MT
anatomical terminology
a set of vocabulary used by health professionals to refer to parts, regions, directions, and planes on the human body
Regional terminology
a set of vocabulary words that healthcare workers use to refer to specific parts, or regions, of the body
severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID)
a severe, genetic impairment of the immune system
perimenopause
a shift toward, or the beginning stages of, menopause
jejunostomy
a surgically implanted tube from the small intestine to the outside of the body
gastronomy
a surgically implanted tube from the stomach to the outside of the body
tumor
a swelling or an abnormal mass of tissue that may be either malignant or benign
tinnitus
a symptom characterized by hearing noise, such as ringing or buzzing, for which there is no external source
vertigo
a symptom characterized by the sensation that one (or one's surroundings) is spinning or moving
modular terminology
a system in which individual parts can stand alone or be combined into a larger whole
lymphatic system
a system that helps circulate blood and fight off disease and infection; it works with, and forms a part of, two other body systems: the circulatory system and the immune system
caplet
a tablet that is coated to avoid irritating the stomach
health savings account (HSA)
a tax-free savings account offered to individuals who are covered by insurance plans with high deductibles
squamous cell carcinoma
a cancer involving epithelial cells, which are the cells found on the surface of the skin
melanoma
a cancer of the skin's pigment-producing cells
out guide
a card placed in a collection of paper files to indicate that a file has been removed
affix
a categorical term for a word part that is added to a root word to change or modify its meaning—both prefixes and suffixes are affixes
tabular list
a category grouping of items
personal protective equipment (PPE)
a category of clothing that protects the wearer from coming into contact with infectious material
other potentially infectious materials (OPIMs)
a category of possible biohazards other than blood, including tissues and bodily fluids, such as semen, vaginal secretions, and spinal fluid, that have been defined by the US Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OHSA)
haploid
a cell that has one set of chromosomes (humans have twenty-three chromosomes per set)
diploid cell
a cell that has two sets of chromosomes (in humans, one set of twenty-three chromosomes from each parent, or forty-six total)
Certified Medical Transcriptionist (CMT)
a certification that indicates that an individual has expert knowledge in medical transcription
Registered Medical Transcriptionist (RMT)
a certification that indicates that an individual has the essential skills and knowledge to work as a medical transcriptionist
rash
a change in skin color, texture, or overall appearance
frequency distribution curve
a chart that describes the number of animals that respond to a drug at each dose
nitrogen
a chemical element whose symbol is N, and which is essential for the production of several biological molecules such as proteins and amino acids
neurotransmitter
a chemical used by a neuron to transmit a signal to another neuron
hormone
a chemical used by the body to signal and control the function of organs
cardiomyopathy
a chronic (long-lasting) disease of the heart muscle characterized by muscle that is thick, stiff, weak, and irritable, resulting in symptoms such as congestive heart failure
triptans
a class of drugs commonly used to treat migraines, they work by causing dilated (enlarged) blood vessels to constrict (become smaller)
physician index
a database that records the physician associated with each patient, diagnosis made, and procedure performed at a healthcare organization
third-degree burn
a deep burn that destroys all of the layers of the skin
hypothyroidism
a disease in which the thyroid does not produce enough of its hormones, resulting in symptoms and signs such as lethargy and weight gain
hyperthyroidism
a disease in which the thyroid produces too much of its hormones, resulting in symptoms and signs such as weight loss, nervousness, irritability, and insomnia
Alzheimer's disease
a disease of the brain characterized by progressive impairment of memory and other brain functions such as orientation and judgment; it is named after the nineteenth-century German psychiatrist Alois Alzheimer
musculoskeletal disease
a disease of the muscles, bones, or joints that produces body dysfunction with a recognizable set of signs and symptoms that often have a well-understood cause
Bell's palsy
a disease of unknown cause characterized by the rapid onset of facial paralysis, which is usually temporary and limited to one side of the face; it is named after Scottish anatomist Charles Bell
communicable disease
a disease that is contagious
non-communicable disease
a disease that is not contagious
pathogen
a disease-causing microorganism or agent, such as a virus or bacterium
migraine headache
a disorder characterized by recurrent severe, throbbing, one-sided headaches, often associated with nausea, vomiting, and sensitivity to light
fungi
a diverse group of organisms that includes yeasts, molds, and mushrooms
Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA)
a division of the US Department of Labor whose mission is to ensure safe and healthful working conditions
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)
a division of the federal Department of Health and Human Services that collects data on patient and healthcare worker safety, and promotes safety practices to protect patients and workers
oncologist
a doctor who specializes in treating cancer
psychiatrist
a doctor who specializes in treating emotional and behavioral issues
pathologist
a doctor who studies diseases and causes of death
immunologist
a doctor who studies how well the body can fight against diseases and infections
material safety data sheet (MSDS)
a document that provides information on the hazards, handling procedures, and safe disposal of a chemical
Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA)
a domestic agency responsible for collecting data on workplace accidents and using that data to create regulations and recommendations
Food and Drug Administration (FDA)
a domestic agency responsible for enforcing regulations of accurate labeling and safe handling of food and drugs
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH)
a domestic agency under the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention whose roles include researching the causes of workplace-related injuries and helping to prevent them
National Institutes of Health (NIH)
a domestic agency under the US Department of Health and Human Services that leads a number of medical research programs
levodopa
a drug commonly used to treat Parkinson's disease, it works by increasing levels of dopamine, a signaling molecule
phenytoin
a drug commonly used to treat epilepsy, it works by stabilizing electrical activity in the brain
ergotamine
a drug commonly used to treat migraines, it acts by causing dilated (enlarged) blood vessels to constrict (become smaller)
cholinesterase
a drug commonly used to treat symptoms of Alzheimer's and other diseases, it prevents the breakdown of acetylcholine, a signaling molecule
transdermal patch
a drug embedded in a solid patch form, which is then absorbed into the blood through the skin
wafer
a drug fashioned into a thin disk that dissolves gradually to release the drug slowly
pellet
a drug fashioned into small, bullet-shaped objects that dissolve gradually to release the drug slowly
bead
a drug fashioned into small, round objects that dissolve gradually to release the drug slowly
tablet
a drug in powder form mixed with inert ingredients (e.g., binders) and pressed into a solid
suppository
a drug mixed in a solid base, such as glycerin, cocoa butter
antibiotic
a drug that can kill or slow the growth of bacteria
antispasmodic
a drug that can relieve muscle spasm, including, for example, bladder spasms
miotic drug
a drug that causes miosis, or constriction of the iris, which makes the pupil smaller; often used to treat certain kinds of glaucoma
gas
a drug that has more separation of particles, allowing it to be more widely dispersed
liquid
a drug that has no solid shape
antibiotic
a drug that is able to kill bacteria or halt its growth
prescription drug
a drug that one can only obtain with a written prescription or verbal order from a physician or licensed health care provider
blood thinner
a drug that reduces the tendency of blood to form clots
antihypertensive
a drug used to lower a patient's blood pressure
anticoagulant
a drug used to reduce the ability of the blood to form clots
digitalis
a drug used to slow and regularize certain abnormal heart rhythms and to strengthen the pumping of a weak heart
statin
