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anatomical terminology

a set of vocabulary used by health professionals to refer to parts, regions, directions, and planes on the human body

Regional terminology

a set of vocabulary words that healthcare workers use to refer to specific parts, or regions, of the body

severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID)

a severe, genetic impairment of the immune system

perimenopause

a shift toward, or the beginning stages of, menopause

jejunostomy

a surgically implanted tube from the small intestine to the outside of the body

gastronomy

a surgically implanted tube from the stomach to the outside of the body

tumor

a swelling or an abnormal mass of tissue that may be either malignant or benign

tinnitus

a symptom characterized by hearing noise, such as ringing or buzzing, for which there is no external source

vertigo

a symptom characterized by the sensation that one (or one's surroundings) is spinning or moving

modular terminology

a system in which individual parts can stand alone or be combined into a larger whole

lymphatic system

a system that helps circulate blood and fight off disease and infection; it works with, and forms a part of, two other body systems: the circulatory system and the immune system

caplet

a tablet that is coated to avoid irritating the stomach

health savings account (HSA)

a tax-free savings account offered to individuals who are covered by insurance plans with high deductibles

squamous cell carcinoma

a cancer involving epithelial cells, which are the cells found on the surface of the skin

melanoma

a cancer of the skin's pigment-producing cells

out guide

a card placed in a collection of paper files to indicate that a file has been removed

affix

a categorical term for a word part that is added to a root word to change or modify its meaning—both prefixes and suffixes are affixes

tabular list

a category grouping of items

personal protective equipment (PPE)

a category of clothing that protects the wearer from coming into contact with infectious material

other potentially infectious materials (OPIMs)

a category of possible biohazards other than blood, including tissues and bodily fluids, such as semen, vaginal secretions, and spinal fluid, that have been defined by the US Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OHSA)

haploid

a cell that has one set of chromosomes (humans have twenty-three chromosomes per set)

diploid cell

a cell that has two sets of chromosomes (in humans, one set of twenty-three chromosomes from each parent, or forty-six total)

Certified Medical Transcriptionist (CMT)

a certification that indicates that an individual has expert knowledge in medical transcription

Registered Medical Transcriptionist (RMT)

a certification that indicates that an individual has the essential skills and knowledge to work as a medical transcriptionist

rash

a change in skin color, texture, or overall appearance

frequency distribution curve

a chart that describes the number of animals that respond to a drug at each dose

nitrogen

a chemical element whose symbol is N, and which is essential for the production of several biological molecules such as proteins and amino acids

neurotransmitter

a chemical used by a neuron to transmit a signal to another neuron

hormone

a chemical used by the body to signal and control the function of organs

cardiomyopathy

a chronic (long-lasting) disease of the heart muscle characterized by muscle that is thick, stiff, weak, and irritable, resulting in symptoms such as congestive heart failure

triptans

a class of drugs commonly used to treat migraines, they work by causing dilated (enlarged) blood vessels to constrict (become smaller)

physician index

a database that records the physician associated with each patient, diagnosis made, and procedure performed at a healthcare organization

third-degree burn

a deep burn that destroys all of the layers of the skin

hypothyroidism

a disease in which the thyroid does not produce enough of its hormones, resulting in symptoms and signs such as lethargy and weight gain

hyperthyroidism

a disease in which the thyroid produces too much of its hormones, resulting in symptoms and signs such as weight loss, nervousness, irritability, and insomnia

Alzheimer's disease

a disease of the brain characterized by progressive impairment of memory and other brain functions such as orientation and judgment; it is named after the nineteenth-century German psychiatrist Alois Alzheimer

musculoskeletal disease

a disease of the muscles, bones, or joints that produces body dysfunction with a recognizable set of signs and symptoms that often have a well-understood cause

Bell's palsy

a disease of unknown cause characterized by the rapid onset of facial paralysis, which is usually temporary and limited to one side of the face; it is named after Scottish anatomist Charles Bell

communicable disease

a disease that is contagious

non-communicable disease

a disease that is not contagious

pathogen

a disease-causing microorganism or agent, such as a virus or bacterium

migraine headache

a disorder characterized by recurrent severe, throbbing, one-sided headaches, often associated with nausea, vomiting, and sensitivity to light

fungi

a diverse group of organisms that includes yeasts, molds, and mushrooms

Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA)

a division of the US Department of Labor whose mission is to ensure safe and healthful working conditions

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)

a division of the federal Department of Health and Human Services that collects data on patient and healthcare worker safety, and promotes safety practices to protect patients and workers

oncologist

a doctor who specializes in treating cancer

psychiatrist

a doctor who specializes in treating emotional and behavioral issues

pathologist

a doctor who studies diseases and causes of death

immunologist

a doctor who studies how well the body can fight against diseases and infections

material safety data sheet (MSDS)

a document that provides information on the hazards, handling procedures, and safe disposal of a chemical

Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA)

a domestic agency responsible for collecting data on workplace accidents and using that data to create regulations and recommendations

Food and Drug Administration (FDA)

a domestic agency responsible for enforcing regulations of accurate labeling and safe handling of food and drugs

National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH)

a domestic agency under the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention whose roles include researching the causes of workplace-related injuries and helping to prevent them

National Institutes of Health (NIH)

a domestic agency under the US Department of Health and Human Services that leads a number of medical research programs

levodopa

a drug commonly used to treat Parkinson's disease, it works by increasing levels of dopamine, a signaling molecule

phenytoin

a drug commonly used to treat epilepsy, it works by stabilizing electrical activity in the brain

ergotamine

a drug commonly used to treat migraines, it acts by causing dilated (enlarged) blood vessels to constrict (become smaller)

cholinesterase

a drug commonly used to treat symptoms of Alzheimer's and other diseases, it prevents the breakdown of acetylcholine, a signaling molecule

transdermal patch

a drug embedded in a solid patch form, which is then absorbed into the blood through the skin

wafer

a drug fashioned into a thin disk that dissolves gradually to release the drug slowly

pellet

a drug fashioned into small, bullet-shaped objects that dissolve gradually to release the drug slowly

bead

a drug fashioned into small, round objects that dissolve gradually to release the drug slowly

tablet

a drug in powder form mixed with inert ingredients (e.g., binders) and pressed into a solid

suppository

a drug mixed in a solid base, such as glycerin, cocoa butter

antibiotic

a drug that can kill or slow the growth of bacteria

antispasmodic

a drug that can relieve muscle spasm, including, for example, bladder spasms

miotic drug

a drug that causes miosis, or constriction of the iris, which makes the pupil smaller; often used to treat certain kinds of glaucoma

gas

a drug that has more separation of particles, allowing it to be more widely dispersed

liquid

a drug that has no solid shape

antibiotic

a drug that is able to kill bacteria or halt its growth

prescription drug

a drug that one can only obtain with a written prescription or verbal order from a physician or licensed health care provider

blood thinner

a drug that reduces the tendency of blood to form clots

antihypertensive

a drug used to lower a patient's blood pressure

anticoagulant

a drug used to reduce the ability of the blood to form clots

digitalis

a drug used to slow and regularize certain abnormal heart rhythms and to strengthen the pumping of a weak heart

statin

a drug used to treat or prevent atherosclerosis by altering the levels of certain fats circulating in the blood

immunosuppressant

a drug used to weaken the immune system, such as to prevent it from attacking (rejecting) a transplanted organ

aspirin

a drug with anti-inflammatory and blood-thinning effects used for a variety of purposes, including reducing pain and fever, as well as preventing blood clots

pharmacy

a facility that deals with preparing and dispensing drugs

Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS)

a federal agency responsible for administering benefits in Medicare, Medicaid, and several other health insurance programs

Medicaid

a federal and state program that provides healthcare coverage for people with disabilities or lower incomes

Medicare

a federal health insurance plan offered to those who are 65 years of age or older and some people with disabilities

US Department of Health and Human Services

a federal regulatory agency that administers and manages many health organizations, systems, and programs

estrogen

a female hormone that is responsible for the development of female physical characteristics and is important in the regulation of the menstrual cycle and pregnancy

progesterone

a female hormone that plays important roles in the regulation of the menstrual cycle and pregnancy

clitoris

a female sexual organ that is homologous (similar in origin) to the male penis; its sensitive tip, called the glans, is located above the ureteral opening where the labia minora meet

zygote

a fertilized ovum

powder

a finely ground drug; may be in capsules or a canister, such as an inhaler

barium swallow

a fluoroscopic diagnostic procedure to evaluate the function of the upper gastrointestinal tract

explanation of benefits

a form created by the insurance company to explain what charges were covered, denied, or need more documentation based on the claims submitted by the physician's office

placebo

a form of a drug that exerts no pharmacologic effect, has no therapeutic effect, and has no side effects when administered

Type 2 diabetes

a form of diabetes in which cells in the body stop reacting to insulin; often begins in adulthood

gestational diabetes

a form of diabetes in which hormones released during pregnancy interfere with insulin

Type 1 diabetes

a form of diabetes in which the pancreas stops producing insulin; often begins during childhood

X-ray

a form of electromagnetic radiation that can be used for medical imaging and therapeutic purposes

radiation

a form of energy characterized by the passage of particles or waves through a medium; e.g., light, heat, radio waves, and X-rays

erection

a fully stiff penis

leukemia

a general term that describes a variety of cancers in which there are too many white blood cells

thymus gland

a glandular organ in the upper chest cavity that produces T-cells

World Health Organization (WHO)

a global organization, created by the United Nations, that provides global leadership on health, health research, and health policy

lymph node

a grape-size oval organ made of lymphoid tissue that filters lymph to clean it of foreign material, pathogens, and cancer cells

lymphoma

a group of cancers in which either T-cells or B-cells multiply in an unregulated fashion, causing tumors

leukemia

a group of cancers of the blood or bone marrow in which an abnormally large quantity of white blood cells is produced

glaucoma

a group of diseases characterized by elevated pressure within the eye (intraocular pressure, or IOP), which can lead to damage of retinal structures with resulting blindness

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)

a group of government agencies under the US Department of Health and Human Services that work to prevent the transmission of diseases and ensure the general protection of public health

-ac, -al

-ac and -al mean of or pertaining to. For example, cardiac means of or pertaining to the heart, and abdominal means of or pertaining to the abdomen.

-gram

-gram means record or picture. For example, a cardiogram is a visual representation of a heart beat.

-graph

-graph means an instrument used to record data or a picture. For example, an electrocardiograph is a tool used to record heartbeats.

-ia and -iasis

-ia and -iasis mean condition. For example, bradycardia is a condition in which the heart beats slowly, and psoriasis is a skin condition.

-iatry

-iatry means a field in medicine. For example, psychiatry refers to a medical field that deals with psychological disorders.

-ic

-ic means pertaining to or characterized by. For example, a narcotic is a class of drugs characterized by its ability to relieve pain and produce stupor, or unconsciousness.

plexus

a group of interconnected ganglia in the peripheral nervous system (PNS) that enable different parts of the PNS to communicate and connect with their target destinations

color blindness

a group of mostly genetic (inborn) disorders characterized by a decreased or absent ability to see color or perceive color differences

reproductive system

a group of organs that creates the material necessary for human reproduction

tissue

a group of specialized cells

sex cell

a haploid cell that can join with another sex cell to create new life

capsule

a hard or soft shell with a liquid, powdered, or granular drug inside

pulmonary artery

One of two arteries leading out of the heart, it receives blood from the right ventricle and carries it into the lungs, where oxygen is acquired and carbon dioxide, a waste gas, is released.

outpatient

a medical designation that indicates a patient is receiving care without having been formally admitted to a healthcare provider

inpatient

a medical designation that indicates that a patient is receiving care after having been formally admitted to a healthcare provider

implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD)

a medical device implanted into a patient's chest to monitor the electrical activity of the heart and administer pulses of electricity as necessary to restore a normal heart rhythm

physical therapist (PT)

a medical professional who attempts to reduce dysfunction in the musculoskeletal system by improving joint mobility, muscle strength, balance, and coordination; also called a physiotherapist

registered nurse (RN)

a medical professional who can work independently to provide direct care by observing, evaluating, and treating patients

hypo-

a prefix that means under or below normal For example, hypotension means low blood pressure.

leuk-

a prefix that means white or colorless Leuk(o) is the combining form. For example, leukocyte is a white blood cell

coronary artery bypass graft (CABG)

a procedure in which a blood vessel is harvested, usually from the patient's leg, and surgically attached to a coronary artery to divert blood flow around (bypass) an obstruction

vascular graft

a procedure in which a diseased segment of an artery is replaced, or grafted, using either natural or artificial material

cardiac Transplant

a procedure in which a patient's diseased heart is surgically replaced using a heart from a recently deceased organ donor

audiometry

a procedure in which a person's ability to hear is tested using an electronic device called an audiometer

defibrillation

a procedure in which a pulse of electricity is applied to a patient's chest to restore a normal heart rhythm

aorta

One of two arteries leading out of the heart, it receives freshly oxygenated blood from the left ventricle and carries it away from the heart to the rest of the body.

vena cava

One of two veins leading into the heart, it carries blood returning from the body into the right atrium.

pulmonary vein

One of two veins leading into the heart, it carries freshly oxygenated blood from the lungs into the left atrium.

opthalm(o)

Ophthalm means eye. Opthalm(o) is its combining form. For example, ophthalmologist refers to a medical professional who studies eyes and sight.

cardioversion

a procedure in which either drugs or a pulse of electricity applied to a patient's chest to restore a normal heart rhythm

bone marrow transplant

a procedure in which marrow from a healthy donor is injected into the patient's marrow

angi

a root word that means blood vessels Angi(o) is the combining form. For example, an angiogram is an image of a blood vessel.

cyt

a root word that means cell Cyt(o) is the combining form. For example, erythrocyte is a red blood cell.

cardi

a root word that means heart Cardi(o) is the combining form. For example, a cardiogram is a recording of heart activity

ren-

a root word that means kidney; e.g., renal failure

lith(o)

a root word that means stone; e.g., lithotripsy

ven

a root word that means vein Ven(o) or ven(i) are the combining forms. For example, venipuncture means to puncture a vein.

combining form

a root word with an added vowel at the end in order to make it easier to pronounce when combined with a suffix that begins with a consonant

t.i.d.

The abbreviation t.i.d. means three times a day, indicating that a prescription should be taken three times a day.

cell

The cell is the structural and functional unit of living organisms; it is membrane-bound and self-replicating.

bladder

a sac made of muscle that stores urine until the body is ready to dispose of it

scrotum

a sac of skin and muscle that hangs between the legs of males and that contains the testicles

Dental Periodicity Schedule

a schedule that recommends certain oral health services for children according to age

International Classification of Diseases-10th Revision-Procedure Classification System (ICD-10-PCS)

a separate procedure code system in the ICD-10 clinical vocabulary system

safety procedure

a series of steps put in place to prevent accidents

insurance

a service that contracts with individuals and groups to provide medical services in exchange for regular payments from the individual through a provider

amino acids

a set of nitrogen-containing compounds that form the building blocks for the production of protein molecules

urinary system

a set of organs responsible for filtering blood and removing certain wastes from the body

standard precautions

a set of practices used to help prevent the transmission of infections; include assuming that everyone is potentially infectious, wearing personal protective equipment, and disposing of sharps properly

alcohol withdrawal

a set of signs and symptoms seen when alcohol is withheld from someone with alcohol dependence; characterized by CNS hyperexcitability, which may include hallucinations, seizures, and death

sciatica

a set of symptoms including pain, numbness, and weakness in a leg, hip, and/or lower back caused by compression of the main nerve supplying the leg (the sciatic nerve) or one of its spinal roots

platelet aggregation inhibitors

anticoagulant drugs that reduce blood clotting by preventing platelets from sticking to injury sites or clumping together

selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors

antidepressant drugs that inhibit the reuptake of serotonin to reduce symptoms of depression

device

any appliance designed to assist with the administration of a drug

disease

any condition not caused by an injury that causes the body to work incorrectly

protected health information (PHI)

any information about a person's health, healthcare, or payment for health services that can be linked to a specific patient

protected health information (PHI)

any information about a person's health, healthcare, or payment for health services that can be linked to a specific patient compliance

epilepsy

any of a number of conditions characterized by episodes of disturbed electrical activity in the brain, resulting in a variety of possible signs, including loss of consciousness and uncoordinated shaking movements

anxiety disorder

any of a variety of mental health disorders characterized by excessive worry, physical tension, and often physical symptoms, such as headaches or loss of appetite

accident

any unplanned occurrence that has potentially negative consequences

transdermal administration

application of a drug in patch form, which is then absorbed into the blood through the skin

topical administration

application of a drug to the skin or mucous membranes

Thoracic Region

body region that pertains to the chest, and extends from the neck to the diaphragm

