MS 1 QUIZ 5: First Aid, Emergency Care, & Disaster Management

Interventions of head injury

-must be assessed by a physician ASAP -immobilize neck and keep victim flat w/ proper alignment of the neck/head -backboard used for transportation

Assessment of chest injury

-note rate/character of respirations, skin color, pulse rate/rhythm, symmetry of the chest wall movement, presence of any apparent injuries to the chest -note for any dyspnea, tachycardia, restlessness, cyanosis, asymmetric or other abnormal chest wall movement, abnormal sounds of breathing -note mental state and LOC

s/s of hemorrhage

-obvious bleeding -cool sweaty, pale skin -thready pulse -rapid respirations -decreasing altertness

Pneumothorax intervention

-open chest wound -apply vented dressing (sealed on 3 sides so are can escape but not enter)

Severe airway obstruction include

-poor/no air exchange -poor/no cough -high pitched/no noise -no inhalation -respiratory distress -cyanosis -inability to speak -inability to move air -clutching the neck

Abdominal interventions

-require medical evaluation -give nothing NPO in preparing for transport -do not attempt to replace eviscerated organs in the abdomen; may cause additional harm

s/s of heat stroke

-similar to heat exhaustion at first as it worsen skin becomes red, hot, dry -perspiration is noticeably absent

Most anterior nosebleeds respond to pressure, instruct pt to

-sit down lean forward -pinch the nostrils shut for at least 10 min -advise pt not to blow/pick at nose fo several hours

Interventions of choking/airway obstruction if victim is conscious and is standing or sitting

-stand or kneel behind the victim -wrap your arms around the victims waist -make fist/place thumb slightly above the umbilicus -place other hand over your fist and press against the abdomen w/ a quick upward movement -repeat until obstruction is removed or victim loses consciousness

To obtain the most current recommendations for CPR

-verify that the scene is safe -check for responsiveness -if victim is responsive, call for help -activate emergency response system -if u are alone, get AED, if someone else is available send that person to get it

Heat stroke body core temp

106 F or greater

For strains nad sprains

apply elastic bandage starting at the most distal point and moving proximally

Electrical burns include

are difficult to assess; full extent of tissue damage may not be apparent for several days

Interventions of choking/airway obstruction if victim is conscious

ask whether the victim is choking, if victim nods and cannot speak, activate the emergency response system

Epistaxis

blood from anterior/posterior portion of the nose (nose bleed)

incomplete fracture

bone ends are not separated

compound (open) fracture

broken bone protrudes through the skin

complete fracture

broken ends are seperated

CABs

circulation, airway, breathing

Traumatic amputation

clean the wound surfaces w/ sterile water or saline and place the tissue in its normal position

To assist in identifying poisons

collect samples of stool or vomited materials for possible lab analysis

A body part that is completely detached should ideally be wrapped

in sterile gauze moistened w/ sterile saline, placed in a watertight container such as a reusable plastic bag, and placed in an iced saline bath

Sprains

injuries to ligament

Strains

injuries to muscles or tendons or both

Assessment of eye injury include

inspect eye for trauma and the eye for redness, foreign bodies, or penetrating objects

Most sensitive and reliable indicator of neurologic function

level of consciousness (LOC)

Good samaritan laws include

limit liability and provide protection abasing malpractice claims when health care providers render first aid at the scene of an emergency

Interventions for eye injury if perforation of the globe

limit the movement of the object and the eye and transport victim for immediate medical care

Head injury special considerations for older adults

may complicate the assessment of suspected head injury and may be overlooked

Treatment of poisoning in an emergency facility include

maybe be w/ activated charcoal, total bowel lavage, and/or cathartics

Causes of absence of a heartbeat and respirations

myocardial infarction, heart failure, electrocution, drowning, drug overdose, anaphylaxis, and asphyxiation

s/s of food poisoning

n/v, abdominal cramps, and diarrhea

Carbon Monoxide

odorless, invisible gas emitted by internal combustion engines, gas stoves, and furnaces

Ask about symptoms that developed after the bite

pain, edema, numbness, tingling, nausea, fever, dizziness, and dyspnea

Emergency doctrine treatment can be provided under the assumption that the

patient would have consented if able

Chest injury include

pneumothorax, hemothorax

Hypothermia is caused by

prolonged exposure to cold, extremest cold temperates or immersion in cold water

Hemothorax intervention

prompt treatment in a medical facility

Evisceration

protrusion of internal organs through a wound

Cardinal rule

remain calm

RICE

rest, ice, compression, elevation

S.A.M.P.L.E.

symptoms, allergies, medications, easy illness/pregnancy, last oral intake, events related to injury

Hemorrhage

the lose of a large amount of blood

Superficial burns include

typically pink or red and painful

As carbon monoxide in bloodstream arises

victim loses consciousness and develops cardiac and respiratory irregularities

Botulism caused by

Clostridium botulinum

Lyme disease

fever, flu-like manifestations, and erythema migraines, an expanding circular rash that often develops at the bite site