a drug used to treat or prevent atherosclerosis by altering the levels of certain fats circulating in the blood
immunosuppressant
a drug used to weaken the immune system, such as to prevent it from attacking (rejecting) a transplanted organ
aspirin
a drug with anti-inflammatory and blood-thinning effects used for a variety of purposes, including reducing pain and fever, as well as preventing blood clots
pharmacy
a facility that deals with preparing and dispensing drugs
Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS)
a federal agency responsible for administering benefits in Medicare, Medicaid, and several other health insurance programs
Medicaid
a federal and state program that provides healthcare coverage for people with disabilities or lower incomes
Medicare
a federal health insurance plan offered to those who are 65 years of age or older and some people with disabilities
US Department of Health and Human Services
a federal regulatory agency that administers and manages many health organizations, systems, and programs
estrogen
a female hormone that is responsible for the development of female physical characteristics and is important in the regulation of the menstrual cycle and pregnancy
progesterone
a female hormone that plays important roles in the regulation of the menstrual cycle and pregnancy
clitoris
a female sexual organ that is homologous (similar in origin) to the male penis; its sensitive tip, called the glans, is located above the ureteral opening where the labia minora meet
zygote
a fertilized ovum
powder
a finely ground drug; may be in capsules or a canister, such as an inhaler
barium swallow
a fluoroscopic diagnostic procedure to evaluate the function of the upper gastrointestinal tract
explanation of benefits
a form created by the insurance company to explain what charges were covered, denied, or need more documentation based on the claims submitted by the physician's office
placebo
a form of a drug that exerts no pharmacologic effect, has no therapeutic effect, and has no side effects when administered
Type 2 diabetes
a form of diabetes in which cells in the body stop reacting to insulin; often begins in adulthood
gestational diabetes
a form of diabetes in which hormones released during pregnancy interfere with insulin
Type 1 diabetes
a form of diabetes in which the pancreas stops producing insulin; often begins during childhood
X-ray
a form of electromagnetic radiation that can be used for medical imaging and therapeutic purposes
radiation
a form of energy characterized by the passage of particles or waves through a medium; e.g., light, heat, radio waves, and X-rays
erection
a fully stiff penis
leukemia
a general term that describes a variety of cancers in which there are too many white blood cells
thymus gland
a glandular organ in the upper chest cavity that produces T-cells
World Health Organization (WHO)
a global organization, created by the United Nations, that provides global leadership on health, health research, and health policy
lymph node
a grape-size oval organ made of lymphoid tissue that filters lymph to clean it of foreign material, pathogens, and cancer cells
lymphoma
a group of cancers in which either T-cells or B-cells multiply in an unregulated fashion, causing tumors
leukemia
a group of cancers of the blood or bone marrow in which an abnormally large quantity of white blood cells is produced
glaucoma
a group of diseases characterized by elevated pressure within the eye (intraocular pressure, or IOP), which can lead to damage of retinal structures with resulting blindness
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)
a group of government agencies under the US Department of Health and Human Services that work to prevent the transmission of diseases and ensure the general protection of public health
-ac, -al
-ac and -al mean of or pertaining to. For example, cardiac means of or pertaining to the heart, and abdominal means of or pertaining to the abdomen.
-gram
-gram means record or picture. For example, a cardiogram is a visual representation of a heart beat.
-graph
-graph means an instrument used to record data or a picture. For example, an electrocardiograph is a tool used to record heartbeats.
-ia and -iasis
-ia and -iasis mean condition. For example, bradycardia is a condition in which the heart beats slowly, and psoriasis is a skin condition.
-iatry
-iatry means a field in medicine. For example, psychiatry refers to a medical field that deals with psychological disorders.
-ic
-ic means pertaining to or characterized by. For example, a narcotic is a class of drugs characterized by its ability to relieve pain and produce stupor, or unconsciousness.
plexus
a group of interconnected ganglia in the peripheral nervous system (PNS) that enable different parts of the PNS to communicate and connect with their target destinations
color blindness
a group of mostly genetic (inborn) disorders characterized by a decreased or absent ability to see color or perceive color differences
reproductive system
a group of organs that creates the material necessary for human reproduction
tissue
a group of specialized cells
sex cell
a haploid cell that can join with another sex cell to create new life
capsule
a hard or soft shell with a liquid, powdered, or granular drug inside
pulmonary artery
One of two arteries leading out of the heart, it receives blood from the right ventricle and carries it into the lungs, where oxygen is acquired and carbon dioxide, a waste gas, is released.
outpatient
a medical designation that indicates a patient is receiving care without having been formally admitted to a healthcare provider
inpatient
a medical designation that indicates that a patient is receiving care after having been formally admitted to a healthcare provider
implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD)
a medical device implanted into a patient's chest to monitor the electrical activity of the heart and administer pulses of electricity as necessary to restore a normal heart rhythm
physical therapist (PT)
a medical professional who attempts to reduce dysfunction in the musculoskeletal system by improving joint mobility, muscle strength, balance, and coordination; also called a physiotherapist
registered nurse (RN)
a medical professional who can work independently to provide direct care by observing, evaluating, and treating patients
hypo-
a prefix that means under or below normal For example, hypotension means low blood pressure.
leuk-
a prefix that means white or colorless Leuk(o) is the combining form. For example, leukocyte is a white blood cell
coronary artery bypass graft (CABG)
a procedure in which a blood vessel is harvested, usually from the patient's leg, and surgically attached to a coronary artery to divert blood flow around (bypass) an obstruction
vascular graft
a procedure in which a diseased segment of an artery is replaced, or grafted, using either natural or artificial material
cardiac Transplant
a procedure in which a patient's diseased heart is surgically replaced using a heart from a recently deceased organ donor
audiometry
a procedure in which a person's ability to hear is tested using an electronic device called an audiometer
defibrillation
a procedure in which a pulse of electricity is applied to a patient's chest to restore a normal heart rhythm
aorta
One of two arteries leading out of the heart, it receives freshly oxygenated blood from the left ventricle and carries it away from the heart to the rest of the body.
vena cava
One of two veins leading into the heart, it carries blood returning from the body into the right atrium.
pulmonary vein
One of two veins leading into the heart, it carries freshly oxygenated blood from the lungs into the left atrium.
opthalm(o)
Ophthalm means eye. Opthalm(o) is its combining form. For example, ophthalmologist refers to a medical professional who studies eyes and sight.
cardioversion
a procedure in which either drugs or a pulse of electricity applied to a patient's chest to restore a normal heart rhythm
bone marrow transplant
a procedure in which marrow from a healthy donor is injected into the patient's marrow
angi
a root word that means blood vessels Angi(o) is the combining form. For example, an angiogram is an image of a blood vessel.
cyt
a root word that means cell Cyt(o) is the combining form. For example, erythrocyte is a red blood cell.
cardi
a root word that means heart Cardi(o) is the combining form. For example, a cardiogram is a recording of heart activity
ren-
a root word that means kidney; e.g., renal failure
lith(o)
a root word that means stone; e.g., lithotripsy
ven
a root word that means vein Ven(o) or ven(i) are the combining forms. For example, venipuncture means to puncture a vein.
combining form
a root word with an added vowel at the end in order to make it easier to pronounce when combined with a suffix that begins with a consonant
t.i.d.