Cephalic Region

body region that pertains to the head, including the eyes, brain, jaw, ears, cheek, nose, mouth and chin

integumentary system

body system that acts as an external casing for the body, protecting the structures embedded within it

muscular system

body system that allows for body movement, maintains posture, and produces heat

digestive system

body system that breaks down food into nutrition for body cells and eliminates leftover wastes

endocrine system

body system that contains glands that produce hormones to control body functions, such as growth and reproductive development

lymphatic system

body system that defends the body against infection and disease

urinary system

body system that eliminates waste products and controls water balance in the body

respiratory system

body system that keeps blood supplied with fresh oxygen and removes carbon dioxide from the body

reproductive system

body system that produces offspring

skeletal system

body system that provides a framework for the body, and protects and supports its organs

cardiovascular system

body system that pumps blood and transports it to the body cells, delivering nutrients and carrying away wastes

nervous system

body system that responds to sensory information and coordinates body responses

red bone marrow

bone marrow consisting of cells that produce blood cells

yellow bone marrow

bone marrow consisting of fat cells

teeth

bone structures that assist with the mechanical breakdown of food

compact bone

bone tissue that forms the hard shell outside of a bone and consists of cells that are organized in smooth columns that give the bones strength

spongy bone

bone tissue that forms the soft interior of a bone and consists of cells that are in a honeycomb pattern with spaces for bone marrow in between

ileum

bottom section of the small intestine

larynx

box-shaped organ in the neck that contains the vocal cords and functions as an airway to the lungs

bariatrics

branch of medicine dedicated to obesity issues

trade name

brand name for a drug

inhalation

breathing in a drug in liquid, powder, or gas form

pulmonary ventilation

breathing; the exchange of air between the lungs and the environment

p.r.

by rectum or rectally; the delivery of medication by inserting it into the rectum

gtt(s).

drops; liquid medication applied in small doses into the eyes, mouth, or ears

generic name

drug name chosen by the drug manufacturer

liquid

drug that has no solid shape

digitalis

drug that makes the heart pump more slowly, but more strongly

acetaminophen

drug that reduces pain through the inhibition of COX enzymes necessary for prostaglandin production

prostaglandin F agonist

drug used to treat glaucoma by stimulating prostaglandin F receptors to increase the outflow of fluid

statin drugs

drugs commonly prescribed for preventing heart conditions; they can cause muscle weakness, joint inflammation, and pain, among other serious symptoms

thrombolytic drugs

drugs for dissolving blood clots within blood vessels

pharmac(o), pharmaceut(i)

drugs or medicine

over-the-counter (OTC) drugs

drugs that can be used without a prescription; the FDA approves these drugs as safe when used according to the label's directions and warnings

radiation therapy

drugs that can slow the growth of retroviruses, such as HIV

vasopressors

drugs that increase blood pressure by decreasing the diameter of blood vessels and increasing the heart rate

diuretic drugs

drugs that increase the rate of urination

cry(o)

cold

respiratory tree

collective term for bronchi due to their constant production of branches

conducting zone

collective term for the system that transports air to the sites of oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange

respiratory membrane

collective term for the walls of the capillaries and alveoli

bolus

compact, rounded mass of food particles

cancer and trauma registries

compilations of healthcare data on different types of cancers and traumatic events

azoospermia

complete absence of sperm in the semen

medical decision making

component of the health record that substantiates the care provided, supports reimbursement for each procedure, and serves as a legal document that validates the treatment provided for each diagnosis

accessory digestive organs

components of the digestive system supporting the alimentary canal that runs throughout the body

vitamins

compounds essential for human growth

trichomonas vaginalis

condition caused by a parasite that leads to vaginal inflammation

asbestosis

condition caused by asbestos particles in the lungs

anthracosis

condition caused by coal and dust in the lungs

byssinosis

condition caused by cotton dust in the lungs

pneumoconiosis

condition caused by dust in the lungs

silicosis

condition caused by dust in the lungs

ectopic pregnancy

condition in which a fertilized egg begins to develop outside the uterus

endometriosis

condition in which pieces of endometrial tissue escape the uterus and attach to other structures, such as the ovaries

hyperthermia

condition in which the body becomes overheated

hypothermia

condition in which the body temperature drops to dangerously low levels

phimosis

condition in which the foreskin shrinks to the point where it cannot be pulled back to expose the penis

abruptio placentae

condition in which the placenta separates from the uterine wall too soon before birth

apnea

condition in which there is no spontaneous breathing for more than fifteen seconds

bacterial pneumonia

condition often caused by Streptococcus bacteria and sometimes preventable by vaccination

lobar pneumonia

condition resulting in sectioning of the lungs (the formation of lobes)

Cheyne-Stokes respiration

condition with alternating periods of apnea and hyperpnea

chyme

consumed food churned and mixed into a creamy substance by the digestive system

tuberculosis

contagious disease caused by bacteria that attack the lungs

spermicidals

contraceptive drugs that kill sperm

blood cells

contribute to the formation of blood, including red and white blood cells

brain

control center of the nervous system that receives, directs, and interprets sensory information through the body

gallstone

crystalline deposit that can form in the gallbladder or bile duct

statistical and research services

data analysis services provided for health information professionals who are conducting medical studies or tracking diseases

stratum granulosum

deep epidermal layer of skin that accumulates keratin

stratum spinosum

deep epidermal layer of skin that produces keratin

stratum basale

deepest epidermal layer, which contains melanocytes, immune cells, and touch receptors

-penia

deficiency

cirrhosis

degenerative disease in which scar tissue replaces normal liver tissue

parenteral administration

delivery of a drug into the blood through broken skin, usually injected through a needle

nasogastric administration

delivery of drug into the stomach through a tube that enters the body at the mouth and passes through the esophagus into the stomach

vaginal administration

delivery of drugs such as contraceptive foams and antifungal creams directly into the vagina

rectal administration

delivery of drugs through insertion into the rectum

lateral

describes something that is away from the midline of the body

large intestine

digestive organ that absorbs water and prepares waste for elimination from the body

gallbladder

digestive organ that stores bile for release into the small intestine

esophagus

digestive organ that transports food to the stomach

small intestine

digestive organ where most nutrient absorption takes place

electronic medical record (EMR)

digitally stored and accessed patient records that allow real-time communication, reporting, and recordkeeping through electronic transmission; also called electronic health records (EHRs) or computer-based patient records (CPRs)

-ectasia, -ectasis

dilatation, or the stretching of a body structure

distal

directional term for farther from the origin of the body part point of attachment

caudal

directional term for near the posterior end of the body

medial

directional term for situated toward the midline of the body

antispasmodic drugs

drugs that inhibit hydrochloric acid secretion, smooth muscle contraction, and peristalsis in the gastrointestinal tract to limit muscle spasms

nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs

drugs that inhibit prostaglandin production, thereby reducing pain and inflammation

proton pump inhibitors

drugs that inhibit the production of hydrochloric acid in the stomach

anesthetic drugs

drugs that produce a reversible loss of sensation to prevent pain during surgical procedures

analgesic drugs

drugs that produce relief from pain while the patient remains conscious

expectorant drugs

drugs that reduce the thickness of mucus so patients can cough it up

corticosteroid drugs

drugs that suppress inflammation by mimicking glucocorticoid hormones

topical decongestants

drugs that treat eye allergy symptoms, such as redness, by constricting blood vessels

mydriatic drugs

drugs used during eye examinations and surgery or to treat inflammation of the iris and surrounding areas

amphetamines

drugs used to decrease hyperactivity in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder

retinoid drugs

drugs used to treat acne by causing epidermal cells to divide rapidly, preventing pores from clogging, and decreasing inflammation

anticonvulsant drugs

drugs used to treat epilepsy by mimicking gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) neurotransmitters and inhibiting nerve impulses

miotic drugs

drugs used to treat glaucoma by constricting the pupil to increase the outflow of fluid

schedule drugs

drugs with potential for addiction, abuse, or dependence, regulated by the Controlled Substances Act

controlled substances

drugs with potential for addiction, abuse, or dependence, which the Controlled Substances Act regulates

stillbirth

fetal death before or during delivery

nerves

fibers transmitting impulses in the nervous system between the brain, spinal cord and the body's organs out to the muscles and glands

breach of confidentiality

disclosure of patient information without prior written consent

syphilis

disease caused by bacteria; fatal if left untreated

emphysema

disease in which the lungs lose elasticity, resulting in the inability to take in and expel air easily

environmental lung diseases

diseases caused by long-term environmental and occupational exposure to irritants

sexually transmitted infections (STIs)

diseases transmitted through sexual contact, which affect both males and females

D.A.W.

dispense as written; this means the person filling the prescription may not substitute a generic brand

thiazide drugs

diuretic drugs that block sodium and potassium from being absorbed from kidney tubules back into the blood

experimental group

group of patients in a clinical trial that receive the active form of the drug

control group

group of patients in a clinical trial that receive the placebo form of the drug

organs

groups of tissue that carry out important functions in the body

alopecia

hair loss

bones

hard structures that create the frame of the body

calcification

hardening due to calcium buildup

skin microbiome

harmless bacteria that live on the surface of the skin and may provide health benefits

endoscope

illuminated instrument for the visualization of the interior of a body cavity or organ

stem cells

immature cells that can go on to become other cells, such as red blood cells, white blood cells, or platelets

left

in medical terminology, a reference to the patient's actual left side, and not to the healthcare worker's left side

right

in medical terminology, a reference to the patient's actual right side, and not to the healthcare worker's right side

erectile dysfunction

inability to maintain or achieve an erection

-tomy

incision, or cutting into tissue

exam

includes both a physician's physical examination of a patient, as well as any test results

urge incontinence

incontinence that occurs when the bladder contracts at the wrong time; also known as overactive bladder

stress incontinence

incontinence that occurs when the structures around the bladder are weakened or damaged, causing urine leakage when the body is physically stressed through coughing, straining, or sneezing

hyperpnea

increased rate and depth of breathing

pneumonia

infection of the lungs that causes small bronchioles and alveoli to fill with fluid

chronic bronchitis

infection or inflammation of the bronchial tubes

-itis

inflammation

viral pneumonia

inflammation (irritation and swelling) of the lungs caused by various viruses

paronychia

inflammation and infection along the sides of the nail

arthritis

inflammation of a joint

adenoiditis

inflammation of an adenoid

cervicitis

inflammation of the cervix

colitis

inflammation of the colon

balanitis

inflammation of the foreskin and penis

cholecystitis

inflammation of the gallbladder

endocervicitis

inflammation of the lining of the cervix

gastroenteritis

inflammation of the lining of the stomach and intestines

hepatitis

inflammation of the liver caused by a virus

meningitis

inflammation of the meninges, which are the protective tissues covering the brain and spinal cord, often caused by a viral or bacterial infection

onychia

inflammation of the nail matrix

prostatitis

inflammation of the prostate gland

testitis

inflammation of the testicles

tonsillitis

inflammation of the tonsils, typically caused by a pathogen

vulvitis

inflammation of the vulva

colpitis

inflammation of vaginal lining

psoriasis

inflammatory arthritis of the spine and hips that also involves a skin rash

intradermal administration

injection of a drug in between the epidermis and dermis

intramuscular administration

injection of a drug into a large muscle.

intravenous administration

injection of a liquid drug directly into a vein

inj.

injection; a medication that is delivered by needle directly into the bloodstream

hypodermis

innermost layer of skin; often called the hypodermal layer

microscopy

inspection with a microscope

fluoroscope

instrument that provides real-time imaging of the motion of internal structures through the use of X-rays and a fluorescent screen

-tome

instrument used for cutting

-scope

instrument used for viewing

-meter

instrument used to measure

-graph

instrument used to record

renal colic

intense waves of pain, often associated with blockage of the urinary system by a kidney stone

-tripsy

intentional surgical crushing of a part of the body

IM

intramuscular; the injection of medication directly into a muscle

dextrose

intravenous fluid containing dextrose sugar to provide energy for body cells

total parenteral nutrition

intravenous fluid containing electrolytes, vitamins, minerals, and essential amino acids used to provide nutrition

sodium (saline)

intravenous fluid containing sodium (Na+) and chloride (Cl-) electrolytes necessary for cell function

IV

intravenous; the injection of medication directly into the bloodstream

Office of the Inspector General (OIG)

investigates abuse, fraud, waste, and mismanagement within a government organization

axis

invisible line that runs vertically through the center of the axial region

Midclavicular Line

invisible vertical line that passes through the midpoint of the clavicle (collarbone)

-spasm

involuntary contraction, twitching, or cramp

urinary incontinence

involuntary urination

vertebrae

irregular bones that protect the spinal cord and form the spinal column

warts

irregular skin growths that are caused by the human papillomavirus (HPV)

traditional health record

medical chart stored and maintained in paper format

sharps

medical equipment, such as needles or scalpels, that can puncture or cut healthcare workers; used sharps may transmit biohazards

chiropractors

medical professionals who treat disorders by manipulating the musculoskeletal system

hybrid health records

medical records that incorporate elements of paper-based records and electronic records

physical therapy

medical treatment that uses specially designed exercises and equipment to help patients regain or improve their physical abilities

retinoid

medication that normalizes the hair follicle, often used to treat acne

antifungal medication

medication that stops the growth of fungi

bronchodilator drugs

medications that dilate bronchial tubes to widen them

dermis`

middle layer of skin; often called the dermal layer

jejunum

midsection of the small intestine

electronic prescription

prescription entered into a device, signed, and sent electronically

verbal prescription

prescription given by a physician to the pharmacist over the phone

written prescription

prescription handwritten on a preprinted form

off-label use

prescription of drugs for uses other than those specified in the FDA approval

infection

presence and multiplication of harmful foreign microorganisms, or pathogens, in the body

lungs

primary organs of the respiratory system that work to allow blood cells to transfer oxygen into and out of the body

thermoregulation

process of achieving a normal and stable body temperature

homeostasis

process of maintaining a stable physiologic environment, such as temperature

patient confidentiality

protection from private healthcare information being released without prior permission

elastin

protein found in the skin that provides elasticity

collagen

protein found in the skin that provides firmness and strength

large intestine

section of intestinal tract that absorbs water from food matter and aids in the transmission of the waste removal from the body

nasal administration

spraying a liquid drug into the nasal cavity for absorption into the blood

cubic centimeter

standard measurement of drug volume

gram

standard unit of weight measurement

-stasis

stopping, controlling

tendons

strong tissues that connects muscle to bone

pure tone audiometry

the most common type of audiometry used to diagnose and characterize hearing loss; it tests the ability to hear a variety of single-frequency, or pure, tones

plaque psoriasis

the most common type of psoriasis, characterized by plaques

chemical name

the name of a drug that describes its molecular structure

external auditory canal

the narrow passage that leads from the pinna to the tympanic membrane

sensory neurons

the neurons that collect sensory information and send it to the central nervous system for processing

plasma

the non-cellular, liquid part of blood that consists mostly of water

heart rate

the number of times the heart beats in one minute

calcitriol

the biologically active form of vitamin D that is produced in the kidney and is important in the maintenance of calcium homeostasis and bone health

pupil

the opening in the iris that lets light into the eye

pinna

the outer ear flap that forms the visible part of the ear; also known as the auricle

labia majora

the outer labia, homologous (similar in origin) to the male scrotum

renal cortex

the outer portion of the kidney, where blood is filtered and erythropoietin is produced

epidermis

the outermost layer of the skin

fallopian tubes

the paired tubes that conduct ova from the ovaries to the uterus

axon terminal

the part of a neuron at the opposite end from the dendrite; sends signals to neighboring neurons

menstruation

the part of the menstrual cycle consisting of bleeding from the vagina, which occurs when the uterus discards its lining in the absence of a pregnancy

dendrite

the part of the neuron that stretches outward and receives signals from neighboring neurons

deafness

the partial or complete loss of the ability to hear

route of administration

the path by which a drug contacts the body

joint

the place where bones meet

cerebellum

the portion of the brain that controls coordination, muscle tone, and balance

cerebrum

the portion of the brain that controls memory, thought, speech, the senses, and voluntary actions

brain stem

the portion of the brain that controls vital functions and connects the brain with the spinal cord

mammary region

the portion of the chest that contains the breasts

peripheral nervous system (PNS)

the portion of the nervous system outside the cranial cavity and vertebral canal that runs throughout the body

central nervous system (CNS)

the portion of the nervous system that includes the brain and the spinal cord

somatic nervous system

the portion of the peripheral nervous system that controls skeletal muscles

autonomic nervous system

the portion of the peripheral nervous system that controls the function of organs

diastolic pressure

the blood pressure measured during diastole, which is that phase of heart activity when it is resting and filling with blood for the next systole

systolic pressure

the blood pressure measured during systole, which is that phase of heart activity when it is contracting and actively pumping blood out

