A&P 2 Exam 4

glomerular hydrostatic pressure

GFR regulation mechanisms primarily affect which of the following

glucagon

__________ is the primary hormonal regulator of the postabsorptive state

anabolism

__________ refers to reactions in which small molecules are combined to build larger molecules.

Glycolysis

breakdown of glucose to pyruvic acid

glycogenolysis

breakdown of glycogen to release glucose

lipolysis

breaks down lipids to fatty acids and glycerol

25 mm Hg

calculate the net filtration pressure if capillary hydrostatic pressure is 60 mm Hg, capillary osmotic pressure is 25 mm Hg, and capsular hydrostatic pressure is 10 mm Hg

waist circumference blood pressure blood. glucose blood triglycerides blood HDL cholesterol

characteristics of metabolic syndrome

Krebs cycle

citric acid cycle is. also known as

beta oxidation

converts fatty acids to acetyl CoA

glycolysis

converts glucose to pyruvic acid

conversion of glucose into two molecules of pyruvic acid

glycolysis is best defined as a catabolic reaction based upon the

radiation conduction/convection evaporation

list of heat loss

basal metabolism muscular activity (shivering) thyroxine and epinephrine (stimulating effects on metabolic rate) temprature effect on cells

list of heat production

are characterized by one substance's gaining an electron while another substance loses an electron

redox reactions __________.

oxidative deamination

removes an amine group (as ammonia) from glutamic acid and regenerates a-ketoglutaric acid

Glycogenesis

storage of glucose in the form of glycogen

mitochondria; aerobic

the citric acid cycle occurs in the __________ of cells and is an __________ process

stabilizes the position of the kidneys by holding them in their normal position

the fatty tissue surrounding the kidneys is important because it

nephron

the functional and structural unit of the kidneys is the

is drained by an efferent arteriole

the glomerulus differs from other capillaries in the body in that it

changes in Na+ content of the filtrate

the macula densa cells respond to

triglycerides

the most abundant dietary lipids are

lipolysis

the process of breaking triglycerides down into glycerol and fatty acids is known as

to synthesize proteins or burn as fuel

what are amino acids used for

ensure proper body functioning

what are minerals important for

eggs milk, fish, most meats, soybeans, and any other animal products

what are some examples of complete proteins

keratin (skin), collagen and elastin (connective tissue) and muscle proteins

what are some examples of uses of protein in the body (as far as the body's structural materials)

vitamins a, d, e, and k

what are some fat soluble vitamins

b complex vitamins, vitamin c, and vitamin b12

what are some water soluble vitamins

carbohydrates, proteins, lipids (fats)

what are the groups of macronutrients

calcium, phosphorus, potassium, sulfur, sodium, chlorine, and magnesium

what are the seven minerals

vitamins and minerals

what do micronutrients consist of

glucose loss. in urine high blood glucose levels inavailability of glucose to most body cells

what does diabetes result in

fatty acids

what does glucagon break down

fats and proteins

what does the body turn to when we don't have glucose to use

it is converted to glycogen or fat then stored

what happens to excess glucose

they die quickly

what happens to neurons without glucose

vesssels constrict and we shiver

what happens when body temp gets too low

oxidation reactions

what involves he gain of oxygen or loss of hydrogen atoms (and their electrons)

synthesis of large molecules from small ones

what is anabolism

hydrolisis of complex structures to simpler ones

what is catabolism

they increase the surface area and allow for a greater volume of filtrate components to be reabsorbed

what is the best explanation for the microvilli on the apical surface of the proximal convoluted tubule (PCT)

hydrostatic pressure in glomerular capillaries (HPgc)

what is the chief force pushing water and solutes out of the blood and across the filtration membrane of the glomerulus

glucose

what is the fuel most used by cells to make ATP

triglycerides

what is the most abundant form ofl lipids

electron transport chain

what is the only pathway that directly uses oxygen

hydrostatic pressure of blood (blood pressure)

what is the primary driving force (pressure) that produces glomerular filtration

to regenerate ATP

what is the primary function of the overall reactions of cellular respiration?