The abbreviation t.i.d. means three times a day, indicating that a prescription should be taken three times a day.
cell
The cell is the structural and functional unit of living organisms; it is membrane-bound and self-replicating.
bladder
a sac made of muscle that stores urine until the body is ready to dispose of it
scrotum
a sac of skin and muscle that hangs between the legs of males and that contains the testicles
Dental Periodicity Schedule
a schedule that recommends certain oral health services for children according to age
International Classification of Diseases-10th Revision-Procedure Classification System (ICD-10-PCS)
a separate procedure code system in the ICD-10 clinical vocabulary system
safety procedure
a series of steps put in place to prevent accidents
insurance
a service that contracts with individuals and groups to provide medical services in exchange for regular payments from the individual through a provider
amino acids
a set of nitrogen-containing compounds that form the building blocks for the production of protein molecules
urinary system
a set of organs responsible for filtering blood and removing certain wastes from the body
standard precautions
a set of practices used to help prevent the transmission of infections; include assuming that everyone is potentially infectious, wearing personal protective equipment, and disposing of sharps properly
alcohol withdrawal
a set of signs and symptoms seen when alcohol is withheld from someone with alcohol dependence; characterized by CNS hyperexcitability, which may include hallucinations, seizures, and death
sciatica
a set of symptoms including pain, numbness, and weakness in a leg, hip, and/or lower back caused by compression of the main nerve supplying the leg (the sciatic nerve) or one of its spinal roots
platelet aggregation inhibitors
anticoagulant drugs that reduce blood clotting by preventing platelets from sticking to injury sites or clumping together
selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors
antidepressant drugs that inhibit the reuptake of serotonin to reduce symptoms of depression
device
any appliance designed to assist with the administration of a drug
disease
any condition not caused by an injury that causes the body to work incorrectly
protected health information (PHI)
any information about a person's health, healthcare, or payment for health services that can be linked to a specific patient
protected health information (PHI)
any information about a person's health, healthcare, or payment for health services that can be linked to a specific patient compliance
epilepsy
any of a number of conditions characterized by episodes of disturbed electrical activity in the brain, resulting in a variety of possible signs, including loss of consciousness and uncoordinated shaking movements
anxiety disorder
any of a variety of mental health disorders characterized by excessive worry, physical tension, and often physical symptoms, such as headaches or loss of appetite
accident
any unplanned occurrence that has potentially negative consequences
transdermal administration
application of a drug in patch form, which is then absorbed into the blood through the skin
topical administration
application of a drug to the skin or mucous membranes
Thoracic Region
body region that pertains to the chest, and extends from the neck to the diaphragm
Cephalic Region
body region that pertains to the head, including the eyes, brain, jaw, ears, cheek, nose, mouth and chin
integumentary system
body system that acts as an external casing for the body, protecting the structures embedded within it
muscular system
body system that allows for body movement, maintains posture, and produces heat
digestive system
body system that breaks down food into nutrition for body cells and eliminates leftover wastes
endocrine system
body system that contains glands that produce hormones to control body functions, such as growth and reproductive development
lymphatic system
body system that defends the body against infection and disease
urinary system
body system that eliminates waste products and controls water balance in the body
respiratory system
body system that keeps blood supplied with fresh oxygen and removes carbon dioxide from the body
reproductive system
body system that produces offspring
skeletal system
body system that provides a framework for the body, and protects and supports its organs
cardiovascular system
body system that pumps blood and transports it to the body cells, delivering nutrients and carrying away wastes
nervous system
body system that responds to sensory information and coordinates body responses
red bone marrow
bone marrow consisting of cells that produce blood cells
yellow bone marrow
bone marrow consisting of fat cells
teeth
bone structures that assist with the mechanical breakdown of food
compact bone
bone tissue that forms the hard shell outside of a bone and consists of cells that are organized in smooth columns that give the bones strength
spongy bone
bone tissue that forms the soft interior of a bone and consists of cells that are in a honeycomb pattern with spaces for bone marrow in between
ileum
bottom section of the small intestine
larynx
box-shaped organ in the neck that contains the vocal cords and functions as an airway to the lungs
bariatrics
branch of medicine dedicated to obesity issues
trade name
brand name for a drug
inhalation
breathing in a drug in liquid, powder, or gas form
pulmonary ventilation
breathing; the exchange of air between the lungs and the environment
p.r.
by rectum or rectally; the delivery of medication by inserting it into the rectum
gtt(s).
drops; liquid medication applied in small doses into the eyes, mouth, or ears
generic name
drug name chosen by the drug manufacturer
liquid
drug that has no solid shape
digitalis
drug that makes the heart pump more slowly, but more strongly
acetaminophen
drug that reduces pain through the inhibition of COX enzymes necessary for prostaglandin production
prostaglandin F agonist
drug used to treat glaucoma by stimulating prostaglandin F receptors to increase the outflow of fluid
statin drugs
drugs commonly prescribed for preventing heart conditions; they can cause muscle weakness, joint inflammation, and pain, among other serious symptoms
thrombolytic drugs
drugs for dissolving blood clots within blood vessels
pharmac(o), pharmaceut(i)
drugs or medicine
over-the-counter (OTC) drugs
drugs that can be used without a prescription; the FDA approves these drugs as safe when used according to the label's directions and warnings
radiation therapy
drugs that can slow the growth of retroviruses, such as HIV
vasopressors
drugs that increase blood pressure by decreasing the diameter of blood vessels and increasing the heart rate
diuretic drugs
drugs that increase the rate of urination
cry(o)
cold
respiratory tree
collective term for bronchi due to their constant production of branches
conducting zone
collective term for the system that transports air to the sites of oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange
respiratory membrane
collective term for the walls of the capillaries and alveoli
bolus
compact, rounded mass of food particles
cancer and trauma registries
compilations of healthcare data on different types of cancers and traumatic events
azoospermia
complete absence of sperm in the semen
medical decision making
component of the health record that substantiates the care provided, supports reimbursement for each procedure, and serves as a legal document that validates the treatment provided for each diagnosis
accessory digestive organs
components of the digestive system supporting the alimentary canal that runs throughout the body
vitamins
compounds essential for human growth
trichomonas vaginalis
condition caused by a parasite that leads to vaginal inflammation
asbestosis
condition caused by asbestos particles in the lungs
anthracosis
condition caused by coal and dust in the lungs
byssinosis
condition caused by cotton dust in the lungs
pneumoconiosis
condition caused by dust in the lungs
silicosis
condition caused by dust in the lungs
ectopic pregnancy
condition in which a fertilized egg begins to develop outside the uterus
endometriosis
condition in which pieces of endometrial tissue escape the uterus and attach to other structures, such as the ovaries
hyperthermia
condition in which the body becomes overheated
hypothermia
condition in which the body temperature drops to dangerously low levels
phimosis
condition in which the foreskin shrinks to the point where it cannot be pulled back to expose the penis