Appendicular Region

the body region that includes the arms and legs

Axial Region

the body region that includes the head, neck, and trunk

skeletal system

the body system that consists mainly of bones

musculoskeletal system

the body system that consists of all the components needed for movement, including muscles, tendons, ligaments, cartilage, bones, and articulations

nervous system

the body system that includes the brain, nerves, and neurons

circulatory system

the body system that moves blood throughout the body

sensory nervous system

the portion of the peripheral nervous system that gathers sensory information from the body and sends it to the central nervous system

scapular region

the posterior portion of the trunk region that contains the scapulae (shoulder blades) and related structures

chiropractic

the practice of gently repositioning misaligned bones and joints, especially those of the spine

prognosis

the predicted outcome of a disease

blood pressure

the pressure of blood pushing on the walls of the blood vessels

ovary

the primary female sex organ that produces ova and releases hormones that guide the development of the female reproductive system

master patient index

the primary index used for HIM recordkeeping, which includes a unique record for each patient within a healthcare organization

testicle

the primary male sex organ that produces sperm and releases hormones that guide the development of the male reproductive system

antibody binding

the process by which an antibody identifies and attaches to a specific antigen

intake

the process by which patients enter the care of a medical facility

compliance

the process of adhering to state and federal laws

calibration

the process of adjusting an instrument to ensure its accuracy

urinalysis

the process of analyzing a sample of urine

medical coding

the process of assigning nomenclature codes to patient data obtained by examining medical records

medical coding

the process of assigning standardized codes to patient data obtained by examining medical records

degeneration

the process of breaking down over time

vasoconstriction

the process of constricting, or reducing the size of, the blood vessels to heat the body

medical transcription

the process of creating a text-based medical record from a voice recording

spermatogenesis

the process of developing basic sex cells, called germ cells, into sperm

defecation

the process of eliminating indigestible substances from the body

phagocytosis

the process of engulfing foreign material or pathogens that is used by certain white blood cells to rid them from the body

health data security

the process of ensuring that medical records are unaltered, readily accessible, and used legitimately

birth certificate completion

the process of fully completing an infant's birth certificate

medical billing

the process of generating claim forms that list diagnosis and procedure codes, charges, and patient demographic information for reimbursement purposes

healthcare delivery

the process of getting health services to patients who need medical attention

auscultation

the process of listening to the sounds of the body for diagnostic purposes

-lysis

the process of loosening, freeing, or destroying

quality management

the process of planning, controlling, and improving the quality of a product or system

insurance reimbursement

the process of receiving payment from an insurance company for a covered benefit

-graphy

the process of recording

immunological memory

the body's ability to remember foreign antigens that have affected the body, helping the immune system quickly remove these substances if subsequent invasions occur

immune system

the body's components that help protect it from disease

immune response

the body's reaction to fighting infections and disease

skull

the bone that makes up the top and back of the head and protects the brain

vertebrae

the bones that make up the vertebral column

skull

the bony covering that protects the brain

nail groove

the border between the nail and skin

plantar

the bottom area of the foot that is in contact with the ground when standing

ophthalmology

the branch of medicine that deals with diseases and disorders of the eye

neurology

the branch of medicine that deals with the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of diseases and disorders of the nervous system

psychiatry

the branch of medicine that deals with the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of mental disorders

pregnancy

the process of the fertilization of an ovum and its development as a fetus in the uterus

palpation

the process of touching or feeling a patient's body to determine the physical characteristics of an organ or structure

emesis

the process of vomiting

fertilization

the process that occurs when a male and female sex cell unite

information technology

the processes needed to assimilate, organize, maintain, and store patient healthcare data

ejaculation

the pulsed ejection of semen through the urethra

audiology

the branch of science that deals with hearing and balance, including the evaluation and rehabilitation of patients with related conditions

psychology

the branch of science that deals with the mind, mental processes, and behavior

chemical digestion

the breakdown of food particles into chemical building blocks by enzymes in the alimentary canal

atherosclerosis

the buildup of a waxy material called plaque in a blood vessel wall, leading to stiffening (hardening) and narrowing, as well as reduced blood flow

spinal cord

the bundle of nerves that runs through the back and connects the brain to the rest of the body

umbilical region

the central area of the abdomen surrounding the navel (belly button)

brain

the central hub of the nervous system that helps the body move

Vertebral Region

the central region of the back parallel to the vertebral column

urinalysis

the chemical and microscopic examination of the urine to determine clues to the presence of disease

mechanical digestion

the chewing, mixing, and churning of food materials in the human body, beginning in the mouth (via mashing with the tongue) and continuing in the stomach

vitreous humor

the clear, gel-like fluid that fills the eye between the lens and the retina

neur(o)-

the combining form of the root word "neur," which refers to the nervous system, or the entire nerve apparatus of the body.

psych(o)-

the combining form of the root word "psych," which means "mind" or "mental"

cholelithiasis

the condition in which gallstones are present in the gallbladder or bile duct

acid reflux

the condition in which the acidic contents of the stomach bubble up slightly into the esophagus, causing a burning sensation

hypoglycemia

the condition that occurs when glucose levels in blood become too low; can cause unconsciousness and even death if the level drops too far

brain

the control center of the nervous system; occupies the cranial cavity

lunula

the crescent-shaped white portion on the base of the nail

diagnosis

the identification of a disease or disorder by the evaluation of its history, symptoms, physical signs, and test results

innate immunity

the immune capabilities present at birth, including all the nonspecific ways of responding to immune challenges

inflammation

the immune system's response to injured or damaged cells, which results in redness, heat, swelling, and pain

ear tube surgery

the implanting of a tiny drainage tube into the tympanic membrane, often used to treat or prevent middle-ear infections in children

vaginitis

the inflammation of the vaginal lining

renal medulla

the innermost portion of the kidney, which maintains the salt and water balance of the body

urinary catheterization

the insertion of a thin tube, called a catheter, into the urinary bladder

immunization

the introduction of a foreign substance, such as a harmless part of a flu virus, to provoke acquired immunity

mandible

the irregular bone located in the jaw; also called the jawbone; functions especially to hold the teeth and allow the jaw to move for talking and chewing

Thyroid Cartilage

the largest cartilage in the larynx (voice box); it protects the vocal cords

hypodermis

the layer of connective tissue beneath the dermis

dermis

the layer of skin just below the epidermis

medical record

the lifetime record of a patient's health, health problems, and medical care at a particular institution

retina

the light-sensitive layer of cells that line the inner surface of the eye and transmit light signals to the brain

labia

the lip-like structures that surround the opening to the vagina

plasma

the liquid part of blood that is mostly water and composes about 55 percent of blood

urine

the liquid produced by the kidneys consisting of water and dissolved waste chemicals

axon

the long extension that connects a neuron's dendrite with its axon terminal

paralysis

the loss of function in one or more muscles, resulting in an inability to move the affected part of the body

osteoporosis

the loss of minerals, such as calcium and magnesium, in bones, which makes them brittle and easily broken

Pelvic Region

the lower abdomen region that connects the torso and the legs and also contains the reproductive organs

lumbar region

the lower back area just above the hips

primary lymphoid tissue

the lymphoid tissues responsible for the creation and maturation of leukocytes and consisting of the bone marrow and thymus

therapeutic index (TI)

the ratio of the dose of a drug that produces a therapeutic effect and the dose that produces a lethal effect in animals (ED50/TD50)

primary motor cortex

the region of the cerebrum that controls the voluntary muscles on the opposite side of the body

Orbital Region

the region that consists of the cavity area of the skull in which the eye and its appendages are positioned

Facial Region

the region that includes the face and its structures

Frontal Region

the region that includes the forehead

laminectomy

the removal of a portion of a vertebra called the lamina, performed for a variety of possible reasons, for example to relieve pressure on spinal nerve roots

dental extraction

the removal of primary teeth

premium

the required regular payment that an individual agrees to pay to an insurance company in exchange for insurance coverage

pulse

the rhythmic expansion of an artery that occurs as the heart beats

femur

the scientific name for the long bone located in the thigh; also called the thighbone

tarsals

the short bones located inside the feet and ankles

carpals

the short bones that form the wrists

hair follicle

the small cavities from which hair grows

synapse

the small gap between the dendrite of one neuron and the axon terminal of another, across which the neurotransmitter flows to propagate a signal

immune cells

the smallest functional units working toward protecting the body from infection and harmful substances and including leukocytes and lymphocytes

capillary

the smallest of blood vessels, it receives blood from the arterial system and delivers it to the venous system while exchanging nutrients and wastes with nearby tissues

nerves

the specialized cells of the nervous system that transmit electrical signals back and forth between the brain and the rest of the body

jargon

the specialized technical language use in a profession

coverage

the specific group of healthcare services that an insurance provider is willing to reimburse healthcare providers for on behalf of their clients

metastasis

the spreading of cancer cells throughout the body

acute

a term used to describe the time scale and/or severity of a disease or disorder, which indicates a rapid onset, usually fast course (short duration), and often intense severity

chronic

a term used to describe the time scale and/or severity of a disease or disorder, which indicates a slow onset, usually slow course (long duration), and low severity

directional term

a term used to explain the relation of one or more body parts

creatinine clearance

a test of renal function that measures the amount of creatinine removed from the blood by the kidneys per unit of time

glomerular filtration rate (GFR)

a test of renal function that measures the flow of filtered fluid through the kidneys per unit of time; GFR is often estimated by measuring the creatinine clearance

fasting blood sugar (FBS)

a test of the blood's glucose (main body sugar) level taken after an eight- to twelve-hour period of fasting; the primary test used to detect diabetes

caloric reflex test

a test of the vestibular system performed by irrigating the external ear canal with warm or cold water

cardiac stress test

a test that involves the continuous recording of measures such as heart rate, the electrocardiogram, and blood pressure while the patient exercises to evaluate the health of the heart

heart biopsy

a test that involves the taking of a small sample of heart tissue to evaluate the health of the heart muscle

blood urea nitrogen (BUN)

a test that measures the amount of urea in the blood

Dopper flow study

a test that uses sound waves to generate images to evaluate blood vessels and blood flow; named for the Austrian physicist Christian Doppler

echocardiogram

a test that uses sound waves to generate images to evaluate the structure of the heart

tympanometry

a test used to characterize the mobility of the tympanic membrane and ossicles

angiogram

a test used to evaluate the health of an artery by taking X-ray images while injecting into the artery a substance that can be seen by the X-ray

radiation therapy

a therapeutic method that kills cancerous cells

phototherapy

a therapeutic method that uses UV radiation for treating cancerous cells

chemotherapy

a therapeutic method used to treat cancers with chemicals

lotion

a thick, liquid mixture of a drug in a water base

cream

a thick, semisolid mixture of a drug in a base of about 50% oil and 50% water

ointment

a thick, semisolid mixture of a drug in a base of about 80% oil and 20% water

vagina

a thin-walled tube that extends from the cervix to the exterior of the body; also known as the birth canal

Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine (DO)

a title that is equivalent to an MD, but focuses more on holistic and alternative solutions to medical issues

preferred provider organization (PPO)

a type of health insurance in which a group of healthcare providers accept reduced rates for services from the insurance providers on behalf of the plan members

Hodgkin's disease

a type of lymphoma that can often be successfully treated with a combination of chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and bone marrow transplant

positron emission tomography

a type of medical imaging that uses a harmless radioactive substance, injected into the bloodstream, to generate 3-D images for diagnostic purposes

magnetic resonance imaging

a type of medical imaging that uses strong magnetic forces to generate signals a computer can assemble into a 2-D or 3-D image of a body structure

antihistamine

a type of medication that blocks the effects of histamine, a compound released by the body that causes the signs and symptoms of allergic reactions

dendritic cell

a type of specialized monocyte that has the ability to phagocytize

cartilage

a type of spongy tissue

lymphocyte

a type of white blood cell important for fighting viruses and cancers and for creating antibodies

granulocyte

a type of white blood cell that contains granules of chemicals that are used to fight threats, such as pathogens

monocyte

a type of white blood cell that is capable of phagocytosis

acronyms

a type of word that is composed of the first letters of other words

short bone

a variety of bone characterized by a cube-like structure having similar length, width, and height

long bone

a variety of bone characterized by a narrow, hollow shaft filled with red and yellow bone marrow

flat bone

a variety of bone characterized by its flat shape and three-tiered composition of compact and spongy bone

irregular bone

a variety of bone that cannot be characterized as being a long, short, or flat bone

Coronal plane

a vertical plane that divides the body into front and back halves

Sagittal plane

a vertical plane that divides the body into left and right halves

lymph vessel

a vessel that returns lymph to the general circulation, filtering the fluid as it passes

retrovirus

a virus group that copies the host cell's RNA

human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)

a virus that infects cells that are necessary for the proper functioning of the immune system

-scopy

a visual examination

hytseroscopy

a visual examination of the uterus

urea

a waste product of metabolism that is excreted into the urine

creatinine

a waste product of muscle metabolism that is excreted into the urine

thiamine

a water-soluble B vitamin that, when deficient, can lead to a variety of neurological problems

drug class

a way of organizing medicines into different categories

leukocyte

a white blood cell, which forms part of the immune system that protects the body from foreign material and organisms

prefix

a word part added to the beginning of a word, and often used to indicate location, time, or present status

suffix

a word part that is added to the ending of a root word to form a new term

eponyms

a word that is derived from someone's proper name, typically the discoverer or inventor of the concept the word refers to

requisition

a written request for a health record

secondary lymphoid tissue

the lymphoid tissues that form the front lines of the immune system, encountering and processing the dangers, and consisting of the lymph nodes, spleen, tonsils, and adenoids

androgen

the male hormone that is responsible for the development of male characteristics

penis

the male sexual organ, specialized for the delivery of semen

health information management (HIM)

the management of patient healthcare data of all types

pituitary gland

the master gland that controls how all other glands in the endocrine system release their hormones; also known as the hypophysis

refraction

the measurement and correction of the eye's focusing system using corrective lenses

tonometry

the measurement of intraocular pressure

oncology

the medical specialty that focuses on cancer

urinalysis

the microscopic and chemical analysis of urine to detect abnormalities characteristic of certain diseases

menstrual cycle

the monthly cycle of changes that take place in the female body to support reproduction

ovulation

the monthly release of ova from the ovary during childbearing years; controlled by hormonal signals

basal cell carcinoma

the most common skin cancer, originating in the stratum basale, which is the deepest epidermal layer

data quality management model

an AHIMA concept that standardizes data storage, maintenance, and organization according to ten quality characteristics

electronic medication administration record (EMAR)

an EHR system for medication management that uses the CDR database

neoplasm

an abnormal growth of cells that may or may not form a tumor (solid mass), and may or may not be malignant (cancerous)

neoplasm

an abnormal growth of cells that may or may not form a tumor and may or may not be malignant

arrhythmia

an abnormal heart rhythm, either too fast, too slow, and/or irregular

stenosis

an abnormal narrowing, such as that found in diseased blood vessels or heart valves

mania

an abnormally elevated mental state characterized by changes in mood, activity, and energy, such as inflated self-esteem, talkativeness, less need for sleep, racing thoughts, impulsivity, and poor judgment

polymyositis

an acquired disorder causing widespread muscle inflammation, pain, and weakness

fibromyalgia

an acquired disorder involving widespread muscle soreness, fatigue, and depression

Lasik

an acronym that stands for Laser-Assisted in situ Keratomileusis, which is the surgical reshaping of the cornea intended to correct certain refractive (focus) problems

aldosterone

an adrenal gland hormone that instructs nephrons to increase reabsorption of salt and water, helping to raise blood pressure

nurse practitioner (NP)

an advanced practice registered nurse who has a master's degree or PhD in nursing

regulatory agency

an agency that writes the regulations intended to enforce a law

peritoneal dialysis

an alternative to dialysis by blood filtration; it involves injecting a volume of fluid into the peritoneal (abdominal) cavity, followed by its removal a few hours later after it has acquired a load of metabolic wastes

deductible

an amount of money that must be paid out by a member of an insurance plan before the insurance company will offer reimbursement

plasma cell

an antibody-producing B-cell

electrolytes

an atom or molecule that gains an electrical charge when dissolved in a solution like water

Guillain-Barré syndrome

an autoimmune disease in which one's own immune system attacks the insulation covering the nerves in the peripheral nervous system, causing paralysis; it is named after the nineteenth-century French physicians Georges Guillain and Jean Alexandre Barré

myasthenia gravis

an autoimmune disease of unknown cause that causes muscle weakness and fatigue

rheumatoid arthritis (RA)

an autoimmune disease of unknown cause that typically affects the small joints in the hands, feet, and neck

multiple sclerosis (MS)

an autoimmune disorder in which the immune system attacks tissues in the brain and spinal cord

Grave's disease

an autoimmune disorder of unknown cause that leads to overactivity of the thyroid gland

celiac disease

an autoimmune disorder triggered by dietary exposure to a protein found in wheat and characterized by intestinal symptoms and poor absorption of nutrients

symptom

an effect of disease or disorder as experienced by the patient (e.g., aches and pains, weakness, etc.)

pacemaker

an electrical device that can sense cardiac electrical activity and deliver pulses of electricity to the heart muscle to initiate contractions to maintain an acceptable rhythm

action potential

an electrical signal sent by a neuron down its axon to stimulate the release of neurotransmitter by the axon terminal

bicarbonate

an electrolyte that is important to the body's pH homeostasis system

clinical information system (CIS)

an electronic database that stores important healthcare information, such as health records and prescriptions

cardiac monitor

an electronic device that is attached to a patient in order to visualize, over time, the rate and rhythm of his or her heart; alarms can be set based on abnormal readings

cochlear implant

an electronic device that is surgically implanted into the cochlea, or hearing organ in the inner ear, for persons with severe hearing loss

thyroid

an endocrine gland located in the throat that produces hormones that control metabolism and cell development

pancreas

an endocrine organ located in the lower abdomen that releases insulin

renin

an enzyme produced by the kidney that activates angiotensin, thereby raising one's blood pressure

