan stages* of development occur in the following order....?
1. Prenatal 2. Infancy 3. Childhood
Why are *infant reflexes* important?
1. They *stimulate* the *CNS* and *muscles* 2. play a role in *infant survival* 3. used as a *diagnostic tool* for assessing neurological maturity
The earliest movements of an baby occur at *10 fetal weeks*. What are some *common stereotypies*? (Stereotypic - non-goal oriented..)
1. alternate leg kicking 2. single leg kicking 3. kicking with both legs together 4. arm waving w/object 5. spontaneous arm movements after birth 6. rocking on hands and knees 7. arm banging against surface 8. finger flex 9. Thanos Snap. Ha!
1. before _______________ is defined as pre-term 2. 3.3lbs is defined as ...? 3. No corpus collosum is called____________ ...? 4. Increased blood flow to the skin cools the body by a process know as ? 5. Anaerobic power decreases ...? 6. DEXA ....?
1. before *38* is defined as pre-term 2. 3.3lbs is defined as *very low birthweight*... 3. No corpus collosum is called *agenesis*. 4. Increased blood flow to the skin cools the body by a process know as *Convection* 5. Anaerobic power decreases *by 40% with advancing age* 6. DEXA *is known as the gold standard for measuring body composition.*
What are some examples of *Postural Reflexes*?
1. head-and-body righting reflex 2. labyrinthine righting reflex 3. pull-up reflex 4. parachuting reflex
There is a higher risk of Down syndrome, prematurity, and low birth weight in the child born to a mother over the age of ________ years.
35
The time that your nervous system can best form connections for a particular activity is called the *_____A_____*. This is often confused with the *_____B______*, which refers to our development being influenced greatly by some outside agent such as drugs or alcohol.
A - Critical Period B - Sensitive Period
After age 30, what is the approximate rate of *regression*?
Approximately *.75% to 1% a year*
__________ is located in the opercular and triangular sections of the inferior frontal gyrus. The function of this are is the understanding of *language, speech,* and the *control of facial neurons*.
Broca's Area
What effect(s) can gender role expectations have on motor performance?
By placing gender roles at birth, this can lead to limitations in affordances to learn new skills. As such, males tend to be more active (even at preschool). However, *females* tend to have greater *flexibility, balance,* and *fine motor control*.
Compare and contrast key physiological difference between adults and children ....?
Children have a smaller heart and results in a lower stroke volume and cardiac output than adults. Children have less anaerobic capacity due to lower glycolytic capacity. Children are more susceptible to heat stress due to reliance on convection only. Adults rely on both convection and evaporation. Children have lower absolute aerobic capacity, but difference is minimal - none, when compared to size. Also, children generally lack training knowledge which could be a factor.
Locomotion What is *Crawling* and when does it occur?
Crawling is *dragging one's body* and occurs at 6-8 months.
Locomotion What is *Creeping* and when does it occur?
Creeping is moving with the *abdomen clear* and occurs around 8-10 months. Not considered a milestone in textbooks.
The gold standard for measuring body composition is ...?
Dexa
When does the highest rate of increase in heart weight occur?
During the first year after birth.
True/False? Common sexually transmitted diseases such as syphilis and genital herpes in an expectant mother pose little risk to the fetus.
False
True/False? Differences in muscle tissue mass account for the difference in anaerobic power between young children and adolescents.
False
True/False? In males maximal oxygen uptake shows little increase beyond age 14.
False
True/False? Maternal diet has little effect on the development of the fetus.
False
True/False? When performing a submaximal exercise task, respiratory rates are higher in adults when compared to children.
False
True/False? Females tend to mature after males do.
False
True/False? Between the ages of 8 to 12 months signs of object permanence appear, but infants will tend to search for a hidden object at the location where they *last* found the object when hidden (A-not-B error).
False.
Why do *females* tend to have better skills that require *balance*? Not including sociocultural factors...
Females have a *lower center of gravity* and *wider hips*, which is more beneficial for movements involving balance.
_________, which is measured by the sit-and-reach test, begins to decrease in the late teenage years.
Flexibility
Increase in *height* is an example of ....?
Growth
Fat and muscle cells grow in size. This is called _________.
Hypertrophy
_________ is a region of the brain in partnership with the pituitary gland that controls the *hormonal processes* of the body as well as *temperature, mood, hunger,* and *thirst*.
Hypothalamus
In young adulthood, the proportion of lean body weight often ___________ as a result of ____________ in fat weight.