abruptio placentae
condition in which the placenta separates from the uterine wall too soon before birth
apnea
condition in which there is no spontaneous breathing for more than fifteen seconds
bacterial pneumonia
condition often caused by Streptococcus bacteria and sometimes preventable by vaccination
lobar pneumonia
condition resulting in sectioning of the lungs (the formation of lobes)
Cheyne-Stokes respiration
condition with alternating periods of apnea and hyperpnea
chyme
consumed food churned and mixed into a creamy substance by the digestive system
tuberculosis
contagious disease caused by bacteria that attack the lungs
spermicidals
contraceptive drugs that kill sperm
blood cells
contribute to the formation of blood, including red and white blood cells
brain
control center of the nervous system that receives, directs, and interprets sensory information through the body
gallstone
crystalline deposit that can form in the gallbladder or bile duct
statistical and research services
data analysis services provided for health information professionals who are conducting medical studies or tracking diseases
stratum granulosum
deep epidermal layer of skin that accumulates keratin
stratum spinosum
deep epidermal layer of skin that produces keratin
stratum basale
deepest epidermal layer, which contains melanocytes, immune cells, and touch receptors
-penia
deficiency
cirrhosis
degenerative disease in which scar tissue replaces normal liver tissue
parenteral administration
delivery of a drug into the blood through broken skin, usually injected through a needle
nasogastric administration
delivery of drug into the stomach through a tube that enters the body at the mouth and passes through the esophagus into the stomach
vaginal administration
delivery of drugs such as contraceptive foams and antifungal creams directly into the vagina
rectal administration
delivery of drugs through insertion into the rectum
lateral
describes something that is away from the midline of the body
large intestine
digestive organ that absorbs water and prepares waste for elimination from the body
gallbladder
digestive organ that stores bile for release into the small intestine
esophagus
digestive organ that transports food to the stomach
small intestine
digestive organ where most nutrient absorption takes place
electronic medical record (EMR)
digitally stored and accessed patient records that allow real-time communication, reporting, and recordkeeping through electronic transmission; also called electronic health records (EHRs) or computer-based patient records (CPRs)
-ectasia, -ectasis
dilatation, or the stretching of a body structure
distal
directional term for farther from the origin of the body part point of attachment
caudal
directional term for near the posterior end of the body
medial
directional term for situated toward the midline of the body
antispasmodic drugs
drugs that inhibit hydrochloric acid secretion, smooth muscle contraction, and peristalsis in the gastrointestinal tract to limit muscle spasms
nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
drugs that inhibit prostaglandin production, thereby reducing pain and inflammation
proton pump inhibitors
drugs that inhibit the production of hydrochloric acid in the stomach
anesthetic drugs
drugs that produce a reversible loss of sensation to prevent pain during surgical procedures
analgesic drugs
drugs that produce relief from pain while the patient remains conscious
expectorant drugs
drugs that reduce the thickness of mucus so patients can cough it up
corticosteroid drugs
drugs that suppress inflammation by mimicking glucocorticoid hormones
topical decongestants
drugs that treat eye allergy symptoms, such as redness, by constricting blood vessels
mydriatic drugs
drugs used during eye examinations and surgery or to treat inflammation of the iris and surrounding areas
amphetamines
drugs used to decrease hyperactivity in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
retinoid drugs
drugs used to treat acne by causing epidermal cells to divide rapidly, preventing pores from clogging, and decreasing inflammation
anticonvulsant drugs
drugs used to treat epilepsy by mimicking gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) neurotransmitters and inhibiting nerve impulses
miotic drugs
drugs used to treat glaucoma by constricting the pupil to increase the outflow of fluid
schedule drugs
drugs with potential for addiction, abuse, or dependence, regulated by the Controlled Substances Act
controlled substances
drugs with potential for addiction, abuse, or dependence, which the Controlled Substances Act regulates
stillbirth
fetal death before or during delivery
nerves
fibers transmitting impulses in the nervous system between the brain, spinal cord and the body's organs out to the muscles and glands
breach of confidentiality
disclosure of patient information without prior written consent
syphilis
disease caused by bacteria; fatal if left untreated
emphysema
disease in which the lungs lose elasticity, resulting in the inability to take in and expel air easily
environmental lung diseases
diseases caused by long-term environmental and occupational exposure to irritants
sexually transmitted infections (STIs)
diseases transmitted through sexual contact, which affect both males and females
D.A.W.
dispense as written; this means the person filling the prescription may not substitute a generic brand
thiazide drugs
diuretic drugs that block sodium and potassium from being absorbed from kidney tubules back into the blood
experimental group
group of patients in a clinical trial that receive the active form of the drug
control group
group of patients in a clinical trial that receive the placebo form of the drug
organs
groups of tissue that carry out important functions in the body
alopecia
hair loss
bones
hard structures that create the frame of the body
calcification
hardening due to calcium buildup
skin microbiome
harmless bacteria that live on the surface of the skin and may provide health benefits
endoscope
illuminated instrument for the visualization of the interior of a body cavity or organ
stem cells
immature cells that can go on to become other cells, such as red blood cells, white blood cells, or platelets
left
in medical terminology, a reference to the patient's actual left side, and not to the healthcare worker's left side
right
in medical terminology, a reference to the patient's actual right side, and not to the healthcare worker's right side
erectile dysfunction
inability to maintain or achieve an erection
-tomy
incision, or cutting into tissue
exam
includes both a physician's physical examination of a patient, as well as any test results
urge incontinence
incontinence that occurs when the bladder contracts at the wrong time; also known as overactive bladder
stress incontinence
incontinence that occurs when the structures around the bladder are weakened or damaged, causing urine leakage when the body is physically stressed through coughing, straining, or sneezing
hyperpnea
increased rate and depth of breathing
pneumonia
infection of the lungs that causes small bronchioles and alveoli to fill with fluid
chronic bronchitis
infection or inflammation of the bronchial tubes
-itis
inflammation
viral pneumonia
inflammation (irritation and swelling) of the lungs caused by various viruses
paronychia
inflammation and infection along the sides of the nail
arthritis
inflammation of a joint
adenoiditis
inflammation of an adenoid
cervicitis
inflammation of the cervix
colitis
inflammation of the colon
balanitis
inflammation of the foreskin and penis
cholecystitis
inflammation of the gallbladder
endocervicitis
inflammation of the lining of the cervix
gastroenteritis
inflammation of the lining of the stomach and intestines
hepatitis
inflammation of the liver caused by a virus
meningitis
inflammation of the meninges, which are the protective tissues covering the brain and spinal cord, often caused by a viral or bacterial infection
onychia
inflammation of the nail matrix
prostatitis
inflammation of the prostate gland
testitis
inflammation of the testicles
tonsillitis
inflammation of the tonsils, typically caused by a pathogen
vulvitis
inflammation of the vulva
colpitis
inflammation of vaginal lining
psoriasis
inflammatory arthritis of the spine and hips that also involves a skin rash
intradermal administration
injection of a drug in between the epidermis and dermis
intramuscular administration
injection of a drug into a large muscle.
intravenous administration
injection of a liquid drug directly into a vein
inj.