International Classification of Diseases for Oncology (ICD-O)

an extension of the ICD for use in classifying neoplasms

electrophysiology study

an extensive study of the electrical activity of the heart using recording probes passed into the heart via an artery

eclampsia

an extreme case of preeclampsia; can also include convulsions and coma

infectious disease

an illness caused by an infectious particle that can be transmitted from person to person

sonogram

an image made using sound waves; e.g., a kidney sonogram to check for the presence of kidney stones

cystogram

an image of the urinary bladder made using X-rays and a liquid placed in the bladder that appears in an X-ray

intravenous pyelogram

an image of the urinary system made using X-rays and a liquid injected into a vein that is excreted into the urine, where it appears in an X-ray

immunodeficiency

an immune disorder characterized by a weakened immune system

allergy

an immune response to a normally harmless environmental substance

inflammation

an immune response to injury characterized by increased blood flow, redness, warmth, swelling, and pain

autoimmune disease

an immune system disease characterized by a breakdown in the system's ability to differentiate between self and nonself tissues that causes the system to mistakenly attack tissues of the body

patient

an individual who requires medical attention

access to care

an individual's ability to receive medical care based on factors like availability, location, cost, and ability to pay

lymphadenitis

an infection of a lymph node, typically caused by a virus or bacterium

urinary tract infection (UTI)

an infection of any organ of the urinary system

folliculitis

an infection of hair follicles

osteomyelitis

an infection of the bone caused by bacteria

polio

an infection of the muscles, particularly of the legs

Healthcare-associated infection

an infection that a patient acquires while being treated at a healthcare facility for a different ailment

opportunistic infection

an infection that takes advantage of reduced immune defenses

rheumatoid arthritis

an inflammatory condition that disfigures and destroys joints, especially joints of the hands and spine

microscope

an instrument that uses shaped lenses to magnify and study microscopic samples

stethoscope

an instrument used to listen to internal body sounds such as the heartbeat or intestinal activity

private insurance

an insurance plan in which patients pay monthly premiums for healthcare coverage, and submit claims for reimbursement

World Health Organization (WHO)

an international agency that works to ensure that health care is available to people worldwide

Midpupillary Line

an invisible vertical line that passes through the midpoint of the eye

plaque

an itchy red patch of skin with a dry, scaly surface

sign

an observable effect of disease that medical professionals can visualize or detect, such as swelling or color changes

sebum

an oily substance produced by sebaceous glands to protect skin and hair

spleen

an organ in the left upper abdomen that serves to filter blood, stores a reserve of red blood cells, and functions like a large lymph node

thymus

an organ made of lymphoid tissue that is specialized to prepare certain new lymphocytes that were created in the bone marrow to do their job

erectile organ

an organ that can fill with blood and become larger in size when stimulated

gonad

an organ that produces haploid sex cells; a testicle or an ovary

gland

an organ that releases chemical substances, such as hormones, into the body

healthcare system

an organized network that delivers medical care services

nomenclature

an organized system of words for use in a particular field

renal capsule

an outer covering of tough connective tissue and fat that gives kidneys their shape

fetus

an unborn child developing in the uterus

adverse effect

an unintended harmful effect of a medical treatment

side effect

an unintended, often problematic outcome of a treatment

bilateral symmetry

anatomical parts that are the same on both sides of the plane

inferior

anatomy located away from the head or toward the lower body

superior

anatomy located toward the head or upper part of the body

nail plate

another name for the actual finger or toenail

fluoroquinolone

antibiotic drug that kills foreign bacteria in the body by inhibiting DNA replication

penicillin

antibiotic drug that kills foreign bacteria in the body by inhibiting bacterial cell wall synthesis

tetracycline

antibiotic drug that kills foreign bacteria in the body by inhibiting protein synthesis

Anatomical position

the standard way the body is positioned when using anatomical terminology (standing, with feet slightly apart, arms to the side, and the head, eyes, and palms of the hands facing forward)

mental health

the state of a person's emotional and psychological well-being; can also refer to a branch of medicine that deals with such well-being; also known as behavioral health

orthopedics

the study and treatment of musculoskeletal diseases and injuries

pathology

the study of disease and the way it affects the functions of the body

pharmacology

the study of drugs and their actions

Surface Anatomy

the study of external configurations of the body as they relate to internal structures

toxicology

the study of harmful effects of drugs

pharmacodynamics

the study of how drugs produce their effects

pharmacogenetics

the study of how genetic variations among people affect their responses to drugs

pharmacotherapy

the study of the medical uses of drugs

pharmacokinetics

the study of what happens to a drug while in the body

Occipital Region

the subregion of the cranial region that is located at the back of the head and contains the parts of the brain that control sight

acute renal failure

the sudden failure of the kidneys

genome

the sum of all of an organism's DNA

-pexy

the surgical fixation (fastening in a fixed position)

nerve release

the surgical freeing of a compressed nerve, for example in carpal tunnel release surgery to treat carpal tunnel syndrome

spinal fusion

the surgical joining of two or more adjacent vertebrae to treat spinal deformities or abnormal spinal mobility that is causing pain

disectomy

the surgical removal of a portion of an intervertebral disc, which is a flexible tissue found between vertebrae that can bulge or rupture, compressing nearby nerves and causing pain

kidney biopsy

the surgical removal of a small sample of kidney tissue, typically using a special needle inserted through the skin, in order to diagnose conditions such as cancer

lithotomy

the surgical removal of a stone; e.g., a kidney stone

cystectomy

the surgical removal of all or part of the urinary bladder

prostatectomy

the surgical removal of part of the prostate

adrenalectomy

the surgical removal of the adrenal gland, which sits atop the kidney and secretes a variety of hormones

splenectomy

the surgical removal of the spleen

thymectomy

the surgical removal of the thymus, for example as part of the treatment for myasthenia gravis

tonsillectomy

the surgical removal of the tonsils

corneal transplant

the surgical replacement of a portion of the cornea using tissue obtained from an organ donor

kidney transplant

the surgical transfer of a kidney from one person to another

endocrine system

the system of the body that is responsible for growth, development, metabolism, and homeostasis (a stable internal state)

data quality characteristics

the ten AHIMA data quality characteristics that require data to be accurate, accessible, comprehensive, consistent, current, defined, granular, precise, relevant, and timely

iris

the thin, colored, circular structure in the eye that controls the amount of light entering the eye by contracting and expanding

puberty

the time of life when a child's body matures and becomes capable of sexual reproduction

menopause

the time of life when a woman's ovaries gradually stop producing female hormones and releasing ova, resulting in the end of her reproductive capacity

half-life

the time required for the drug concentration in the blood to decrease from 100% to 50%

nail matrix

the tissue at the base of the nail from which the nail originates

lymphoid tissues and organs

the tissues and organs that work with the immune system to defend the body, including the thymus, bone marrow, lymph nodes, spleen, tonsils, adenoids, and other structures

cornea

the transparent front-most part of the eye that helps the lens focus light on the retina

surgery

the treatment or investigation of disease through cutting or manipulation of the body

renal arteries

the two arteries that branch off the abdominal aorta and end at the kidneys, supplying them with blood to filter

kidneys

the two bean-shaped organs responsible for filtering blood to remove wastes

renal veins

the two veins that carry the filtered, or purified, blood from each kidney back to the circulatory system at the vena cava

nausea

the urge to vomit

chemotherapy

the use of chemical agents to treat diseases, such as cancer

active transport

the use of energy by absorptive cells to carry nutrients from one side of the membrane to the other, where they are deposited into capillaries

therapeutic use

the use of pharmaceutical drugs to control, improve, or cure diseases

cystoscopy

the visualization of the inside of the bladder using a tiny camera mounted on the tip of a long, flexible tube inserted into the bladder via the urethra

ureteroscopy

the visualization of the inside of the ureter using a tiny camera mounted on the tip of a long, flexible tube

cardiac output (CO)

the volume of blood pumped by the heart in one minute

osteoarthritis

the wearing down and dysfunction of joints

tympanic thermometer

thermometer with a specially designed tip that is placed into the external opening of the ear canal to obtain a body temperature reading

cilia

thin, hair-like structures that stick out of cells

ossicles

three tiny connected bones in the middle ear that transmit sound vibrations from the tympanic membrane to the inner ear

alveoli

tiny air sacs with thin walls located at the end of bronchioles

head lice

tiny insects that live on the skin covering the top of the head

muscles

tissues that contract to help move different parts of the body

upper extremities

upper area of the human body that includes the shoulder, forearm, elbow, arm, wrist, and hand

e.m.p.

use as directed; this means patients must take the medication exactly as directed

diagnostic use

use of pharmaceutical drugs with medical tests to provide evidence of a disease process

placenta previa

abnormal implantation of the placenta

oligospermia

abnormally low sperm count in semen

bradypnea

abnormally slow rate of respiration

anorchism

absence of one or both testes

hydrocele

accumulation of fluid in the scrotum

ovum (plural ova)

female sex cell

bed rest (BR)

Bed rest is an order requiring consistent rest time in bed.

carcin(o)

Carcin means an abnormal growth or tumor. It can also mean an open sore on or in the body, called an ulcer. Carcin(o) is its combining form. For example, a carcinoma is a type of cancer, or disease resulting from abnormal cells multiplying uncontrollably to grow tumors in the body.

cardi(o)

Cardi means heart. Cardi(o) is its combining form. For example, cardiomyopathy is a disease or deterioration of the muscle tissue of the heart.

HIV

HIV stands for human immunodeficiency virus, the harmful agent that causes people to get AIDS

brady-

a prefix that means slow For example, bradycardia means a slow heartbeat.

-centesis

a surgical puncture to aspirate or remove fluid

EEG

abbreviation for electroencephalogram

MRI

abbreviation for magnetic resonance imaging

Rx:

abbreviation for prescription

TIA

abbreviation for transient ischemic attack

PO

abbreviation meaning "by mouth"

chronic renal failure

gradual failure of the kidneys over a period of time

sleep apnea syndromes

group of disorders in which breathing stops during sleeping

tissue

group of many cells performing the same function

symmetry

matching form and configuration on opposite sides of a plane

bronchi

one of the main tubes for air passage into the lungs

periodontist

specialist in the tissue surrounding and supporting the teeth

Langerhans cells

specialized cells that are vital to immune response

kerainocytes

specialized skin cells that produce keratin

melanocytes

specialized skin cells that produce melanin

alopecia areata

spot baldness, a type of alopecia with a genetic and autoimmune basis

-(s)tomy

-(s)tomy means the creation of an opening. For example, a colostomy is an opening created from the colon (large intestine) to the outside of the body to permit the passage of stool

-gnosis

-gnosis means knowledge. For example, diagnosis refers to the ability to characterize and identify a disease or disorder.

-algia

-algia means pain. For example, myalgia refers to muscle pain.

-cidal, -cide

-cidal and -cide mean killing. For example, fungicide is a substance that kills fungi.

-crine

-crine means to secrete, or to produce and release a substance. For example, endocrine refers to the body system that secretes substances into the bloodstream.

-cyte

-cyte means cell, which is the smallest building block of the body. For example, leukocytes are white blood cells.

-ectomy

-ectomy means removal of. For example, mastectomy refers to the surgical removal of breast tissue.

-emia

-emia means blood condition. For example, anemia is a decrease in the number of red blood cells.

-globin

-globin means containing protein. For example, hemoglobin is a protein in red blood cells that allows blood to carry oxygen.

-ism

-ism means condition or process. For example, an embolism is a condition in which a mass, called an embolus, is blocking a blood vessel.

-itis

-itis means inflammation or infection. For example, tonsillitis is an inflammation of the tonsils.

-lepsis/-lepsy

-lepsis and -lepsy mean an attack or seizure. For example, epilepsy is a condition characterized by seizures.

-logist

-logist means specialist in the field. For example, an oncologist is a physician who specializes in studying cancer.

-logy

-logy means study or practice of a certain field. For example, oncology is the study of cancer.

-lysis

-lysis means destruction or separation. For example, paralysis refers to the inability to move or control certain body parts.

-meter

-meter means an instrument used to measure. For example, a thermometer measures temperature.

-oma

-oma means tumor, collection, or mass. For example, a hematoma is a collection of blood outside the blood vessels.

-opsy

-opsy means to view. For example, a biopsy is a view of cells extracted from a person.

-osis

-osis means condition or disease. For example, neurosis refers to a mental disorder.

-pathy

-pathy means disease or disorder. For example, neuropathy is a disease that affects the nerves.

-phobia

-phobia means a fear of. For example, agoraphobia is the fear of crowds and people.

-plasty

-plasty means surgical repair. For example, rhinoplasty is the surgical repair of the nose

-rrhage

-rrhage means bursting. For example, a hemorrhage is heavy bleeding due to the breaking or bursting of blood vessels.

-rrhea

-rrhea means discharge or flow. For example, rhinorrhea is the excessive discharge of mucus from the nose.

-scope

-scope means an instrument used for viewing or measuring. For example, a stethoscope is used to listen to a person's heartbeat

-scopy

-scopy means the use of an instrument for viewing. For example, an endoscopy is the procedure of viewing the esophagus or stomach

-sis

-sis means a state of, or condition. For example, pneumoconiosis is a lung disease caused by the inhalation of dust

-trophy

-trophy means nourishment or development. For example, hypertrophy is the enlargement of organs or tissues via an increase of size in their component cells

-y

-y means condition or process of. For example, surgery is an invasive medical technique used to diagnose or treat disorders or conditions

cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR)

Cardiopulmonary resuscitation is an emergency procedure administered to a patient whose heart has stopped beating.

complete bed rest (CBR)

Complete bed rest is an order requiring that a patient remain in bed at all times.

lyso-

Lyso- means dissolve or dissolution. For example, lysosomes are parts of cells that dissolve or break down waste.

computer axial tomography (CAT)

Computer axial tomography is an imaging technique that uses invisible energy waves to obtain cross-sectional images of the body.

lysosomes

Lysosomes are organelles that break down waste material in the cell.

alert, awake, and oriented (AAO)

Alert, awake, and oriented patients are awake, know who and where they are, recognize those around them, and know the date and time.

carbohydrate

A carbohydrate is a biological dietary compound made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen that provides energy for the body.

molecule

A molecule is two or more atoms joined together by sharing electrons

neutron

A neutron is a subatomic particle that is electrically neutral.

nuclear envelope

A nuclear envelope is a double-layer membrane surrounding the contents of the nucleus.

nucleic acid

A nucleic acid is the molecular unit of polymers, such as DNA and RNA, that transmits genetic information.

proton

A proton is a positively charged subatomic particle, the number of which determine the type of element the atom is

receptor

A receptor is a molecule that receives and transmits a signal

a- or an-

A- or an- means no, or without. For example, asepsis means without pathogens, or the state of being free from pathogens.

AD

AD stands for Alzheimer's disease, a degenerative disease that affects the functions of the brain and nervous system, leading to memory loss, forgetfulness, and irrational behavior.

ADD and ADHD

ADD and ADHD stand for attention deficit disorder and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, respectively, a class of disorders that affect a person's ability to concentrate on specific tasks.

AIDS

AIDS stands for acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, a disease in which the body is unable to fight to stay healthy.

AMI

AMI stands for acute myocardial infarction, which is formal medical terminology to describe a heart attack, a type of heart failure

ab-

Ab- means away from. For example, abduction is movement of a limb away from the midline of the body.

ad lib

Ad lib means as desired, indicating that something is not restricted and may be done as the patient wishes.

ad-

Ad- means toward. For example, adduction is movement of a limb toward the midline of the body.

advanced cardiac life support (ACLS)

Advanced cardiac life support is a series of life-sustaining procedures administered in response to major heart traumas

advanced life support (ALS)

Advanced life support is a series of procedures administered to a patient to sustain vital life processes, such as breathing and heartbeat.

afebrile (afeb)

Afebrile indicates no fever and denotes a patient with a normal body temperature of approximately 98.6°F.

amino acids

Amino acids are organic compounds that are the building blocks of proteins.

effector

An effector is a muscle, organ, or gland that responds to stimulus on a nerve impulse

electron

An electron is a negatively charged subatomic particle

organelle

An organelle is a membrane-bound structure in the cell, such as a mitochondrion, a lysosome, or the nucleus, that performs a specific function.

angi(o)

Angi means blood vessel. Angi(o) is its combining form. For example, angiography is a technique for producing images of the insides of blood vessels.

arteri(o)

Arteri means artery. Arteri(o) is its combining form. For example, arteriosclerosis is a hardening of the arteries.

arthr(o)

Arthr means joint. Arthr(o) is its combining form. For example, arthritis is the inflammation of one or more joints.

as needed (PRN)

As needed indicates that a medication should be dispensed as needed by the patient.

as tolerated (as tol)

As tolerated indicates that an activity can be done as long as it does not cause the patient discomfort.

atom

Atoms are the building blocks of molecules.

audi(o)

Audi means sound or to hear. Audi(o) is its combining form. For example, an audiologist is a doctor who specializes in hearing

aut(o)-

Aut- means self. Aut(o) is its combining form. For example, an autograft is a surgery using one's own skin to make the repair.