glucagon

what is the primary hormone for breaking down

neurons and rbcs

what rely's entirely on glucose

glomerulus and glomerular (Bowman's) capsule

what two structures constitute the renal corpuscle

vitamins a,c, and e

what vitimans are antioxidant vitamins

urea

when proteins undergo deamination, the waste substance found in the urine is mostly

glomerulus

which capillary bed produces filtrate

granular cells

which cells of the juxtaglomerular apparatus secrete renin

insulin

which hormone directs essentially all the events of the absorptive state?

sweating

which of the choices below is NOT a mechanism of heat production?

myogenic mechanism and tubuloglomerular feedback

which of the following are mechanisms of intrinsic control of glomerular filtration (renal autoregulation)?

the volume of filtrate created by the kidneys per minute

which of the following best describes glomerular filtration rate (GFR)

their nephron loop is closely wrapped with vasa recta

which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the cortical nephrons

vitamin B

which of the following is NOT a fat-soluble vitamin?

micturition

which of the following is NOT a major urine formation process

ATP

which of the following is NOT considered a nutrient?

releases chemical signals that regulate the rate of filtrate formation

which of the following is the primary function of the juxtaglomerular complex

oxidative phosphorylation

which of the following mechanisms produces the most ATP during cellular respiration?

carbohydrates: can serve as hormones

which of the following nutrients is NOT matched with one of its functions in the body?

gluconeogenesis: using glucose to build noncarbohydrate structures

which of the following pathways is incorrectly matched with a description?

grain

which of the following provides a good source of complex carbohydrates?

must contain all the body's amino acid requirements for tissue maintenance and growth

which of the following statements best describes complete protein?

extrinsic controls have the greatest effect on systemic blood pressure while intrinsic controls have a greater effect on GFR

which of the following statements best describes the difference between the intrinsic and extrinsic controls of the kidney

blood cells and large particle

which of the following substances is not normally found in filtrate

protein

which substance would be found in higher concentration if the membrane were damaged

carbohydrates

which type of nutrient functions primarily as an energy source for cells?

enzymes and some hormones

examples of functional molecules of proteins

gluconeogenesis

formation of glucose from proteins or fats

gluconeogenesis

forms glucose from noncarbohydrate precursors

lipogenesis

forms lipids from acetyl CoA and glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate

glycogenolysis

glucose can be obtained from

glucose is formed from noncarbohydrate molecules

guconeogenesis is the process in which

20 total 8 essential to adults

how many amino acids do we have total and how many are essential. to adults

glycogenolysis

hydrolyzes glycogen to glucose monomers

net filtration would decrease

if If the osmotic pressure in the glomerular capillaries increased from 28 mm Hg to 35 mm Hg, would net filtration increase or decrease

renal cortex

in which kidney region are all renal corpuscles located

diabetes

inadequate insulin production or abnormal insulin receptors is what

krebs cycle

involves the removal of hydrogen electrons and CO2 from the substate molecule

electron transport chain

involves the use of oxygen to pick up excess hydrogen and electrons

glycolysis

occurs in the cytosol of a cell

anabolism builds up and catabolism tears/breaks down

of anabolism and catabolism which one builds up and which one tears down

3, 6, 2, 1, 5, 4

place the following in correct sequence from the formation of a drop of urine to its elimination from the body. 1. major calyx2. minor calyx3. nephron4. urethra5. ureter6. collecting duct

glycogenesis

polymerizes glucose to form glycogen

electron transport chain

produces the most amp

the sum of all biochemical reactions in the body

the term metabolism is best defined as ________

macronutrients

three major nutrients that make up the bulk of ingested food is called what

transamination

transfers an amine group from an amino acid to a-ketoglutaic acid, generating glutamic acid

false

true or false an efferent arteriole supplies blood to a glomerulus

false

true or false an excessive urine output is called anuria.

true

true or false citric acid cycle is aerobic

true

true or false glycolysis is anaerobic

true

true or false the position of the kidneys behind the peritoneal lining of the abdominal cavity is described by the term retroperitoneal.