injection; a medication that is delivered by needle directly into the bloodstream
hypodermis
innermost layer of skin; often called the hypodermal layer
microscopy
inspection with a microscope
fluoroscope
instrument that provides real-time imaging of the motion of internal structures through the use of X-rays and a fluorescent screen
-tome
instrument used for cutting
-scope
instrument used for viewing
-meter
instrument used to measure
-graph
instrument used to record
renal colic
intense waves of pain, often associated with blockage of the urinary system by a kidney stone
-tripsy
intentional surgical crushing of a part of the body
IM
intramuscular; the injection of medication directly into a muscle
dextrose
intravenous fluid containing dextrose sugar to provide energy for body cells
total parenteral nutrition
intravenous fluid containing electrolytes, vitamins, minerals, and essential amino acids used to provide nutrition
sodium (saline)
intravenous fluid containing sodium (Na+) and chloride (Cl-) electrolytes necessary for cell function
IV
intravenous; the injection of medication directly into the bloodstream
Office of the Inspector General (OIG)
investigates abuse, fraud, waste, and mismanagement within a government organization
axis
invisible line that runs vertically through the center of the axial region
Midclavicular Line
invisible vertical line that passes through the midpoint of the clavicle (collarbone)
-spasm
involuntary contraction, twitching, or cramp
urinary incontinence
involuntary urination
vertebrae
irregular bones that protect the spinal cord and form the spinal column
warts
irregular skin growths that are caused by the human papillomavirus (HPV)
traditional health record
medical chart stored and maintained in paper format
sharps
medical equipment, such as needles or scalpels, that can puncture or cut healthcare workers; used sharps may transmit biohazards
chiropractors
medical professionals who treat disorders by manipulating the musculoskeletal system
hybrid health records
medical records that incorporate elements of paper-based records and electronic records
physical therapy
medical treatment that uses specially designed exercises and equipment to help patients regain or improve their physical abilities
retinoid
medication that normalizes the hair follicle, often used to treat acne
antifungal medication
medication that stops the growth of fungi
bronchodilator drugs
medications that dilate bronchial tubes to widen them
dermis`
middle layer of skin; often called the dermal layer
jejunum
midsection of the small intestine
electronic prescription
prescription entered into a device, signed, and sent electronically
verbal prescription
prescription given by a physician to the pharmacist over the phone
written prescription
prescription handwritten on a preprinted form
off-label use
prescription of drugs for uses other than those specified in the FDA approval
infection
presence and multiplication of harmful foreign microorganisms, or pathogens, in the body
lungs
primary organs of the respiratory system that work to allow blood cells to transfer oxygen into and out of the body
thermoregulation
process of achieving a normal and stable body temperature
homeostasis
process of maintaining a stable physiologic environment, such as temperature
patient confidentiality
protection from private healthcare information being released without prior permission
elastin
protein found in the skin that provides elasticity
collagen
protein found in the skin that provides firmness and strength
large intestine
section of intestinal tract that absorbs water from food matter and aids in the transmission of the waste removal from the body
nasal administration
spraying a liquid drug into the nasal cavity for absorption into the blood
cubic centimeter
standard measurement of drug volume
gram
standard unit of weight measurement
-stasis
stopping, controlling
tendons
strong tissues that connects muscle to bone
pure tone audiometry
the most common type of audiometry used to diagnose and characterize hearing loss; it tests the ability to hear a variety of single-frequency, or pure, tones
plaque psoriasis
the most common type of psoriasis, characterized by plaques
chemical name
the name of a drug that describes its molecular structure
external auditory canal
the narrow passage that leads from the pinna to the tympanic membrane
sensory neurons
the neurons that collect sensory information and send it to the central nervous system for processing
plasma
the non-cellular, liquid part of blood that consists mostly of water
heart rate
the number of times the heart beats in one minute
calcitriol
the biologically active form of vitamin D that is produced in the kidney and is important in the maintenance of calcium homeostasis and bone health
pupil
the opening in the iris that lets light into the eye
pinna
the outer ear flap that forms the visible part of the ear; also known as the auricle
labia majora
the outer labia, homologous (similar in origin) to the male scrotum
renal cortex
the outer portion of the kidney, where blood is filtered and erythropoietin is produced
epidermis
the outermost layer of the skin
fallopian tubes
the paired tubes that conduct ova from the ovaries to the uterus
axon terminal
the part of a neuron at the opposite end from the dendrite; sends signals to neighboring neurons
menstruation
the part of the menstrual cycle consisting of bleeding from the vagina, which occurs when the uterus discards its lining in the absence of a pregnancy
dendrite
the part of the neuron that stretches outward and receives signals from neighboring neurons
deafness
the partial or complete loss of the ability to hear
route of administration
the path by which a drug contacts the body
joint
the place where bones meet
cerebellum
the portion of the brain that controls coordination, muscle tone, and balance
cerebrum
the portion of the brain that controls memory, thought, speech, the senses, and voluntary actions
brain stem
the portion of the brain that controls vital functions and connects the brain with the spinal cord
mammary region
the portion of the chest that contains the breasts
peripheral nervous system (PNS)
the portion of the nervous system outside the cranial cavity and vertebral canal that runs throughout the body
central nervous system (CNS)
the portion of the nervous system that includes the brain and the spinal cord
somatic nervous system
the portion of the peripheral nervous system that controls skeletal muscles
autonomic nervous system
the portion of the peripheral nervous system that controls the function of organs
diastolic pressure
the blood pressure measured during diastole, which is that phase of heart activity when it is resting and filling with blood for the next systole
systolic pressure
the blood pressure measured during systole, which is that phase of heart activity when it is contracting and actively pumping blood out
Appendicular Region
the body region that includes the arms and legs
Axial Region
the body region that includes the head, neck, and trunk
skeletal system
the body system that consists mainly of bones
musculoskeletal system
the body system that consists of all the components needed for movement, including muscles, tendons, ligaments, cartilage, bones, and articulations
nervous system
the body system that includes the brain, nerves, and neurons
circulatory system
the body system that moves blood throughout the body
sensory nervous system
the portion of the peripheral nervous system that gathers sensory information from the body and sends it to the central nervous system
scapular region
the posterior portion of the trunk region that contains the scapulae (shoulder blades) and related structures
chiropractic
the practice of gently repositioning misaligned bones and joints, especially those of the spine
prognosis
the predicted outcome of a disease
blood pressure
the pressure of blood pushing on the walls of the blood vessels
ovary
the primary female sex organ that produces ova and releases hormones that guide the development of the female reproductive system
master patient index
the primary index used for HIM recordkeeping, which includes a unique record for each patient within a healthcare organization
testicle
the primary male sex organ that produces sperm and releases hormones that guide the development of the male reproductive system
antibody binding
the process by which an antibody identifies and attaches to a specific antigen
intake
the process by which patients enter the care of a medical facility
compliance
the process of adhering to state and federal laws
calibration
the process of adjusting an instrument to ensure its accuracy
urinalysis
the process of analyzing a sample of urine
medical coding
the process of assigning nomenclature codes to patient data obtained by examining medical records
medical coding
the process of assigning standardized codes to patient data obtained by examining medical records
degeneration
the process of breaking down over time
vasoconstriction
the process of constricting, or reducing the size of, the blood vessels to heat the body
medical transcription
the process of creating a text-based medical record from a voice recording
spermatogenesis
the process of developing basic sex cells, called germ cells, into sperm
defecation
the process of eliminating indigestible substances from the body
phagocytosis
the process of engulfing foreign material or pathogens that is used by certain white blood cells to rid them from the body
health data security