BA

BA stands for bronchial asthma, a condition in which the lungs become irritated, making it hard for an individual to breathe.

bathroom privileges (BRP)

Bathroom privileges indicate that a patient has permission to use bathroom facilities unsupervised and at his or her own discretion.

bio

Bio means life. For example, a biologist studies life and living things.

biomolecules

Biomolecules are molecules that make up living tissue, mostly made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.

blood pressure (B/P)

Blood pressure describes the pressure of the blood against the tubes that it travels through.

blood sugar (BS)

Blood sugar refers to the amount of glucose in a patient's blood.

brady-

Brady- means slow. For example, bradycardia refers to a slow heartbeat

bronch(i)(o)

Bronchi means the air passages of the lungs. Bronch(i)(o) is its combining form. For example, bronchitis is an inflammation of the air passages of the lungs.

CA

CA stands for cancer, a condition that describes the uncontrolled growth of cells in the body.

CAD or CHD

CAD or CHD stands for coronary artery/heart disease, a condition caused by the obstruction of blood flow in the body.

CF

CF stands for cystic fibrosis, an inheritable disease that causes a build-up of mucus in the body, leading to organ damage.

CHF

CHF stands for congestive heart failure, a condition in which the heart can no longer sufficiently pump blood throughout the body and oxygen-rich blood can no longer be supplied to the heart.

COPD

COPD stands for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, a chronic condition that results in difficulty breathing because the passages in the lungs that transfer air become clogged and misshapen.

chem(o)-

Chem- means chemistry or drug. Chem(o) is its combining form. For example, chemotherapy is a drug treatment used to treat cancer.

chief complaint (CC)

Chief complaint indicates the reason the patient is seeking medical attention.

chromatin

Chromatin is a combination of DNA and proteins that come together to make up chromosomes before cell division.

breech presentation

Condition in which the feet of an infant present before the head during birth

crine

Crine means secrete or release. For example, endocrinology is the study of how organs in the body secrete or release chemicals throughout the body.

cyt(o)

Cyt means cell. Cyt(o) is its combining form. For example, cytology is the study of cells. Cells are the most basic units of life.

cytoplasm

Cytoplasm is fluid material that gives support to the cell and can be found between the plasma membrane and the nucleus.

DM

DM stands for diabetes mellitus, a disease in which the body has difficulty managing and regulating levels of sugar in the bloodstream

Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

Deoxyribonucleic acid encodes the genetic material of the cell.

derm(a)(t)(o)

Derm means skin. Derm(a)(t)(o) is its combining form. For example, dermatologists are medical doctors who specialize in the health of the skin.

dia-

Dia- means complete or through. For example, diagnosis refers to a complete state of knowledge for the purposes of identifying a disease.

diffusion

Diffusion is the passive movement of different types of molecules that achieves an equal concentration after being randomly distributed.

dis-

Dis- means to separate or take apart. For example, dissection refers to cutting open an organism to observe its internal structures. Dis- can also be used to mean: lack, as in distrust or disorientation reversal, as in disconnect

discharge against medical advice (DAMA)

Discharge against medical advice is used on a discharge order to indicate that the patient requested to leave a medical facility although the medical supervisor advised against it.

do not resuscitate (DNR)

Do not resuscitate is a signed legal order that states that a patient is not to be administered life-saving procedures if the heart or breathing stops.

dys-

Dys- means abnormal or painful. For example, dysentery is the name of a disease that causes inflammation of the intestine, and is quite painful.

electr

Electr means electricity. For example, electrocardiography is the measurement of electrical impulses in the heart.

electrocardiogram (ECG/EKG)

Electrocardiogram is a measurement of the electrical activity of the heart over a period of time.

electroencephalogram (EEG)

Electroencephalogram is a measurement of the brain's spontaneous electrical activity over a period of time.

emergency procedures

Emergency procedures are actions performed in a hospital or at the scene of an emergency when someone requires immediate medical care.

MD

MD stands for muscular dystrophy, a group of muscle diseases that weaken and interfere with movement.

encephal(o)

Encephal means brain. Encephal(o) is its combining form. For example, encephalitis is an inflammation of the brain.

endo-

Endo- means inside or within. For example, endoscopy is a method of visualizing internal organs with a camera.

epi-/exo-

Epi- and exo- both mean outside or outside of. For example, epicardium is the outer heart tissue, and exoskeleton is a skeletal structure found on the outside of an organism

eu-

Eu- means good or normal. For example, euglycemia refers to a normal level of blood sugar.

lymph(o)

Lymph means a colorless fluid containing white blood cells that drains into the bloodstream. Lymph(o) is its combining form. For example, lymphoma is a cancer of the lymph nodes and lymph cells.

FAS

FAS stands for fetal alcohol syndrome, a group of mental or physical defects that can develop in an unborn baby from the mother's alcohol consumption during pregnancy

FBOA

FBOA stands for foreign-body obstructed airway, an airway that has been obstructed by a foreign object, usually because the object has been swallowed

FUO

FUO stands for fever of unknown origin, a diagnosis noted when a patient has a temperature of 101ºF or more several times over the course of three weeks and doctors cannot determine the cause

fasting blood work (FBW)

Fasting blood work is blood work taken after several hours of fasting, or not eating.

Fx

Fx stands for fracture, a specific way that a bone has been broken

gastr(o)

Gastr means stomach. Gastr(o) is its combining form. For example, a gastric bypass is a type of weight-loss surgery in which the stomach is divided into smaller sections.

glyc(o)

Glyc means sugar, also known as glucose. Glyc(o) is its combining form. For example, hypoglycemia refers to low levels of glucose in the blood.

HPV

HPV stands for human papillomavirus, the virus that can cause warts, which are growths on the skin

heart rate (HR or BPM)

Heart rate is a measure of how many times the heart beats in a minute.

hemat(o)

Hemat means blood. Hemat(o) is its combining form. For example, hematology is the study of blood and blood disorders

hepat(o)

Hepat means the liver. Hepat(o) is its combining form. For example, hepatitis is an inflammation of the liver.

hist(o)

Hist means tissue. Tissues are collections of cells. Hist(o) is its combining form. For example, histology is the study of tissues.

History (Hx)

History refers to a patient's medical history.

homeostasis

Homeostasis is the ability or tendency of an organism to stabilize its internal environment

homeostatic imbalance

Homeostatic imbalance is a disturbance in equilibrium due to a disruption in the external environment.

homeostatic regulation

Homeostatic regulation is the process that maintains physiological equilibrium that is controlled through the nervous and endocrine systems.

hydrophilic

Hydrophilic describes water-loving or water-soluble molecules, such as proteins or carbohydrates, that form hydrogen bonds with water.

hydrophobic

Hydrophobic describes water-hating or water-insoluble molecules, such as fats and lipids, that cannot form hydrogen bonds.

hyper-

Hyper- means above or above normal. For example, hypertension refers to high blood pressure.

hypo-

Hypo- means under or below normal. For example, hypoglycemia refers to low blood sugar.

IBD

IBD stands for inflammatory bowel disease, a group of inflammatory conditions in the intestines

IBS

IBS stands for irritable bowel syndrome, a disorder of the digestive system characterized by chronic bloating, discomfort, abdominal pain, and altered bowel habits

inter-

Inter- means between or among. For example, intercellular means between or among cells

keep vein open (KVO)

Keep vein open indicates that a catheter inserted into a blood vein should be kept at a constant drip rate.

LD

LD stands for learning disability, any number of diagnosable disabilities that affect a person's ability to learn specific skills, such as reading, writing, speaking, or math

lipids

Lipids are hydrophobic molecules that store energy and act as structural modules of cell membranes.

loss of consciousness (LOC)

Loss of consciousness indicates that the patient at some point lost awareness and could not respond to cues.

MS

MS stands for multiple sclerosis, a condition in which the body cannot properly send electrical messages to various parts, thereby limiting functionality.

macro-

Macro- means large. For example, macrophages are large cells.

magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

Magnetic resonance imaging is an imaging technique that uses magnets to obtain structural or functional images of the body.

mal-

Mal- means bad or ill. For example, malignant refers to a growth that is cancerous, made up of abnormal cells multiplying uncontrollably.

medical orders

Medical orders are instructions to medical staff.

medical procedures

Medical procedures are actions performed on a patient, which can include tests using sophisticated medical technology.

membrane transport

Membrane transport is the movement of molecules across a membrane barrier.

micro-

Micro- means small. For example, a microscope is a tool used by scientists to view small body parts, such as tissues and cells.

mono-

Mono- means single or one. For example, a monolayer refers to a structure with only one layer.

onc(o)

Onc means tumor. Onc(o) is its combining form. For example, oncologists study tumors and cancer.

my(o)

My means muscle. My(o) is its combining form. For example, myopathy is a disease of the muscle tissue

negative feedback

Negative feedback is a response in the opposite direction of a disruption that can support homeostasis

neo-

Neo- means new. For example, a neonate is a newborn.

neur(o)

Neur means nervous system, which is the entire nerve apparatus of the body. Neur(o) is its combining form. For example, neurology is the study of the nervous system.

neurophysiology

Neurophysiology is the study of the function of the nervous system

no added salt(NAS)

No added salt indicates that a patient should not be given additional salt at meals.

no known allergies (NKA)

No known allergies describes a patient who has no recorded or known allergies.

nothing by mouth (NPO)

Nothing by mouth is a medical order instructing medical staff to not allow the patient to ingest any substances orally.

nucleoli

Nucleoli are structures within the nucleus of a cell where ribosomes are created

OA

OA stands for osteoarthritis, a disorder that results in the degeneration of joints, which are the locations where bones connect in the body.

OCD

OCD stands for obsessive-compulsive disorder, a mental health disorder characterized by obsessive behaviors meant to ease anxieties.

osmosis

Osmosis is the tendency of molecules to diffuse across a membrane, causing equal concentrations on both sides of the membrane.

oste(o)

Oste means bone. Oste(o) is its combining form. For example, osteoporosis is the thinning and loss of bone over time.

out of bed (OOB)

Out of bed indicates that a patient should get out of bed for a particular activity, or just for the exercise of getting out of bed.

PD

PD stands for Parkinson's disease, a degenerative condition of the central nervous system that causes a loss of muscle control.

PE

PE stands for pulmonary embolism, the blockage of one of the main parts of the lungs, which are the parts of the body that support breathing.

para-

Para- means beside, beyond, around, or abnormal. For example, parathyroid glands are small glands next to, or beside, the thyroid

path(o)

Path means disease. Path(o) is its combining form. For example, pathology is the study of disease.

peroxisomes

Peroxisomes are organelles that break down cell components and protect cells from toxic materials

phagocyte

Phagocyte a type of white blood cell that is capable of ingesting and destroying harmful substances and pathogens.

pharmac(o)

Pharmac means drug or medication. Pharmac(o) is its combining form. For example, pharmacology is the study of drugs and medication.

postmarket surveillance

Phase IV clinical trials that take place after the FDA has approved the drug for use

phleb(o)

Phleb means veins. Phleb(o) is its combining form. For example, phlebotomists are healthcare professionals who draw blood from veins.

physi(o)

Physi means nature, origin, or function. Physi(o) is its combining form. Example, physiology is the study of the function of living organisms.

physiology

Physiology is the branch of biology that deals with the functioning of living organisms

poly-

Poly- means many, or more than usual. For example, polydipsia means excessive thirst, where dipsa is a Greek root word meaning thirst.

positive feedback

Positive feedback is the amplification and stimulation of a response to an external signal.

positron emission tomography (PET)

Positron emission tomography is an imaging technique that produces a three-dimensional image of a functional process in the body.

post-

Post- means after or behind. For example, postmortem means after death.

pre-

Pre- means before. For example, preoperative means before an operation

prescription (Rx)

Prescription indicates the drugs a patient is currently taking or has formerly been ordered to take

pro-

Pro- means before. For example, prognosis means a prediction of the course of a disease, based on medical knowledge, before it happens.

prognosis (Px)

Prognosis is an indication of the probable course or outcome of a patient's disease or condition.

pulmon(o)

Pulmon means lungs. Pulmon(o) is its combining form. For example, pulmonary embolism is a blockage in an artery leading to the lung.

range of motion (ROM)

Range of motion is a description of the ability of a patient to move his or her joints

re-

Re- means again or backward. For example, relapse refers to a recurrence of a past condition.

Ribonucleic acid (RNA)

Ribonucleic acid transmits the information encoded in DNA to other organelles

ribosomes

Ribosomes are molecular machines that decode RNA into proteins built from amino acids.

SIDS

SIDS stands for sudden infant death syndrome, the sudden death of an infant that has no known medical history or cause

STI

STI stands for sexually transmitted infection, any number of diseases that are transmitted through human sexual behaviors.

schiz(o)-

Schiz means split. Schiz(o) is the combining form. For example, schizophrenia refers to a mental disorder in which mental functions become split and confused.

stat

Stat means immediately, indicating that an order should be executed with no delay.

sub-

Sub- means below or under. For example, subcutaneous refers to something below the skin.

subatomic particles

Subatomic particles are particles that are smaller than the atom, such as protons, neutrons, and electrons

supra-

Supra- means above or excessive. For example, suprapatellar refers to the area above the patella or kneecap.

TB

TB stands for tuberculosis, an infectious and sometimes fatal disease that affects the lungs.

tachy-

Tachy- means fast. For example, tachycardia is a fast heartbeat

Golgi apparatus

The Golgi apparatus is an organelle that processes proteins to export them from the cell or to release them into parts of the body.

b.i.d.

The abbreviation b.i.d. means twice a day, indicating that a prescription should be taken twice a day.

mitochondrion

The mitochondrion is the organelle that processes fats and carbohydrates to release energy

nucleus

The nucleus is the organelle that contains the cell's genetic material.

plasma membrane

The plasma membrane is the outer envelope of the cell that acts as a barrier to the external environment, allowing nutrients to enter the cell and waste to leave the cell.

rough endoplasmic reticulum

The rough endoplasmic reticulum is an organelle that works with ribosomes to support protein assembly and transports proteins to other sites in the cell

smooth endoplasmic reticulum

The smooth endoplasmic reticulum is an organelle that helps fold, modify, and transport new proteins to other sites in the cell.

carpal tunnel syndrome

The wrist consists of eight small bones, called carpal bones. The carpal tunnel is a small passageway on the palmar side that permits the passage of tendons and a nerve. Carpal tunnel syndrome is swelling in the carpal tunnel that compresses the nerve, causing symptoms in the hand such as pain, numbness, and weakness in the thumb, index, and middle fingers.

UTI

UTI stands for urinary tract infection, an infection in any part of the urinary system, which is the system of the body that collects and excretes liquid waste.

ultrasound (US)

Ultrasound is an imaging technique that uses sound waves to create images of structures inside the body.

thoraci(c)

Thoraci means chest. Thoraci(c) is its combining form. For example, thoracic means relating to the chest.

trans-

Trans- means moving through or across. For example, transfusion is a transfer of blood from one person to another.

Treatment (Tx)

Treatment is the current method of treating the patient's symptoms.

