A&P 2 Exam 4
glomerular hydrostatic pressure
GFR regulation mechanisms primarily affect which of the following
glucagon
__________ is the primary hormonal regulator of the postabsorptive state
anabolism
__________ refers to reactions in which small molecules are combined to build larger molecules.
Glycolysis
breakdown of glucose to pyruvic acid
glycogenolysis
breakdown of glycogen to release glucose
lipolysis
breaks down lipids to fatty acids and glycerol
25 mm Hg
calculate the net filtration pressure if capillary hydrostatic pressure is 60 mm Hg, capillary osmotic pressure is 25 mm Hg, and capsular hydrostatic pressure is 10 mm Hg
waist circumference blood pressure blood. glucose blood triglycerides blood HDL cholesterol
characteristics of metabolic syndrome
Krebs cycle
citric acid cycle is. also known as
beta oxidation
converts fatty acids to acetyl CoA
glycolysis
converts glucose to pyruvic acid
conversion of glucose into two molecules of pyruvic acid
glycolysis is best defined as a catabolic reaction based upon the
radiation conduction/convection evaporation
list of heat loss
basal metabolism muscular activity (shivering) thyroxine and epinephrine (stimulating effects on metabolic rate) temprature effect on cells
list of heat production
are characterized by one substance's gaining an electron while another substance loses an electron
redox reactions __________.
oxidative deamination
removes an amine group (as ammonia) from glutamic acid and regenerates a-ketoglutaric acid
Glycogenesis
storage of glucose in the form of glycogen
mitochondria; aerobic
the citric acid cycle occurs in the __________ of cells and is an __________ process
stabilizes the position of the kidneys by holding them in their normal position
the fatty tissue surrounding the kidneys is important because it
nephron
the functional and structural unit of the kidneys is the
is drained by an efferent arteriole
the glomerulus differs from other capillaries in the body in that it
changes in Na+ content of the filtrate
the macula densa cells respond to
triglycerides
the most abundant dietary lipids are
lipolysis
the process of breaking triglycerides down into glycerol and fatty acids is known as
to synthesize proteins or burn as fuel
what are amino acids used for
ensure proper body functioning
what are minerals important for
eggs milk, fish, most meats, soybeans, and any other animal products
what are some examples of complete proteins
keratin (skin), collagen and elastin (connective tissue) and muscle proteins
what are some examples of uses of protein in the body (as far as the body's structural materials)
vitamins a, d, e, and k
what are some fat soluble vitamins
b complex vitamins, vitamin c, and vitamin b12
what are some water soluble vitamins
carbohydrates, proteins, lipids (fats)
what are the groups of macronutrients
calcium, phosphorus, potassium, sulfur, sodium, chlorine, and magnesium
what are the seven minerals
vitamins and minerals
what do micronutrients consist of
glucose loss. in urine high blood glucose levels inavailability of glucose to most body cells
what does diabetes result in
fatty acids
what does glucagon break down
fats and proteins
what does the body turn to when we don't have glucose to use
it is converted to glycogen or fat then stored
what happens to excess glucose
they die quickly
what happens to neurons without glucose
vesssels constrict and we shiver
what happens when body temp gets too low
oxidation reactions
what involves he gain of oxygen or loss of hydrogen atoms (and their electrons)
synthesis of large molecules from small ones
what is anabolism
hydrolisis of complex structures to simpler ones
what is catabolism
they increase the surface area and allow for a greater volume of filtrate components to be reabsorbed
what is the best explanation for the microvilli on the apical surface of the proximal convoluted tubule (PCT)
hydrostatic pressure in glomerular capillaries (HPgc)
what is the chief force pushing water and solutes out of the blood and across the filtration membrane of the glomerulus
glucose
what is the fuel most used by cells to make ATP
triglycerides
what is the most abundant form ofl lipids
electron transport chain
what is the only pathway that directly uses oxygen
hydrostatic pressure of blood (blood pressure)
what is the primary driving force (pressure) that produces glomerular filtration
to regenerate ATP
what is the primary function of the overall reactions of cellular respiration?