the process of ensuring that medical records are unaltered, readily accessible, and used legitimately
birth certificate completion
the process of fully completing an infant's birth certificate
medical billing
the process of generating claim forms that list diagnosis and procedure codes, charges, and patient demographic information for reimbursement purposes
healthcare delivery
the process of getting health services to patients who need medical attention
auscultation
the process of listening to the sounds of the body for diagnostic purposes
-lysis
the process of loosening, freeing, or destroying
quality management
the process of planning, controlling, and improving the quality of a product or system
insurance reimbursement
the process of receiving payment from an insurance company for a covered benefit
-graphy
the process of recording
immunological memory
the body's ability to remember foreign antigens that have affected the body, helping the immune system quickly remove these substances if subsequent invasions occur
immune system
the body's components that help protect it from disease
immune response
the body's reaction to fighting infections and disease
skull
the bone that makes up the top and back of the head and protects the brain
vertebrae
the bones that make up the vertebral column
skull
the bony covering that protects the brain
nail groove
the border between the nail and skin
plantar
the bottom area of the foot that is in contact with the ground when standing
ophthalmology
the branch of medicine that deals with diseases and disorders of the eye
neurology
the branch of medicine that deals with the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of diseases and disorders of the nervous system
psychiatry
the branch of medicine that deals with the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of mental disorders
pregnancy
the process of the fertilization of an ovum and its development as a fetus in the uterus
palpation
the process of touching or feeling a patient's body to determine the physical characteristics of an organ or structure
emesis
the process of vomiting
fertilization
the process that occurs when a male and female sex cell unite
information technology
the processes needed to assimilate, organize, maintain, and store patient healthcare data
ejaculation
the pulsed ejection of semen through the urethra
audiology
the branch of science that deals with hearing and balance, including the evaluation and rehabilitation of patients with related conditions
psychology
the branch of science that deals with the mind, mental processes, and behavior
chemical digestion
the breakdown of food particles into chemical building blocks by enzymes in the alimentary canal
atherosclerosis
the buildup of a waxy material called plaque in a blood vessel wall, leading to stiffening (hardening) and narrowing, as well as reduced blood flow
spinal cord
the bundle of nerves that runs through the back and connects the brain to the rest of the body
umbilical region
the central area of the abdomen surrounding the navel (belly button)
brain
the central hub of the nervous system that helps the body move
Vertebral Region
the central region of the back parallel to the vertebral column
urinalysis
the chemical and microscopic examination of the urine to determine clues to the presence of disease
mechanical digestion
the chewing, mixing, and churning of food materials in the human body, beginning in the mouth (via mashing with the tongue) and continuing in the stomach
vitreous humor
the clear, gel-like fluid that fills the eye between the lens and the retina
neur(o)-
the combining form of the root word "neur," which refers to the nervous system, or the entire nerve apparatus of the body.
psych(o)-
the combining form of the root word "psych," which means "mind" or "mental"
cholelithiasis
the condition in which gallstones are present in the gallbladder or bile duct
acid reflux
the condition in which the acidic contents of the stomach bubble up slightly into the esophagus, causing a burning sensation
hypoglycemia
the condition that occurs when glucose levels in blood become too low; can cause unconsciousness and even death if the level drops too far
brain
the control center of the nervous system; occupies the cranial cavity
lunula
the crescent-shaped white portion on the base of the nail
diagnosis
the identification of a disease or disorder by the evaluation of its history, symptoms, physical signs, and test results
innate immunity
the immune capabilities present at birth, including all the nonspecific ways of responding to immune challenges
inflammation
the immune system's response to injured or damaged cells, which results in redness, heat, swelling, and pain
ear tube surgery
the implanting of a tiny drainage tube into the tympanic membrane, often used to treat or prevent middle-ear infections in children
vaginitis
the inflammation of the vaginal lining
renal medulla
the innermost portion of the kidney, which maintains the salt and water balance of the body
urinary catheterization
the insertion of a thin tube, called a catheter, into the urinary bladder
immunization
the introduction of a foreign substance, such as a harmless part of a flu virus, to provoke acquired immunity
mandible
the irregular bone located in the jaw; also called the jawbone; functions especially to hold the teeth and allow the jaw to move for talking and chewing
Thyroid Cartilage
the largest cartilage in the larynx (voice box); it protects the vocal cords
hypodermis
the layer of connective tissue beneath the dermis
dermis
the layer of skin just below the epidermis
medical record
the lifetime record of a patient's health, health problems, and medical care at a particular institution
retina
the light-sensitive layer of cells that line the inner surface of the eye and transmit light signals to the brain
labia
the lip-like structures that surround the opening to the vagina
plasma
the liquid part of blood that is mostly water and composes about 55 percent of blood
urine
the liquid produced by the kidneys consisting of water and dissolved waste chemicals
axon
the long extension that connects a neuron's dendrite with its axon terminal
paralysis
the loss of function in one or more muscles, resulting in an inability to move the affected part of the body
osteoporosis
the loss of minerals, such as calcium and magnesium, in bones, which makes them brittle and easily broken
Pelvic Region
the lower abdomen region that connects the torso and the legs and also contains the reproductive organs
lumbar region
the lower back area just above the hips
primary lymphoid tissue
the lymphoid tissues responsible for the creation and maturation of leukocytes and consisting of the bone marrow and thymus
therapeutic index (TI)
the ratio of the dose of a drug that produces a therapeutic effect and the dose that produces a lethal effect in animals (ED50/TD50)
primary motor cortex
the region of the cerebrum that controls the voluntary muscles on the opposite side of the body
Orbital Region
the region that consists of the cavity area of the skull in which the eye and its appendages are positioned
Facial Region
the region that includes the face and its structures
Frontal Region
the region that includes the forehead
laminectomy
the removal of a portion of a vertebra called the lamina, performed for a variety of possible reasons, for example to relieve pressure on spinal nerve roots
dental extraction
the removal of primary teeth
premium
the required regular payment that an individual agrees to pay to an insurance company in exchange for insurance coverage
pulse
the rhythmic expansion of an artery that occurs as the heart beats
femur
the scientific name for the long bone located in the thigh; also called the thighbone
tarsals
the short bones located inside the feet and ankles
carpals
the short bones that form the wrists
hair follicle
the small cavities from which hair grows
synapse
the small gap between the dendrite of one neuron and the axon terminal of another, across which the neurotransmitter flows to propagate a signal
immune cells
the smallest functional units working toward protecting the body from infection and harmful substances and including leukocytes and lymphocytes
capillary
the smallest of blood vessels, it receives blood from the arterial system and delivers it to the venous system while exchanging nutrients and wastes with nearby tissues
nerves
the specialized cells of the nervous system that transmit electrical signals back and forth between the brain and the rest of the body
jargon
the specialized technical language use in a profession
coverage
the specific group of healthcare services that an insurance provider is willing to reimburse healthcare providers for on behalf of their clients
metastasis
the spreading of cancer cells throughout the body
acute
a term used to describe the time scale and/or severity of a disease or disorder, which indicates a rapid onset, usually fast course (short duration), and often intense severity
chronic
a term used to describe the time scale and/or severity of a disease or disorder, which indicates a slow onset, usually slow course (long duration), and low severity
directional term
a term used to explain the relation of one or more body parts
creatinine clearance
a test of renal function that measures the amount of creatinine removed from the blood by the kidneys per unit of time
glomerular filtration rate (GFR)
a test of renal function that measures the flow of filtered fluid through the kidneys per unit of time; GFR is often estimated by measuring the creatinine clearance