URI

URI stands for upper respiratory tract infection, an infection in the upper part of the respiratory system, which is the system in the body that supports breathing.

while awake (WA)

While awake indicates that an action must take place while the patient is awake.

prostate

`a male organ that creates and secretes the fluids necessary for delivering sperm to the female reproductive system

Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS)

a US government organization that oversees services for the federally sponsored Medicare and Medicaid insurance programs

Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS

a United States government organization that administers the Medicare and Medicaid health insurance programs

Department of Health and Human Services (HHS)

a United States government organization that establishes guidelines for health information management compliance

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)

a United States government organization that seeks to promote healthy behaviors and the prevention of disease, injury, and disability

ligaments

a band of tissue that connects bones or cartilage

biohazard

a biological substance, such as blood or another bodily fluid, that has the potential to transmit disease

artery

a blood vessel (tubular structure) that carries blood away from the heart

vein

a blood vessel (tubular structure) that carries blood back to the heart

superior

a body structure that is located above another structure

inferior

a body structure that is located below another structure

health informatics

a branch of health information management that uses computer systems to gather, organize, maintain, and store patient healthcare data

health informatics

a branch of health information management that uses computer systems to gather, organize, maintain, and store patients' healthcare data

second-degree burn

a burn that affects the deeper layers of the skin and causes fluid-filled blisters, pain, and inflammation

first-degree burn

a burn that occurs on the surface of the skin and causes redness, inflammation, pain, and sloughing

body mass index (BMI)

a calculated value used to define obesity

HCPCS Level I

a clinical coding system used to describe medical and surgical procedures performed by healthcare providers that is identical to the Current Procedural Terminology (CPT) system of the American Medical Association

intranet

a closed network of computers within a facility or organization

procedure code

a code assigned to a particular medical service or procedure

glomerulus

a collection of capillaries within a nephron that leak plasma in order to begin the process of blood filtration

immune system

a collection of cells, tissues, and organs that fights disease and infection

HCPCS Level II

a collection of codes for services that are not found in the CPT system, including, for example, non-physician services

cerumen impaction

a collection of ear wax that blocks the external auditory canal, impairing the ability to hear

renal plexus

a collection of nerves that sends branches into the kidney to innervate and control some of its functions

body system

a collection of organs or structures whose coordinated activities perform one or more vital functions

blood clot

a collection of platelets and proteins that blocks the opening caused by a wound to a blood vessel

oxybutynin

a common antispasmodic drug used to treat polyuria caused by an overactive bladder

nervous system

a complex network of tissues that uses chemical and electrical signals to carry messages between the brain and the rest of the body, enabling the system to coordinate the body's activity in a changing environment

addiction

a compulsive dependence on a substance (e.g., drugs or alcohol) or process (e.g., gambling, shopping, or eating), which causes adverse physical, social, or occupational effects

CT scan

a computed tomography scan; a scan that uses X-rays to create 2-D and 3-D images of parts of the body

hospital information system (HIS)

a computerized management solution that handles all aspects of a hospital's operations, including financial and medical operations

developmental disorder

a condition acquired after birth that delays or interrupts normal development

asthma

a condition characterized by abnormal sensitivity of the airways to allergens, resulting in airway inflammation and narrowing, wheezing, coughing, and shortness of breath

heartburn

a condition in which a person feels burning in the chest

mental disorder

a condition in which a person's thoughts, feelings, and/or behaviors cause distress or impair the ability to function

cancer

a condition in which cells multiply and grow in an unregulated fashion, invading nearby tissues and sometimes spreading to distant parts of the body

gigantism

a condition in which humans grow much larger than the average person as a result of abnormally high levels of somatotropin

dwarfism

a condition in which humans grow much smaller than average, which can be caused by a variety of conditions, e.g., deficiency of somatotropin

fibrous dysplasia

a condition in which minerals in bones are replaced with fibrous tissue, causing the bones to become weaker

ankylosing spondylitis

a condition in which spinal joints fuse together and reduce spinal mobility

autoimmune disorders

a condition in which the body mistakenly attacks itself, which usually leads to inflammation, pain, and dysfunction

anemia

a condition in which there are not enough red blood cells

musculoskeletal disorder

a condition or abnormality that limits or prevents an individual's physical functioning

disease

a condition that affects the normal functioning of the body; in some cases known as a disorder

congenital disorder

a condition that is present at birth

muscular dystrophy

a congenital disorder involving widespread muscle weakness and degeneration

withdrawal

a constellation of physical and emotional signs and symptoms that may result when a substance or process to which one is addicted is not available

alphabetic index

a content list for a reference work organized by the first letter of each entry

renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS)

a coordinated system of hormones that regulate the body's blood pressure and water balance

registry

a database of information concerning births, deaths, admissions, and discharges

index

a database that contains pertinent healthcare information that can be used for research, healthcare quality control, or statistical purposes

Parkinson's disease

a degenerative disease of the central nervous system characterized by movement disorders, including tremor, slow movement, rigidity, and instability, as well as disorders of mood, thought, and judgment; it is named after the nineteenth-century English doctor James Parkinson

Doctor of Nursing Practice (DNP)

a degree awarded to nurses based on clinical practice that allows them to practice medicine independently as nurse practitioners

acne

a dermatitis caused by blocked hair follicles where an overproduction of sebum results in swelling, inflammation, and often infection by skin bacteria

psoriasis

a dermatitis with a genetic predisposition and several types, the most common of which is plaque psoriasis

Health Care Procedure Coding System (HCPCS)

a diagnosis and procedure code nomenclature used for outpatient billing in the US

misdiagnosis

a diagnosis that is later discovered, based on new evidence, to have been incorrect

brain scan

a diagnostic image of the brain made using one of a variety of available technologies

radiograph

a diagnostic image, or X-ray, created by applying radioactive X-rays to a portion of the body

colonoscopy

a diagnostic procedure in which a camera is inserted into the large intestine to examine the patient for signs of disease

spinal tap

a diagnostic procedure in which a sample of spinal fluid—a protective fluid that surrounds the brain and spinal cord—is withdrawn with a needle for analysis

lumbar puncture

a diagnostic procedure in which fluid is collected from the spinal canal to diagnose diseases affecting the central nervous system

amniocentesis

a diagnostic procedure in which fluid is withdrawn from the uterus of a pregnant woman to perform genetic and other testing to identify potential problems with the fetus

node biopsy

a diagnostic procedure in which lymph node cells are surgically removed from a patient and examined for the presence of disease

electroencephalography

a diagnostic procedure in which the electrical activity of the brain is recorded to assist with the diagnosis of a condition such as epilepsy

biopsy

a diagnostic procedure in which tissue cells are surgically removed from a patient and examined for the presence of disease

arteriography

a diagnostic procedure used to visualize blood flow within an artery to diagnose problems such as blockages or ruptures

ultrasound

a diagnostic technique that uses sound waves to create images of internal body structures

genetic testing

a diagnostic test in which a person's DNA is examined to detect abnormalities

polysomnography

a diagnostic test in which a variety of data, including EEG data, is gathered while a person sleeps to diagnose sleep disorders

magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography (MRCP)

a diagnostic test in which images of the pancreas and bile ducts are made using an MRI scanner

pulse oximetry

a diagnostic test using an electronic sensor that can measure the oxygen saturation of a patient's blood based on its color

germ cell

a diploid cell specialized to divide by meiosis to produce haploid sex cells

gene

a discrete portion of a chromosome that contains the instructions for a single genetic trait, e.g., eye color

acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS)

a disease caused by HIV in which the immune system functions so poorly that a person is vulnerable to a variety of infections and cancers

gout

a disease characterized by arthritis due to the buildup of uric acid, a metabolic waste product, in the joints; can result from several factors, including underexcretion of uric acid by the kidneys

diabetes

a disease characterized by high levels of glucose, the body's primary sugar molecule, in the urine; can lead to a variety of secondary diseases, including renal failure

alcohol dependence

a disease characterized by the mental and physical need to consume alcohol, social and occupational impairment, and potentially life-threatening withdrawal

degenerative disease

a disease in which the function or structure of tissue progressively deteriorates over time

congestive heart failure (CHF)

a disease in which the heart fails to pump strongly enough, causing blood to back up into the lungs or body

myocarditis

a disease in which the heart muscle becomes inflamed, weak, and irritable, typically due to a viral infection

autoimmune disease

a disease in which the immune system mistakenly perceives healthy cells as a threat and responds defensively

CIS specialist

a health informatics professional who manages clinical information systems by entering data, managing data, generating data reports, and maintaining the applications and systems needed to keep data safe and secure

medical transcriptionist

a health informatics specialist who records physicians' oral notes for patient records

personal insurance plan

a health insurance plan in which a person sets aside money to use in the future to cover predicted medical expenses

medical claims examiner

a health insurance professional who examines submitted medical claims to ensure that they are valid and qualify for payment

pharmacist

a health professional who prepares, dispenses, and ensures the effective use of drugs

tachycardia

a heart rate that is too fast, defined as a resting heart rate of more than 100 beats per minute

bradycardia

a heart rate that is too slow, defined as a resting heart rate of fewer than 60 beats per minute

Holter monitor

a heart test that evaluates the electrical activity of the heart by monitoring and recording it over a 24-hour period as the patient goes about his or her normal activities; named for the twentieth-century American physicist Norman J. Holter

uterus

a hollow, muscular organ that receives and nourishes a fertilized egg

corisol

a hormone produced by the adrenal glands in response to stress

cortisol

a hormone produced by the adrenal glands in response to stress

erythropoietin (EPO)

a hormone produced by the kidneys in response to low amounts of oxygen in the blood; it causes the bone marrow to produce more oxygen-carrying red blood cells

thyroxin

a hormone produced by the thyroid that can increase heart rate and increase the rate at which the body changes nutrients from food into energy

antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

a hormone secreted by the pituitary gland that raises blood pressure and reduces urine production; also called vasopressin

epinephrine

a hormone that activates the fight-or-flight response, also called adrenaline

insulin

a hormone that alters the level of sugar in the blood by encouraging muscles and other tissues to absorb sugar

melatonin

a hormone that controls the body's sleep cycle

somatotrpin

a hormone that encourages the growth of cells throughout the body; also called human growth hormone (HGH)

complete blood count (CBC)

a laboratory test in which a sample of blood is examined for a variety of measures, including the quantity and types of white and red blood cells and platelets

osteomalacia

a lack of vitamin D or a chemical imbalance that results in bones becoming too soft, which in turn causes them to deform easily

tract

a large bundle of axons in the central nervous system; not wrapped in a protective sheath

nerve

a large bundle of axons in the peripheral nervous system; wrapped in a protective sheath

Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA)

a law governing the portability of health insurance when workers change jobs, the standards for electronic healthcare transactions, and the security and privacy of health data

notice of privacy practices (NPP)

a legally required notice that healthcare providers and plans must distribute to their patients that outlines how their protected health information is used and disclosed, and the rights the patient has

hypoxia

a level of oxygen in the blood that is below normal

axis

a line between two points

blood

a liquid that carries red and white blood cells, nutrients, and waste products throughout the body

depression

a low mood, characterized by feelings of hopelessness, worthlessness, irritability, lack of interest in previously enjoyable activities, and potentially suicidal thoughts

memory B-cell

a lymphocyte that maintains the immunologic memory important for achieving a more rapid antibody response in the future

testosterone

a male hormone that is responsible for the development of male physical characteristics, including the development of sperm

pH

a measure of how acidic or basic a substance is

osmolality

a measure of the amount of solids dissolved in a solution

pH

a measurement of the acid-base level of a solution defined as the negative logarithm of the solution's hydrogen ion concentration; a pH of 7 is neutral, while less than 7 is acidic and greater than 7 is basic

dental hygienist (DH)

a medical professional who examines and cleans the teeth and mouth, performs preventive treatments, and educates patients about oral health under the supervision of a licensed dentist; can also be called a licensed dental hygienist (LDH) or a registered dental hygienist (RDH)

advanced practice registered nurse (APRN)

a medical professional who has an advanced post-graduate degree in a nursing discipline, such as anesthesia or midwifery

biomedical equipment technician (BMET)

a medical professional who maintains and operates medical equipment, such as ultrasound, CAT scan, and dialysis machines

dental assistant (DA)/certified dental assistant (CDA)

a medical professional who prepares dental tools and materials, assists hygienists and dentists, and sometimes works as a receptionist

licensed practical nurse (LPN)

a medical professional who provides hands-on care for patients under the supervision of registered nurses and doctors

certified nurse's aide (CNA)

a medical professional who provides patients with basic healthcare treatments and procedures

nurse

a medical professional who provides therapeutic care for patients in order to improve or maintain their health

emergency medical technician (EMT)

a medical professional who responds to emergency calls in ambulances, performs medical services, and takes patients to hospitals and medical facilities

hybrid health record

a medical record that incorporates elements of paper-based records and electronic records

personal health record

a medical record that is maintained by the patient for personal benefit

immunosuppressant

a medication that reduces the immune response

bipolar disorder

a mental health disorder characterized by cycles of high mood, or mania, followed by periods of depression

ammonium

a metabolic waste product that is converted into urea in the body

urea

a metabolic waste product, and the main nitrogen-containing compound found in urine

phacoemulsification

a method for removing a cataract that uses ultrasound to liquefy the lens

numerical filing system

a method of organizing health records according to a unique patient identification number

alphabetical filing system

a method of organizing health records according to each patient's surname

alphanumeric filing system

a method of organizing health records by combining the first two letters of the patient's surname with a numerical identifier

semen

a mixture of sperm and fluids produced by the accessory glands to protect and transport sperm during ejaculation

Systematized Nomenclature of Medicine Clinical Terminology (SNOMED CT)

a multinational, multilingual, comprehensive medical nomenclature covering all aspects of medicine

sphincter

a muscle that contracts to block urine from exiting the bladder and passing into the urethra

heart

a muscular organ located in the center of the chest that pumps blood around the body

cranial nerve

a nerve that connects to the central nervous system at the brain rather than at the spinal cord

nursing vocabulary

a nomenclature system used to communicate nursing strategies, protocols, and procedures

Joint Commission

a nonprofit organization that offers accreditation and certification to hospitals and healthcare centers in the United States

Certification Commission for Health Information Technology (CCHIT)

a nonprofit organization with the mission of accelerating the adoption of information technology (IT) in healthcare, it measures and certifies the effectiveness of EHR products based on predefined criteria

American Health Information Management Association (AHIMA)

a not-for-profit professional organization serving the educational, credentialing, networking, and advocacy needs of health information management (HIM) professionals

calcium

a nutrient that the body uses to create strong, healthy bones

gout diet

a nutritional approach that helps manage gout by reducing foods, such as meat, seafood, and alcohol, whose breakdown produces uric acid

glucagon

a pancreatic hormone with effects opposite those of insulin; raises blood sugar levels

Privacy Rule

a part of HIPAA that outlines standards for maintaining patient confidentiality and safeguarding financial and administrative data during electronic transfer

privacy rule

a part of HIPAA that outlines standards for maintaining patient confidentiality and safeguarding financial and administrative data during electronic transfer

hypothalamus

a part of the brain that secretes hormones that control several body functions, including temperature, hunger, thirst, and the sleep cycle

medical history

a patient's health history, including information such as allergies, medications being taken, past medical history (PMH, e.g., prior illnesses and surgeries), social history (SH, e.g., occupation and habits such as smoking, exercise, and alcohol use), and family history (FH)

substance abuse

a pattern of use medications or substances that are not part of an approved medical plan or treatment

obstetrician (OB/GYN)

a physician who specializes in monitoring the health of mothers and babies during pregnancy, labor, and childbirth

surgeon

a physician who specializes in surgery

fight-or-flight reflex

a physiological response to a perceived threat in which the adrenal gland produces epinephrine and cortisol, which prepare the body to fight or flee the threat

thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)

a pituitary hormone that controls the function of the thyroid; commonly measured in order to detect thyroid diseases such as hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism

frontal

a plane that divides the body into front and back sections

sagittal

a plane that divides the body into left and right sections

transverse

a plane that divides the body into top and bottom sections

angiotensin

a plasma protein that raises one's blood pressure and causes the adrenal gland to release aldosterone

proximal

a point that is closer to a point of reference (typically the point of origin of a limb)

distal

a point that is farther away from a point of reference (typically the point of origin of a limb)

anaphylaxis

a potentially fatal allergic reaction with hives, throat swelling, and low blood pressure

hyper-

a prefix meaning high, or above normal

endo-

a prefix meaning inside, or within

nephro-

a prefix meaning kidney; e.g., nephrology, the medical specialty focused on the kidney

ren-

a prefix meaning kidney; e.g., renal disease

hypo-

a prefix meaning low, or below normal

hyper-

a prefix that means above or above normal For example, hypertension means high blood pressure

angio-

a prefix that means blood vessel; e.g., angiotensin

electro-

a prefix that means electric, or involving electricity

tachy-

a prefix that means fast For example, tachycardia means a fast heartbeat.

a- or an-

a prefix that means no or without For example, anemia means not enough red blood cells.

erythr-

a prefix that means red Erythr(o) is the combining form. For example, erythrocyte means a red blood cell.

cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB)

a procedure in which the normal activities of the heart and lungs are taken over by a machine (heart-lung machine) to permit surgeries such as cardiac transplant, valve replacement, or coronary artery bypass grafting

lithotripsy

a procedure that uses ultrasound waves to break kidney stones into smaller pieces

coronary catheterization

a procedure used to diagnose or treat conditions of the coronary arteries by threading a catheter (long tube) from a leg artery into a coronary artery; can be used to make an angiogram or administer treatments such as stents

filtration

a process in which solids, including cells, are separated from the liquid in which they are suspended by means of a semipermeable membrane

re-absorption

a process in which valuable molecules, such as glucose, salt, amino acids, and water, are removed from the urine prior to its exit from the kidney

provider

a professional person, group, or organization that delivers healthcare services to a patient population

health information administrator

a professional who oversees health informatics issues that come up in the workplace, such as computer system crashes or the installation of new healthcare software

medical biller

a professional who prepares and submits insurance claims for a provider based on a medical coder's work

myelin

a protective coating that surrounds and insulates axons to enable them to transmit signals

cerebrospinal fluid

a protective fluid that lies between the meninges and the underlying brain or spinal cord

antibody

a protein that can bind to a specific antigen so that the immune system can remove it more easily

enzyme

a protein that, even in small amounts, can speed up a chemical reaction

receptor

a protein to which drugs and other molecules can bind

ventricle

a pumping chamber of the heart, of which there are two: the right ventricle, which pumps blood into the lungs, and the left ventricle, which pumps blood to the body

reflex

a quick shortening of a muscle caused by any sudden stretch placed on the muscle

pancreatitis

a rare disease causing the pancreas to become inflamed

hives

a rash characterized by red, itchy, slightly elevated patches on the skin that can range in size and appear anywhere on the body as a result of an allergy

dermatitis

a rash with inflammation

-gram

a record or recording

source-oriented medical record

a record that is organized by data source or subject

problem-oriented medical record

a record that organizes data by problem, and uses four categories: a database of all objective information, a numbered problem list, initial treatment plans, and progress notes

electrocardiogram (ECG)

a recording of the electrical activity generated by the heart as it pumps; useful for diagnosing diseases

erythrocyte

a red blood cell, which carries oxygen throughout the body

Dental Office Reference Manual (DORM)

a reference manual that provides information about administrative policies relating to a dental practice

pineal gland

a region of the brain that secretes the hormone melatonin, which is involved in regulating the sleep cycle