glucagon
what is the primary hormone for breaking down
neurons and rbcs
what rely's entirely on glucose
glomerulus and glomerular (Bowman's) capsule
what two structures constitute the renal corpuscle
vitamins a,c, and e
what vitimans are antioxidant vitamins
urea
when proteins undergo deamination, the waste substance found in the urine is mostly
glomerulus
which capillary bed produces filtrate
granular cells
which cells of the juxtaglomerular apparatus secrete renin
insulin
which hormone directs essentially all the events of the absorptive state?
sweating
which of the choices below is NOT a mechanism of heat production?
myogenic mechanism and tubuloglomerular feedback
which of the following are mechanisms of intrinsic control of glomerular filtration (renal autoregulation)?
the volume of filtrate created by the kidneys per minute
which of the following best describes glomerular filtration rate (GFR)
their nephron loop is closely wrapped with vasa recta
which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the cortical nephrons
vitamin B
which of the following is NOT a fat-soluble vitamin?
micturition
which of the following is NOT a major urine formation process
ATP
which of the following is NOT considered a nutrient?
releases chemical signals that regulate the rate of filtrate formation
which of the following is the primary function of the juxtaglomerular complex
oxidative phosphorylation
which of the following mechanisms produces the most ATP during cellular respiration?
carbohydrates: can serve as hormones
which of the following nutrients is NOT matched with one of its functions in the body?
gluconeogenesis: using glucose to build noncarbohydrate structures
which of the following pathways is incorrectly matched with a description?
grain
which of the following provides a good source of complex carbohydrates?
must contain all the body's amino acid requirements for tissue maintenance and growth
which of the following statements best describes complete protein?
extrinsic controls have the greatest effect on systemic blood pressure while intrinsic controls have a greater effect on GFR
which of the following statements best describes the difference between the intrinsic and extrinsic controls of the kidney
blood cells and large particle
which of the following substances is not normally found in filtrate
protein
which substance would be found in higher concentration if the membrane were damaged
carbohydrates
which type of nutrient functions primarily as an energy source for cells?
enzymes and some hormones
examples of functional molecules of proteins
gluconeogenesis
formation of glucose from proteins or fats
gluconeogenesis
forms glucose from noncarbohydrate precursors
lipogenesis
forms lipids from acetyl CoA and glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate
glycogenolysis
glucose can be obtained from
glucose is formed from noncarbohydrate molecules
guconeogenesis is the process in which
20 total 8 essential to adults
how many amino acids do we have total and how many are essential. to adults
glycogenolysis
hydrolyzes glycogen to glucose monomers
net filtration would decrease
if If the osmotic pressure in the glomerular capillaries increased from 28 mm Hg to 35 mm Hg, would net filtration increase or decrease
renal cortex
in which kidney region are all renal corpuscles located
diabetes
inadequate insulin production or abnormal insulin receptors is what
krebs cycle
involves the removal of hydrogen electrons and CO2 from the substate molecule
electron transport chain
involves the use of oxygen to pick up excess hydrogen and electrons
glycolysis
occurs in the cytosol of a cell
anabolism builds up and catabolism tears/breaks down
of anabolism and catabolism which one builds up and which one tears down
3, 6, 2, 1, 5, 4
place the following in correct sequence from the formation of a drop of urine to its elimination from the body. 1. major calyx2. minor calyx3. nephron4. urethra5. ureter6. collecting duct
glycogenesis
polymerizes glucose to form glycogen
electron transport chain
produces the most amp
the sum of all biochemical reactions in the body
the term metabolism is best defined as ________
macronutrients
three major nutrients that make up the bulk of ingested food is called what
transamination
transfers an amine group from an amino acid to a-ketoglutaic acid, generating glutamic acid
false
true or false an efferent arteriole supplies blood to a glomerulus
false
true or false an excessive urine output is called anuria.
true
true or false citric acid cycle is aerobic
true
true or false glycolysis is anaerobic
true
true or false the position of the kidneys behind the peritoneal lining of the abdominal cavity is described by the term retroperitoneal.