fasting blood sugar (FBS)
a test of the blood's glucose (main body sugar) level taken after an eight- to twelve-hour period of fasting; the primary test used to detect diabetes
caloric reflex test
a test of the vestibular system performed by irrigating the external ear canal with warm or cold water
cardiac stress test
a test that involves the continuous recording of measures such as heart rate, the electrocardiogram, and blood pressure while the patient exercises to evaluate the health of the heart
heart biopsy
a test that involves the taking of a small sample of heart tissue to evaluate the health of the heart muscle
blood urea nitrogen (BUN)
a test that measures the amount of urea in the blood
Dopper flow study
a test that uses sound waves to generate images to evaluate blood vessels and blood flow; named for the Austrian physicist Christian Doppler
echocardiogram
a test that uses sound waves to generate images to evaluate the structure of the heart
tympanometry
a test used to characterize the mobility of the tympanic membrane and ossicles
angiogram
a test used to evaluate the health of an artery by taking X-ray images while injecting into the artery a substance that can be seen by the X-ray
radiation therapy
a therapeutic method that kills cancerous cells
phototherapy
a therapeutic method that uses UV radiation for treating cancerous cells
chemotherapy
a therapeutic method used to treat cancers with chemicals
lotion
a thick, liquid mixture of a drug in a water base
cream
a thick, semisolid mixture of a drug in a base of about 50% oil and 50% water
ointment
a thick, semisolid mixture of a drug in a base of about 80% oil and 20% water
vagina
a thin-walled tube that extends from the cervix to the exterior of the body; also known as the birth canal
Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine (DO)
a title that is equivalent to an MD, but focuses more on holistic and alternative solutions to medical issues
preferred provider organization (PPO)
a type of health insurance in which a group of healthcare providers accept reduced rates for services from the insurance providers on behalf of the plan members
Hodgkin's disease
a type of lymphoma that can often be successfully treated with a combination of chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and bone marrow transplant
positron emission tomography
a type of medical imaging that uses a harmless radioactive substance, injected into the bloodstream, to generate 3-D images for diagnostic purposes
magnetic resonance imaging
a type of medical imaging that uses strong magnetic forces to generate signals a computer can assemble into a 2-D or 3-D image of a body structure
antihistamine
a type of medication that blocks the effects of histamine, a compound released by the body that causes the signs and symptoms of allergic reactions
dendritic cell
a type of specialized monocyte that has the ability to phagocytize
cartilage
a type of spongy tissue
lymphocyte
a type of white blood cell important for fighting viruses and cancers and for creating antibodies
granulocyte
a type of white blood cell that contains granules of chemicals that are used to fight threats, such as pathogens
monocyte
a type of white blood cell that is capable of phagocytosis
acronyms
a type of word that is composed of the first letters of other words
short bone
a variety of bone characterized by a cube-like structure having similar length, width, and height
long bone
a variety of bone characterized by a narrow, hollow shaft filled with red and yellow bone marrow
flat bone
a variety of bone characterized by its flat shape and three-tiered composition of compact and spongy bone
irregular bone
a variety of bone that cannot be characterized as being a long, short, or flat bone
Coronal plane
a vertical plane that divides the body into front and back halves
Sagittal plane
a vertical plane that divides the body into left and right halves
lymph vessel
a vessel that returns lymph to the general circulation, filtering the fluid as it passes
retrovirus
a virus group that copies the host cell's RNA
human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)
a virus that infects cells that are necessary for the proper functioning of the immune system
-scopy
a visual examination
hytseroscopy
a visual examination of the uterus
urea
a waste product of metabolism that is excreted into the urine
creatinine
a waste product of muscle metabolism that is excreted into the urine
thiamine
a water-soluble B vitamin that, when deficient, can lead to a variety of neurological problems
drug class
a way of organizing medicines into different categories
leukocyte
a white blood cell, which forms part of the immune system that protects the body from foreign material and organisms
prefix
a word part added to the beginning of a word, and often used to indicate location, time, or present status
suffix
a word part that is added to the ending of a root word to form a new term
eponyms
a word that is derived from someone's proper name, typically the discoverer or inventor of the concept the word refers to
requisition
a written request for a health record
secondary lymphoid tissue
the lymphoid tissues that form the front lines of the immune system, encountering and processing the dangers, and consisting of the lymph nodes, spleen, tonsils, and adenoids
androgen
the male hormone that is responsible for the development of male characteristics
penis
the male sexual organ, specialized for the delivery of semen
health information management (HIM)
the management of patient healthcare data of all types
pituitary gland
the master gland that controls how all other glands in the endocrine system release their hormones; also known as the hypophysis
refraction
the measurement and correction of the eye's focusing system using corrective lenses
tonometry
the measurement of intraocular pressure
oncology
the medical specialty that focuses on cancer
urinalysis
the microscopic and chemical analysis of urine to detect abnormalities characteristic of certain diseases
menstrual cycle
the monthly cycle of changes that take place in the female body to support reproduction
ovulation
the monthly release of ova from the ovary during childbearing years; controlled by hormonal signals
basal cell carcinoma
the most common skin cancer, originating in the stratum basale, which is the deepest epidermal layer
data quality management model
an AHIMA concept that standardizes data storage, maintenance, and organization according to ten quality characteristics
electronic medication administration record (EMAR)
an EHR system for medication management that uses the CDR database
neoplasm
an abnormal growth of cells that may or may not form a tumor (solid mass), and may or may not be malignant (cancerous)
neoplasm
an abnormal growth of cells that may or may not form a tumor and may or may not be malignant
arrhythmia
an abnormal heart rhythm, either too fast, too slow, and/or irregular
stenosis
an abnormal narrowing, such as that found in diseased blood vessels or heart valves
mania
an abnormally elevated mental state characterized by changes in mood, activity, and energy, such as inflated self-esteem, talkativeness, less need for sleep, racing thoughts, impulsivity, and poor judgment
polymyositis
an acquired disorder causing widespread muscle inflammation, pain, and weakness
fibromyalgia
an acquired disorder involving widespread muscle soreness, fatigue, and depression
Lasik
an acronym that stands for Laser-Assisted in situ Keratomileusis, which is the surgical reshaping of the cornea intended to correct certain refractive (focus) problems
aldosterone
an adrenal gland hormone that instructs nephrons to increase reabsorption of salt and water, helping to raise blood pressure
nurse practitioner (NP)
an advanced practice registered nurse who has a master's degree or PhD in nursing
regulatory agency
an agency that writes the regulations intended to enforce a law
peritoneal dialysis
an alternative to dialysis by blood filtration; it involves injecting a volume of fluid into the peritoneal (abdominal) cavity, followed by its removal a few hours later after it has acquired a load of metabolic wastes
deductible
an amount of money that must be paid out by a member of an insurance plan before the insurance company will offer reimbursement
plasma cell
an antibody-producing B-cell
electrolytes
an atom or molecule that gains an electrical charge when dissolved in a solution like water
Guillain-Barré syndrome
an autoimmune disease in which one's own immune system attacks the insulation covering the nerves in the peripheral nervous system, causing paralysis; it is named after the nineteenth-century French physicians Georges Guillain and Jean Alexandre Barré
myasthenia gravis
an autoimmune disease of unknown cause that causes muscle weakness and fatigue
rheumatoid arthritis (RA)
an autoimmune disease of unknown cause that typically affects the small joints in the hands, feet, and neck
multiple sclerosis (MS)
an autoimmune disorder in which the immune system attacks tissues in the brain and spinal cord
Grave's disease
an autoimmune disorder of unknown cause that leads to overactivity of the thyroid gland
celiac disease
an autoimmune disorder triggered by dietary exposure to a protein found in wheat and characterized by intestinal symptoms and poor absorption of nutrients
symptom
an effect of disease or disorder as experienced by the patient (e.g., aches and pains, weakness, etc.)