Eye injury includes presence of

foreign bodies, chemical contact, perforation, trauma

Loss of more than 1L of block in an adult may lead to

hypovelmic shock

Interventions for eye injury if foreign body is expected

if not embedded, remove by irrigating or gently remove

Interventions for eye injury if chemical contact is expected

immediately flush the eye for at least 20 mins

Chemical burns

immediately remove any remaining chemicl

heat exhaustion can be treated by

-moving individual into cool place such as shaded or an air-conditioned area -providing fluids w/electrolytes

Interventions of food poisoning

-medical care necessary if symptoms are severe or persistent -physician may order antiemetics and antidiarrheals -IV fluids may be prescribed w/ severe vomiting/diarrhea

Assessment of bites/stings include

-monitor respiratory depression -if allergic to insect bites bring emergency kit w/ them -if bit by a dog assess tetanus vaccine status of pt

Adult chest compression

-30:2 -compress at a rate of 100 to 120/min -compress the chest at least 2 inches -allow the chest to recoil completely after each compression -minimize interruptions in compression

If victim becomes unconscious/loses consciousness from choking/airway obstruction

-activate emergency response system -open airway and inspect -remove any visible object -begin CPR

Assessment of drug/chemical poisoning

-amount consumed -length of time since substance was taken -last food consumed -s/s that may be caused by poisons -victims age/weight -other medications, drugs, or alcohol ingested

The primary survey looks for life-threatening injuries and intervenes immediately in the following sequence

-assess ABCs -initiate CPR/rescue breathing as needed -look for uncontrolled bleeding identify the source, apply pressure -assess for injuries from head to foot, immobilize spine, limbs, or both as indicated -look for medical alert necklace/bracelet

Assessment of Abdominal injury include

-assess for injury -ask pt about abdominal symptoms -inspect abdomen for abnormalities -suspect internal abdominal injuries if victim complains of abdominal pain or shows evidence of trauma/distention

Clear indicator of carbon monoxide

-cherry red skin but skin color often found to be pale or bluish w/ reddish mucous membranes

Nursing assessment in emergencies include

-chief complaint -medical history -check or a medical alert tag -identify current medications/allergies -note any evidence of alcohol or other drugs

s/s of absence of a heartbeat and respirations

-collapse and quickly lose consciousness -no pulse/respiration

Hyperthermia interventions

-cooling quickly is critical -apply wet, cool towels to the trunk and extremities -ice pack on forehead and axilla -immediate transport for medical care

Do not attempt to replace eviscerated organs in the abdomen; this may cause additional harm

-cover organs w/ material, such as plastic wrap or foil, to conserve moisture/warmth -a saline soaked sterile dressing is ideal but is not likely to be available on the scene of an accident -cover wound w/ clean cloth

Chief complaint includes

-determine problem, signs and symptoms, how the injury/illness occurred -if victim is/has been unconscious, note the length of time -if victim is able to speak/witness, obtain health history -determine any known health problems

Assessment of burns include

-determine the type if burn -if pt has a false burn or was in closed, small-filled areas assess respirations first -determine the extent/depth of burns -inspect skin of color, blisters, tissue destruction

Interventions of burns includes

-ensure a patent airway/respirations -immediately apply oxygen and anticipate an order for arterial blood gas analysis -rescue breathing if needed

Early s/s of carbon monoxide poisoning

-headache, shortness of breath w/ mild exertion -then dizziness, n/v, and mental changes

Mild airway obstruction include

-if victim has good air exchange, is responsive, and can cough forcefully, do not interfere -encourage the victims efforts to breathe and cough -if symptoms persist, activate the emergency response system

Interventions of hemorrhage

-immediate treatment for external bleeding is direct, continuous pressure -elevate and immobilize the injured part -after bleeding stops, secure a large dressing if available over the wound

Interventions for drug/chemical poisoning

-immediately call your poison center -can be treated at home or requires physician/hospital

Interventions of carbon monoxide poisoning

-immediately move the victim to fresh air -if person not breathing, start rescue breathing -seek emergency medical assistance immediately -give oxygen as soon as it is available -at the hospital, the pt may be place is a hyperbaric oxygen chamber

Interventions of a fracture

-immobilize the injured part -do not attempt to straighten a broken bone -apply direct pressure to artery above the injury if there is severe bleeding

Head injury assessment include

-inspection/palpation of the head injury -evaluate for s/s of increased intracranial pressure

Results from acute circulatory failure caused by inadequate blood volume, heart failure, overwhelming infection, every allergic reactions or extreme pain/firght

Shock

Deeper burns include

dark, white, or black; may destroy not only the skin but also the underlying tissues

signs of a fracture include

deformity, swelling, discoloration, decreased function, and bone fragments, protruding through the skin

Hypothermia can cause

depression of vital functions, and if not corrected, death results from cardiac dysrhythmias

Clostridium botulinum has neurotoxic effects which include

difficulty breathing, seeing, and swallowing

What characteristics of heat exhaustion can lead to collapse?

dizziness, headache muscle cramps, skin is damped

Simple (close) fracture

does not break skin

Heat exhaustion caused by

excessive fluid loss