Regional Health Information Organization (RHIO)

a regional health information exchange that centralizes data from multiple facilities, including hospitals and clinics

deficiency slip

a report generated to notify staff that a medical record is missing required information

sharps container

a rigid, well-labeled plastic container designed to safely hold sharp objects for disposal

glyc-

a root word meaning sugar; glyc(o) is the combining form

arteri

a root word that means artery Arteri(o) is the combining form. For example, an arteriogram is a recording of an artery.

cyst(o)-

a root word that means bladder, e.g., cystitis

hemat

a root word that means blood Hemat(o) is the combining form. For example, hematology is the study of blood and blood disorders

medical encounter

a single patient-provider visit, during which the patient's chief complaint (CC) and the history of the present illness (HPI) are discussed, a physical examination (PE) is performed, and a diagnosis (DX) and treatment (TX) plan are made

hearing aid

a small electronic device placed into the external auditory canal in order to improve one's hearing

insulin pump

a small electronic pump that administers insulin via a tiny tube implanted subcutaneously (below the skin) to provide improved diabetes control

bone marrow

a soft, spongy tissue inside many bones that works like a factory for blood cells

clinical data repository (CDR)

a special database that manages healthcare data from different sources such as labs, pharmacies, and radiology networks

24-hour urine collection

a special type of urinalysis that enables diagnosis of certain conditions that are otherwise difficult to identify

medical coder

a specialist in medical coding

medical transcriptionist

a specialist who creates a text-based medical record from a voice recording

macrophage

a specialized type of monocyte that has the ability to phagocytize

bone marrow

a spongy tissue found in the hollow portion of long bones, where blood cell production occurs

AEMT (Advanced Emergency Medical Technician) certification

a state certification for the ability to conduct interventions on critical patients and to use life support equipment and skills

EMT certification

a state certification for the ability to provide basic emergency care and transportation for critical patients, as well as the ability to use life support equipment and skills

homeostasis

a steady state in which everything in the body is working normally, or the process of maintaining this state

Superficial Landmark

a structure on the surface of the body that helps orient an observer

carcinogen

a substance known to cause cancer

allergen

a substance that can trigger an allergy

diuretic

a substance that encourages urine production

hazardous material

a substance that has the potential to cause harm

drug

a substance used to treat a symptom (complaint) or to treat or prevent a disease

-crine

a suffix meaning secrete (to produce and release a substance)

-osis

a suffix that means a condition or disease For example, arteriostenosis means a disease characterized by stiffening of the arteries.

-stasis

a suffix that means a stable state

-emia

a suffix that means blood condition For example, anemia means not enough red blood cells

-lysis

a suffix that means to reduce or dissolve; e.g., dialysis

-scope

a surgical instrument used for viewing and in diagnostic procedures

valve replacement

a surgical procedure in which one or more diseased heart valves are replaced using natural or artificial replacement valves

-ectomy

a surgical procedure involving an excision, or cutting out

craniotomy

a surgical procedure involving the cutting open of the skull bone to access and operate on deeper structures such as the brain

excision

a surgical procedure of removal or cutting out

skin grafting

a surgical process that involves a thin layer of healthy skin being harvested from a healthy area and applied to a diseased area, often used in burn treatment

Doctor of Medicine (MD)

a title that is granted upon completion of a rigorous course of study in an accredited medical school, enabling the titleholder to examine patients, recommend a course of treatment, and prescribe medication

meninges

a tough, layered protective tissue that surrounds and protects the brain and the spinal cord

corticospinal tract

a tract of neurons that descends from the primary motor cortex, crosses over in the brain stem, and then connects with motor neurons in the spinal cord

contact lens

a translucent disc placed on the surface of the cornea to correct refractive (focus) problems

tinnitus masking

a treatment for tinnitus that involves the use of white noise, or sounds that are generated to mask or hide other sounds

endotracheal tube

a tube passing from the trachea (windpipe) to the outside of the body

urethra

a tube that connects the bladder to the outside of the body

urethra

a tube that enables the passage of urine from the bladder, and, in males, the passage of semen

stent

a tubular mesh structure that can be inserted into a blood vessel and left in place to hold a narrow vessel open, improving blood flow

plane

a two-dimensional surface that divides two halves

patient care charting system

a type of EHR that records progress notes and assessments

cytotoxic T-cell

a type of T-cell that can kill cells infected with a virus or affected by cancer

helper T-cell

a type of T-cell that helps other lymphocytes do their jobs

memory T-cell

a type of T-cell that maintains the immunologic memory that can promote a more rapid immune response to future challenges

male-pattern baldness

a type of alopecia in men, having a genetic basis and being caused by changes that affect the hair follicle

autoimmune arthritis

a type of arthritis caused by the immune system attacking joint tissues

sunburn

a type of burn caused by overexposure to ultraviolet (UV) rays from the sun or other light sources

meiosis

a type of cell division unique to sex cells in which a diploid germ cell divides to create haploid sex cells

atrium

a type of chamber in the heart, of which there are two: the right atrium receives blood returning to the heart from the body, and the left atrium receives blood returning to the heart from the lungs

Schedule II (two) drugs

a type of drug with medicinal uses that is highly addictive and only available with a prescription

Schedule IV (four) drugs

a type of drug with medicinal uses that is moderately addictive and only available with a prescription

Schedule III (three) drugs

a type of drug with medicinal uses that is moderately to highly addictive and only available with a prescription

Schedule V (five) drugs

a type of drug with medicinal uses that is not very addictive and only available with a prescription

Schedule I (one) drugs

a type of drug with no known medicinal uses that is extremely addictive and not medically available

basophil

a type of granulocyte that can release chemicals at the site of infection, causing an increase in blood flow and the attraction of other white blood cells

eosinophil

a type of granulocyte that contains proteins that help with communication between various parts of the immune system

neutrophil

a type of granulocyte that has mobility and can move from the blood vessels to sites of infection

health management organization (HMO)

a type of health insurance in which a group of healthcare providers accept insurance payments to provide specific health services to members of the plan at a renegotiated rate

DNA

abbreviation of deoxyribonucleic acid, which is the chemical that encodes the genetic instructions for all life forms

elasticity

ability of the skin to stretch, expand, and restore its shape

pneumoconiosis

abnormal condition caused by years of exposure to dust in the lungs

CVA

abbreviation for cerebrovascular accident

paranasal

adjacent to the nose

subcutaneous administration

administration of a drug into the layer of connective tissue beneath the skin

domestic agencies

agencies that write rules and coordinate services within the United States

cell-mediated immunity

all the immune system responses that do not involve antibodies

platelet

also called a thrombocyte; a small, irregularly shaped cell that circulates in the blood and stops blood loss when a wound occurs

conjunctivitis

also called pinkeye; an inflammation of the conjunctiva, which is the outermost layer of the eye, caused by infection or allergies

poliomyelitis

also called polio, it is an infectious viral disease that can affect the spinal cord, resulting in often permanent paralysis

hay fever

also called seasonal allergies, it consists of runny nose, itchy eyes, and sneezing

Trunk Region

also called the torso, the region of the body that includes the chest and abdomen

B-lymphocyte

also known as a B-cell, a lymphocyte that specializes in the production of antibodies

cerebrovascular accident

also known as a CVA or stroke, it is an acute loss of brain function due to interruption of blood flow to a portion of the brain

T-lmyphocyte

also known as a T-cell, a lymphocyte that has matured in the thymus and is capable of recognizing foreign ("nonself") cells or proteins and helping initiate their destruction

transient ischemic attack

also known as a TIA, it is an acute temporary (transient) loss of brain function due to interruption of blood flow to a portion of the brain

Whipple procedure

also known as a pancreaticoduodenectomy; a procedure in which the pancreas and duodenum are removed to treat conditions such as cancer

leukocyte

also known as a white blood cell (WBC), a cell that fights disease and infection

acquired immunity

also known as adaptive immunity, the immune capabilities that are developed over a lifetime of experience with foreign antigens

systematic lupus erythematosus (SLE)

also known as lupus, an autoimmune disorder that can damage many organs, including the heart, lungs, skin, brain, and joints

otorhinolaryngology

also known as otolaryngology or ENT (ear, nose, and throat); the branch of medicine that deals with diseases and disorders of the head and neck

iodine-131

also known as radioiodine or radioactive iodine; a form of iodine use in medical diagnostics and treatments, e.g., to treat hyperthyroidism

tinea capitis

also known as scalp ringworm, a fungal infection of the scalp that is highly contagious and common among children

tympanic membrane

also known as the eardrum; a thin membrane that separates the external auditory canal from the middle ear and transmits sound vibrations to the ossicles

scalp ringworm

also known as tinea capitis, a fungal infection of the scalp that is highly contagious and common among children

UV rays

also known as ultraviolet rays, high- frequency waves of light that are not visible to the human eye

peristalsis

alternating waves of smooth muscle contractions

Abdominal region

body region below the torso that extends from the diaphragm to (and including) the pelvis

compassionate use IND

application to the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to allow physicians to prescribe an investigational drug before the FDA officially approves it (also known as Emergency Treatment Investigational New Drug Application)

topical

applied to the surface of the skin

Admov

apply; this direction is used for medications that need to be applied topically

axilla

area of the body located directly under the joint where the arm connects to the shoulder, also called the armpit

prn:

as needed, whenever necessary; some medications are taken on an as-needed basis, depending on how a person feels

absorption

assimilation of digested food products into the blood or lymph, mainly in the small intestine

peripheral artery disease (PAD)

atherosclerosis in the arteries supplying parts of the body other than the heart or brain

coronary artery disease (CAD)

atherosclerosis in the coronary arteries, which are the arteries that supply oxygen and nutrients to the heart muscle

cells

basic structural and functional units of life in the human body

a.c.

before meals; some medications need to be taken with food to avoid stomach irritation.

eructation

belching

insulinoma

benign tumor of the insulin-producing cells of the pancreas

fibroid

benign tumor on the uterus wall

red blood cells

blood cells that carry oxygen and other gases around the body

platelets

blood cells that help blood to clot so that cuts, scrapes, and other injuries can heal effectively

white blood cells

blood cells that help fight infections in the body

hematuria

blood in the urine, often seen with infections, cancers, or kidney stones

hyperemesis

extreme or persistent vomiting

alkylating chemotherapy drugs

cancer drugs that prevent the growth of cancer by interfering with DNA synthesis and, therefore, with cancer cell division

cap.

capsule; a pill containing powder or liquid medication inside a shell

ciliated cells

cells with hairlike organelles (small organs) on their membranes

chem(o)

chemical

hormones

chemical substances created by glands that are used by the body to signal and control the function of organs

drugs

chemical substances that affect body function

hormones

chemicals produced by cells that serve as messages, affecting the function of other cells

cardiac enzymes

chemicals produced by the heart that can be measured in a blood sample and that can provide information about the health of the heart

interstitial cystitis

chronic inflammation of the walls of the bladder of unknown cause

stratum lucidum

clear layer of dead cells only found in the epidermis of the palms of the hands and feet

premature ejaculation

climax by the male prior to orgasm by the female and/or within two minutes of penetration

proximal

closer to the origin of the body part point of attachment

cataract

clouding of the normally transparent lens of the eye; it is the most common cause of blindness

ganglia

clusters of neurons in the peripheral nervous system

ovaries

female reproductive organs that generate eggs

collagen

elastic fibers present throughout the musculoskeletal system

vagina

elastic, lubricated muscular canal that connects the cervix of the womb to the vulva

electr(o)

electricity

fluor/o

emitting or reflecting light

-megaly

enlargement

splenomegaly

enlargement of the spleen, which can be caused by a variety of conditions, including infections or cancer

qd:

every day; means that a medication should be taken every day.

q:

every; this abbreviation is added to other abbreviations to quantify frequency

-rrhage, -rrhagia

excessive bleeding or hemorrage

bronchorrhea

excessive bronchial secretions

polyuria

excessive urination, typically 2.5 - 3 liters or more per 24 hour period; can be caused by a variety of conditions, including untreated diabetes

hyperventilation

excessive, rapid, deep breathing that decreases blood carbon dioxide levels

double-blind study

experiment in which neither the patients nor the investigators know which patients receive the drug and which patients receive the placebo

deep

extending beneath the body surface

penis

external organ of a male used in the process of discharging semen and urine

homeostatic imbalance

failure to maintain a stable internal environment

esthesi(o)

feeling or sensation

epiglottis

flap of tissue that prevents food from entering the trachea

cartilage

flexible connective tissue found in many areas of the human body

trachea

flexible tube connecting the larynx to the two main bronchi that filters, moistens, and warms air before it enters the lungs.

-rrhea

flow or discharge

blood

fluid that circulates in the body and delivers nutrients and oxygen to cells

labia minora

folds of skin within the labia majora

ingestion

food intake through the mouth and into the digestive tract

tubal pregnancy

form of ectopic pregnancy in which the egg begins to develop in the fallopian tubes

-stomy

forming an opening or joining two previously unconnected organs

parathyroid

four glands on the surface of the thyroid that control the amount of calcium in the blood and bones

cholecystalgia

gallbladder pain

cystic fibrosis

genetic disorder that causes the lungs to become clogged with thick mucus

nocturia

getting up at night to urinate

Certified Coding Specialist - Physician Based (CCS-P)

given to an individual to demonstrate knowledge of medical coding, specializing in physician-based settings

Certified Health Data Analyst (CHDA)

given to an individual to demonstrate knowledge of techniques for analyzing information, specifically with electronic health records

Registered Health Information Technician (RHIT)

given to an individual to demonstrate knowledge of techniques for managing electronic patient data and medical records

Certified Coding Specialist (CCS)

given to an individual to demonstrate knowledge of techniques for medical coding, specializing in hospital practice settings

Certified in Health Care Privacy and Security (CHPS)

given to an individual to demonstrate knowledge of techniques for securing the privacy and security of sensitive patient and healthcare information

adrenal glands

glands located on the top of each kidney that produce several hormones, including epinephrine and cortisol

salivary glands

glands that produce saliva secreted to begin food breakdown

Food and Drug Administration (FDA)

government agency that evaluates the safety of drugs and regulating their testing, manufacturing, labeling, advertising, marketing, and efficacy

otolaryngologist

head and throat specialist

electronic health records (EHRs)

health records that allow real-time communication, reporting, and record keeping through electronic transmission

uterus

hollow, pear-shaped organ in the pelvic cavity of the female human body

anti-estrogens

hormonal chemotherapy drugs that block estradiol receptors to treat breast cancer

anti-androgens

hormonal chemotherapy drugs that block testosterone receptors to treat prostate cancer

estrogen

hormone produced by the ovaries that can be used as a medication to treat hormone imbalances

serotonin

hormone released by stomach mucosal cells to encourage smooth muscle contraction

epinephrine

hormone released by the adrenal glands that stimulates the "fight-or-flight" response and can be used as a medication to treat allergic reactions

oxytocin

hormone released by the pituitary gland that stimulates smooth muscle contraction of the uterus and can be used as medication to induce labor or strengthen contractions during labor

gastrin

hormone released when partially digested food enters the stomach

insulin

hormone secreted by the pancreas that can be used as a medication to increase the body's ability to remove glucose from the blood stream and transport it into the cell, lowering blood glucose levels

therm(o)

hot

clinical trials

human testing of a new drug

statin drugs

hyperlipidemia drugs that reduce cholesterol by blocking the enzyme necessary for cholesterol production in the liver; HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor drugs

beta blockers

hypertension drugs that block beta receptors, to prevent epinephrine from binding, decrease heart rate, and dilate blood vessels

trachea

known as the windpipe; a tube that joins the pharynx and larynx to the lungs

liver

largest organ that filters unsafe material from the blood

stratum corneum

layer of dead cells that forms the outermost layer of epidermis

Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA)

legislation that provides guidelines on maintaining patient privacy and confidentiality through standardized methods of handling healthcare data

morbid obesity

life-threatening condition of severe obesity

ear drops (otic drops)

liquid medication placed into the external auditory canal to treat external ear infections, typically containing antibiotics and anti-inflammatory drugs

pancreatic juices

liquid secreted by the pancreas to break down various food products in the small intestine

lateral

located away from the midline of the body off to the side

intermediate

located between a medial and lateral structure

superficial

located near or toward the body surface

receptor sites

locations on a dendrite that neurotransmitter molecules attach to, resulting in the generation of an action potential

lower extremities

lower area of the human body that includes the hips, thighs, knees, lower legs, ankles, and feet

gastrointestinal (GI) tract

main human digestive tract that runs throughout the body (also known as the alimentary canal or gut)

alimentary canal

main human digestive tract that runs throughout the body, also known as the gastrointestinal tract

immune cells

maintain the body's defense against foreign and infectious material

testes

male reproductive glands that produce sperm

sperm

male sex cells

propulsion

movement of food through the alimentary canal through alternating waves of smooth muscle contractions

ureter

muscular ducts that carry urine from the kidneys to the bladder

heart

muscular organ in the chest that rhythmically expands and contracts to pump blood throughout the body

esophagus

muscular tube that allows food to pass from the throat to the stomach

pharynx

muscular tube that connects the mouth and nasal passages to the esophagus

Eustachian tube

named after the sixteenth century anatomist Bartolomeo Eustachi; a small passageway that connects the middle ear to the throat, enabling the movement of air to equalize middle-ear and atmospheric pressure

spinal cord

nervous tissue extending from the bottom of the brain through the spinal column that is the main pathway for information

spinal cord

nervous tissue that connects the brain to the peripheral nervous system

Blood vessels

network of hollow tubes that carries blood throughout the body

motor neurons

neurons that carry signals from the brain to the muscles, enabling voluntary movement