In young adulthood, the proportion of lean body weight often *decreases* as a result of *increases* in fat weight.
What is *manual control* in regards to infant's motor performance?
It's the development of *reaching, grasping,* and *releasing of objects*. It's comprised of both prehension (initial voluntary use; e.g., grasping) and manipulation (skillful use; e.g., threading a needle)
What are some examples of *lifespan reflexes*?
Knee-jerk reflex or flexor-withdrawal reflex
During postnatal development, the __________ grow at a fastest rate than other body parts in moving toward the adult model of body proportions.
Legs
______ is progress towards a full-functioning, biological state.
Maturation
__________ is defined as an internal time table and tempo towards a mature biological state.
Maturation
___________ is an inherited disorder that causes a defect in an enzyme needed to metabolize the common protein food product phenylalanine.
PKU
______________is an inherited disorder that causes a defect in an enzyme needed to metabolize the common protein food product phenylalanine.
PKU
*Peak Performance* Refers to muscular strength, cardiorespiratory efficiency, processing speed, flexibility, and balance. What is the *Peak* age?
Peak at *25-30* years of age. Females: 22-25 Males: 28-30
The ______ contains nerve tracts for *coordination* and *involuntary influences* on *posture* and other *autonomic movements*.
Pons
The __________ containers nerve tracts for *coordination* and *involuntary influences* on posture and other autonomic movements.
Pons
The ______________ is an area of *motor cortex* in the *frontal lobe* of the *brain*. It is responsible for actual execution of movements, and has a critical role in the control of speed and force of actions.
Primary Motor Cortex
Since fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) covers a wide range of problems, there are many possible symptoms. List all symptoms of FAS: ?
Problems associated with FAS include: Neurological problems developed during development resulting in cognitive disadvantages, such as: - basic math skills (e.g., may not understand concept of money) - problem solving - situational awareness - (e.g., not understanding why they're in trouble) Child might have anatomical differences: - decreased upper lip line - greater distance between nose & lip line - smaller eye lids *Correct Answer:* - a small head. - a smooth ridge between the upper lip and nose, small and wide-set eyes, - a very thin upper lip, or other abnormal facial features.
*Processing speed* is determined by what? And does it improve with age?
Processing speed, as determined by *reaction time*, improves with age (up to early adult years). However, *peak performance* is in the *twenties.*
_________ is located near the center of the brain and controls *input* and *output* to and from the brain, as well as the *sensation* of *pain* and *attention*.
Thalamus
How are *spontaneous movements* characterized?
They are characterized by *patterned, stereotyped, highly intrinsic,* and *involuntary movements* of the body.
How come most "infant" reflexes do not last beyond the first year?
They are either: 1. *inhibited* by the maturing nervous system 2. *integrated* into new movement behaviors
Locomotion Babies generally start walking (with support) around 9-10 months. They can start walking alone around 12-14 months, however, don't perfect their movements until around 5 years old. What are some characteristics of a newly walking toddler?
They tend to
True/False? A body system is most vulnerable to a teratogen at the time of its initial growth spurt.
True
True/False? Head size in the very young may have biomechanical implications for motor skill and performance.
True
True/False? Infants as young as 3 months can perceive the graspability of an object before they can successful perform the action.
True
True/False? Infants who are 1 month of age can recognize by sight objects that they had previously experienced only through sucking, which reveals intermodal perception (*visual-kinesthetic integration*).
True
True/False? Maximal oxygen uptake is strongly related to lean body mass.
True
True/False? Pre-term infants who have low birth-weight have an increased risk of delayed attainment of walking.
True
True/False? Prior to puberty there is little difference between male and female heart size.
True
True/False? The hormone *thyroxine* is essential to the development of the central nervous system.
True
True/False? The stroke volume of the heart increases during childhood and adolescence.
True
Motor development is the product of *[a]* and *[b]*.
a) *environmental contexts* b) *biological factors*
*Readiness* is defined as the combination of [a] and [b] that prepares the individual to acquire a new skill or understanding.
a) *maturation* b) *experience*
The anthropometric measure of head circumference estimates...?
brain growth
What accounts for the lower metabolic rate in females when compared to males?
greater levels of fat tissue in females
The major milestone of sexual maturation in females is knowns as ...?
menarche
A low level of physical activity is characteristic of children who are ....?
obese or overweight
In general, an individual is most sensitive to teratogens.....?
weeks 2 to 8 after conception