NR

no refill; this means that a prescription can be filled only once

whole blood, citrated

normal blood, with red and white blood cells, platelets, and plasma, that is treated with an agent called citrate that prevents it from clotting and treats blood loss

eupnea

normal breathing (baseline for health)

American Health Information Management Association (AHIMA)

not-for-profit professional organization serving the educational, credentialing, networking, and advocacy needs of health information management (HIM) professionals

NPO

nothing by mouth; this means that patients cannot ingest anything by mouth

respiration rate

number of breaths per minute

valve

one of the four structures in the heart that control the flow of blood, permitting it to flow in only one direction

metric system

official system of drug measurement

diabetes mellitus

often called diabetes; a disease in which the body has abnormally high levels of sugar in the blood

oral antihistamines

orally administered drugs that block histamine receptors to decrease inflammation, redness, and itching

spleen

organ located on the left side of the abdomen that filters, stores, and destroys blood cells

stomach

organ that begins the breakdown of food by mixing it with digestive juices

anus

organ that controls human solid waste excretion

kidney

organ that filters blood and removes waste

tongue

organ that helps move food into the digestive tract

liver

organ that produces bile secreted for fat digestion

pancreas

organ that secretes digestive enzymes into the small intestine

pancreas

organ that secretes fluid into the small intestine

bladder

organ that stores liquid or gas

chromosomes

organized structures of genes found within cells

glands

organs that secrete specific chemical substances for use in the body or elimination

vertical

oriented vertically up and down where the frontal and sagittal planes meet

epidermis

outermost layer of skin that also contains nails and hair

nose

outwardly visible respiratory organ that provides a pathway into the body for outside air, and filters air before it enters the respiratory system

-algia

pain

-dynia

pain

angina pectoris

pain in the chest due to inadequate delivery of oxygen to the heart muscle

pancreatalgia

pain in the pancreas

dyspepsia

pain or discomfort in digestion

paraplegia

paralysis and loss of sensation in the lower part of the body, including the legs, typically caused by spinal cord injury

quadriplegia

paralysis and loss of sensation in the torso and all four limbs, typically caused by spinal cord injury

lymphatic vessel

part of a network of tubes that forms part of the circulatory system, returning lymph to the bloodstream

laryngopharynx

part of pharynx closest to the larynx

genetic

passed down from parents to children

pay for performance (P4P)

performance-oriented incentives for hospitals and physicians to improve the quality of patient healthcare

peptic

pertaining to digestion

melanin

pigment that gives skin its color

nasogastric intubation

placement of a tube through the nose and into the stomach

buccal administration

placing a drug between the cheek and the lower teeth

oral administration

placing a drug in the mouth and swallowing

sublingual administration

placing a drug under the tongue

lymph

plasma that has escaped from a capillary and is returning to the general circulation by way of a lymph vessel

interstitial fluid

plasma that has escaped from a capillary to nourish adjacent tissues

dorsal

positioned toward the back of the body

ventral

positioned towards the front, or abdominal side, of the body

perpendicular

positioning of two structures that are at a right angle to each other

parallel

positioning of two structures that lie in the same plane and are positioned in a way that they are not touching each other

acupuncture

practice of inserting thin needles into muscles to reduce symptoms and increase energy flow

message therapists

practitioners trained in the manipulation of the muscle and soft tissues of the body by rubbing and kneading

computerized prescription

prescription entered into a device and printed out

small intestine

section between the stomach and the large intestine where the digestion of food takes place

-radi(o)

radiant energy

tachypnea

rapid rate of respiration, which is more than twenty breaths per minute

carpal

referring to the bones of the wrist

history

refers to a patient's past medical history, as well as the history of the present illness

medial

refers to something that is toward the midline of the body

epidural anesthesia

regional anesthesia injected into the space between the spinal cord and the vertebrae

international agencies

regulatory agencies that create regulations and recommendations and coordinate health services for a variety of communities worldwide

cranial

related to the upper part of the head or skull

-oid

resembling

larynx

respiratory organ that allows air to travel from the pharynx to the trachea, and prevents food from entering the lower parts of the respiratory conducting zone; also known as the voice box

lungs

respiratory organ that assists in breathing

pharynx

respiratory organ that connects the nose and the larynx; also called the throat

bronchi

respiratory organ that serves as the main passageways for air into the lungs

nerve cells

responsible for sensing external changes in the environment, such as temperature changes

fat cells

responsible for storing fats in the body

gastroesophageal sphincter

ring of muscle between the esophagus and the stomach

pyloric sphincter

ring of muscle between the stomach and the small intestine that controls emptying of the stomach

uri-, uric-, urico-

root word that means uric acid; e.g., urinary tract

-rrhexis

rupture

pulmonary fibrosis

scar tissue in the lungs that reduces their functioning

gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP)

secretion by the duodenum of the small intestine in response to the presence of glucose, fatty acids, and protein particles

-malacia

soft, softening

algesi(o)

sensitivity to pain

preeclampsia

series of pregnancy complications that include high blood pressure, swelling, and high urine protein

prescription

set of instructions from a qualified healthcare professional to a pharmacist

bacterial vaginosis

sexually transmitted bacterial infection of the vagina

gonorrhea

sexually transmitted infection caused by bacteria; results in painful urination and unusual discharge from penis or vagina

chlamydia

sexually transmitted infection caused by bacteria; treatable by antibiotics; can lead to infertility in females

hypopnea

shallow, slow breathing

dyspnea

shortness of breath

desensitization treatments

shots given by a doctor to try to train the immune system not to react to certain allergens

abbreviations

single words that have been shortened (e.g. doc for doctor)

bacteria

single-celled microorganisms that can cause disease by killing other cells or secreting poisonous substances

bacteria

single-celled organisms that may be harmful or helpful in the body

respiratory zone

site of gas exchange

ureters

slender tubes that force urine down from the kidney into the bladder

moles

slightly raised blemishes that occur when there are large clusters of melanocytes

lymph nodes

small bean-shaped glands that produce lymphocytes and filter lymph

pimples

small elevations on the skin that may contain pus

freckles

small light or medium brown spots on the skin that show up when melanin is not evenly distributed

adenoid

small lymphoid organ in the pharynx that serves as a first line of defense against inhaled or ingested pathogens

tonsil

small paired lymphoid organs in the pharynx that serves as a first line of defense against inhaled or ingested pathogens

gallbladder

small sac where bile is stored

kidney stones

small stones that form from waste in the kidneys and that become trapped in the urinary tract

geneticist

someone who studies how traits and genes are passed down

hazard

something that presents a danger or risk of injury

ech(o)

sound

vestibular system

structures in the inner ear that form the sensory system responsible for detecting movement and providing a sense of balance

sweat glands

structures in the skin that release sweat

sebaceous glands

structures that produce sebum and that are found in hair follicles

narc(o)

stupor

pharmaceutical drugs

substances that have medicinal properties and affect body function

pharmaceutical drugs

substances that have medicinal properties and affect the body function.

tympanoplasty

surgery intended to repair and restore the function of the tympanic membrane and ossicles

otoplasty

surgery intended to restore or improve the appearance of the pinna

gastric bypass

surgical procedure for reducing stomach size

tracheotomy

surgical procedure resulting in temporary opening of the trachea

hepatectomy

surgical removal of all or part of the liver

adrenalectomy

surgical removal of an adrenal gland, e.g., to treat adrenal cancer

colectomy

surgical removal of part or all of the colon

gastrectomy

surgical removal of part or all of the stomach

hypophysectomy

surgical removal of the hypophysis, or pituitary gland; typically performed to treat a pituitary tumor

ileectomy

surgical removal of the ileum

gastroduodenodstomy

surgical removal of the lower portion of the stomach where it connects with the duodenum, then reattachment of the duodenum

thyroidectomy

surgical removal of the thyroid, e.g., to treat thyroid cancer

-plasty

surgical repair

-rrhaphy

suture (uniting a wound with stitches)

aerophagia

swallowing excess amounts of air

-edema

swelling

lymphedema

swelling caused by the build-up of lymph in the tissues, caused by a variety of conditions

integumentary system

system of the body that consists of the skin and skin components such as nails and hair

tab

tablet: solid pills that are taken orally or rectally

ICD-10-CM

tenth revision of the ICD code set

renal

term that describes anything related to the kidneys

miscarriage

termination of pregnancy that occurs in early pregnancy because of a genetic problem or other disorder

systole

that phase of heart activity in which the heart contracts, pumping blood out into the arteries

diastole

that phase of heart activity in which the heart relaxes and fills with blood from the venous system before the next systole

lymph

that portion of the interstitial fluid that is returning to the bloodstream via lymphatic vessels rather than veins

Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act

the 1938 United States law that requires that drug manufacturers provide scientific evidence of the safety of their products, bans false claims in drug labeling, and authorizes factory inspections

Durham-Humphrey Amendment

the 1951 legislative act that defined prescription drugs as those drugs that could only be given to patients under the care of a physician

Kefauver-Harris Amendment

the 1962 legislative act that required that manufacturers show drugs to be both safe and effective before marketing them

Controlled Substances Act

the 1970 United States law that established the Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) and divided potentially addictive drugs into five categories based on their potential for dependence

pubic region

the abdominal area just below the navel (belly button)

heart contractility

the ability of the heart to contract, generating force to pump blood; contractility can be reduced in various diseases

antigen

the ability to resist a harmful substance or pathogen

immunity

the ability to resist a harmful substance or pathogen

interoperability

the ability to share data between multiple systems without altering the meaning of the data

cancer

the abnormal growth of cells

visual acuity

the acuteness, or clearness, of vision, typically measured by having a person read alphabetic characters printed on a chart positioned a set distance away

laboratory medicine

the analysis of samples, such as bodily fluids, tissues, or chemicals, for diagnostic or research purposes

pelvic region

the area of the body below the abdomen and around the hips

Cervical Region

the area of the body pertaining to the neck

Cranial Region

the area on top of the head that includes the skull and brain

anteroposterior

the axis that extends from posterior to anterior

spine

the backbone

regurgitation

the backward flow of food up the digestive passageway

acid-base balance

the balance between acidic (hydrogen donor) and basic (hydrogen acceptor) molecules in a solution

neuron

the basic cell of the nervous system; specialized for sending and receiving signals from other neurons

nephron

the basic structural and functional unit of the kidney; each kidney contains about 1 million nephrons, which together perform its filtration and other functions

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-5th Edition (DSM-5)

the current version of the DSM, a publication of the American Psychiatric Association (APA) used as the primary resource in the US to classify and diagnose mental disorders

eponychium

the cuticle of the nail

myocardial infarction (MI)

the death (infarction) of heart muscle (myocardium) caused by lack of oxygen due to a blockage in a coronary artery; also known as a heart attack

renal failure

the decreased ability or complete inability of the kidneys to filter waste and toxins from blood

oxygen saturation

the degree to which the oxygen-carrying molecules, called hemoglobin, in red blood cells are filled, or saturated, with oxygen, expressed as a percentage of the maximum they can carry

electronic prescribing

the digital authoring, transmission, and filling of physician medication prescriptions, it is intended to reduce errors, time, and costs

health information exchange (HIE)

the digital exchange of healthcare data between different organizations in order to improve patient care, and reduce costs and errors

electronic data interchange (EDI)

the digital exchange of structured data between computer systems; reduces errors and can be used, for example, for sending prescriptions to a pharmacy

range of motion

the distance and direction that a joint can move to its full potential

cervix

the donut-shaped lower portion of the uterus; connects the uterus to the vagina and provides an opening for childbirth and the passage of sperm and menstrual fluid

median toxicity dose (TD50)

the dose of a drug at which 50% of the animals tested have toxic levels of the drug

median effective dose (ED50)

the dose of a drug that produces a therapeutic response in 50% of the animals tested

symptom

the effects of a disease that a person feels, such as aches and pains

menopause

the end of fertility, when the ovaries stop producing ova, and menstruation ceases

vasodilation

the enlarging of blood vessels to increase internal heat loss, thereby cooling the body

ophthalmoscopy

the examination of the interior of the eye using a viewing device called an ophthalmoscope

hirsutism

the excessive growth of hair on women in parts of the body where hair does not normally grow

gross anatomy

the field of science concerned with the study of anatomical structures

dialysis

the filtration of the blood using a machine to partially substitute for kidney function by filtering toxins and removing excess water from the body

epididymis

the first part in the male duct system, a tube that coils around the testicles and stores sperm

sternum

the flat bone that connects the two sides of the rib cage; also called the breastbone

pelvis

the flat bone that forms the bottom of the torso and the hip joints

epithelial cells

the flat cells that comprise the outermost layer of the skin

vertebral column

the flexible bony structure that houses the spinal cord and consists of a series of bones called vertebrae

lens

the flexible, transparent, egg-shaped structure in the eye that helps the cornea focus light on the retina by changing its shape

blood pressure

the force exerted by blood against the walls of the blood vessels as it circulates throughout the body

Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA)

the government agency that enforces the Controlled Substances Act

mitral valve

the heart valve that separates the left atrium from the left ventricle

aortic valve

the heart valve that separates the left ventricle from the aorta

tricuspid valve

the heart valve that separates the right atrium from the right ventricle

pulmonary valve

the heart valve that separates the right ventricle from the pulmonary artery

paramedic certification

the highest level of state certification for an emergency medical technician certifying the ability to perform advanced life support skills in addition to interventions and life support equipment and skills

stomach

the hollow organ of the digestive system that stores food

dilate

to enlarge or widen

aspirate

to remove a fluid by vacuum suction

-emesis

to vomit, or vomiting

duodenum

top section of the small intestine where bile from the liver enters

top.

topical/topically; medication that is applied to the skin

Posterior

toward the back of the body, or in back of something else

anterior

toward the front of the body, or in front of something else

-therapy

treatment

therapeut(o)

treatment

ducts

tubes in the body that carry fluids secreted by glands

blood vessels

tubes that carry blood and nutrients throughout the body

glottis

two flaps of tissue that close together to prevent food from entering the conducting zone

ovaries

two glands in the female body that are attached to the uterus and that produce ova (eggs) and female hormones

testicles

two glands located in the scrotum that produce sperm and male hormones

bronchopneumonia

type of pneumonia characterized by lung inflammation, generally associated with bronchitis, and localized in the bronchioles and surrounding alveoli

keratin

type of protein used by the body to form tough tissues such as skin

cryptorchidism

undescended testicle (a developmental defect)

milligram

unit equal to one thousandth of a gram

microgram

unit equal to one thousandth of a milligram

fluid ounce

unit of liquid volume

teaspoon

unit of measurement that is about .16th of a fluid ounce

tablespoon

unit of measurement that is about .5 of a fluid ounce

pharmacogenomics

using genome technology to discover new drugs

prophylaxis

using pharmaceutical drugs to prevent disease

human papilloma virus (HPV)

virus that causes genital warts; can lead to cervical cancer in females

human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)

virus that leads to acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS); transmitted through body fluids, including those exchanged during sexual intercourse

endoscopy

visual inspection of the body by means of an endoscope

hematemesis

vomiting of blood

ear irrigation

washing of the external auditory canal using a stream of warm water in order to remove a cerumen impaction or foreign body

cholesterol

waxy substance needed for hormone production and for growing cells

obesity

when excess body fat reaches an extent that may have an adverse effect on health

discharge

when patients are cleared to leave the care of a medical facility and receive instructions for ongoing care and treatment

root words

word parts that carry the essential meaning of a word, and cannot be broken down into smaller parts

vaginal candidiasis

yeast infection or abnormally high levels of yeast fungus

jaundice

yellow discoloration of the skin caused by bile pigments in the blood

bile

yellowish-green alkaline solution that helps break down fat


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