pacemaker
an electrical device that can sense cardiac electrical activity and deliver pulses of electricity to the heart muscle to initiate contractions to maintain an acceptable rhythm
action potential
an electrical signal sent by a neuron down its axon to stimulate the release of neurotransmitter by the axon terminal
bicarbonate
an electrolyte that is important to the body's pH homeostasis system
clinical information system (CIS)
an electronic database that stores important healthcare information, such as health records and prescriptions
cardiac monitor
an electronic device that is attached to a patient in order to visualize, over time, the rate and rhythm of his or her heart; alarms can be set based on abnormal readings
cochlear implant
an electronic device that is surgically implanted into the cochlea, or hearing organ in the inner ear, for persons with severe hearing loss
thyroid
an endocrine gland located in the throat that produces hormones that control metabolism and cell development
pancreas
an endocrine organ located in the lower abdomen that releases insulin
renin
an enzyme produced by the kidney that activates angiotensin, thereby raising one's blood pressure
International Classification of Diseases for Oncology (ICD-O)
an extension of the ICD for use in classifying neoplasms
electrophysiology study
an extensive study of the electrical activity of the heart using recording probes passed into the heart via an artery
eclampsia
an extreme case of preeclampsia; can also include convulsions and coma
infectious disease
an illness caused by an infectious particle that can be transmitted from person to person
sonogram
an image made using sound waves; e.g., a kidney sonogram to check for the presence of kidney stones
cystogram
an image of the urinary bladder made using X-rays and a liquid placed in the bladder that appears in an X-ray
intravenous pyelogram
an image of the urinary system made using X-rays and a liquid injected into a vein that is excreted into the urine, where it appears in an X-ray
immunodeficiency
an immune disorder characterized by a weakened immune system
allergy
an immune response to a normally harmless environmental substance
inflammation
an immune response to injury characterized by increased blood flow, redness, warmth, swelling, and pain
autoimmune disease
an immune system disease characterized by a breakdown in the system's ability to differentiate between self and nonself tissues that causes the system to mistakenly attack tissues of the body
patient
an individual who requires medical attention
access to care
an individual's ability to receive medical care based on factors like availability, location, cost, and ability to pay
lymphadenitis
an infection of a lymph node, typically caused by a virus or bacterium
urinary tract infection (UTI)
an infection of any organ of the urinary system
folliculitis
an infection of hair follicles
osteomyelitis
an infection of the bone caused by bacteria
polio
an infection of the muscles, particularly of the legs
Healthcare-associated infection
an infection that a patient acquires while being treated at a healthcare facility for a different ailment
opportunistic infection
an infection that takes advantage of reduced immune defenses
rheumatoid arthritis
an inflammatory condition that disfigures and destroys joints, especially joints of the hands and spine
microscope
an instrument that uses shaped lenses to magnify and study microscopic samples
stethoscope
an instrument used to listen to internal body sounds such as the heartbeat or intestinal activity
private insurance
an insurance plan in which patients pay monthly premiums for healthcare coverage, and submit claims for reimbursement
World Health Organization (WHO)
an international agency that works to ensure that health care is available to people worldwide
Midpupillary Line
an invisible vertical line that passes through the midpoint of the eye
plaque
an itchy red patch of skin with a dry, scaly surface
sign
an observable effect of disease that medical professionals can visualize or detect, such as swelling or color changes
sebum
an oily substance produced by sebaceous glands to protect skin and hair
spleen
an organ in the left upper abdomen that serves to filter blood, stores a reserve of red blood cells, and functions like a large lymph node
thymus
an organ made of lymphoid tissue that is specialized to prepare certain new lymphocytes that were created in the bone marrow to do their job
erectile organ
an organ that can fill with blood and become larger in size when stimulated
gonad
an organ that produces haploid sex cells; a testicle or an ovary
gland
an organ that releases chemical substances, such as hormones, into the body
healthcare system
an organized network that delivers medical care services
nomenclature
an organized system of words for use in a particular field
renal capsule
an outer covering of tough connective tissue and fat that gives kidneys their shape
fetus
an unborn child developing in the uterus
adverse effect
an unintended harmful effect of a medical treatment
side effect
an unintended, often problematic outcome of a treatment
bilateral symmetry
anatomical parts that are the same on both sides of the plane
inferior
anatomy located away from the head or toward the lower body
superior
anatomy located toward the head or upper part of the body
nail plate
another name for the actual finger or toenail
fluoroquinolone
antibiotic drug that kills foreign bacteria in the body by inhibiting DNA replication
penicillin
antibiotic drug that kills foreign bacteria in the body by inhibiting bacterial cell wall synthesis
tetracycline
antibiotic drug that kills foreign bacteria in the body by inhibiting protein synthesis
Anatomical position
the standard way the body is positioned when using anatomical terminology (standing, with feet slightly apart, arms to the side, and the head, eyes, and palms of the hands facing forward)
mental health
the state of a person's emotional and psychological well-being; can also refer to a branch of medicine that deals with such well-being; also known as behavioral health
orthopedics
the study and treatment of musculoskeletal diseases and injuries
pathology
the study of disease and the way it affects the functions of the body
pharmacology
the study of drugs and their actions
Surface Anatomy
the study of external configurations of the body as they relate to internal structures
toxicology
the study of harmful effects of drugs
pharmacodynamics
the study of how drugs produce their effects
pharmacogenetics
the study of how genetic variations among people affect their responses to drugs
pharmacotherapy
the study of the medical uses of drugs
pharmacokinetics
the study of what happens to a drug while in the body
Occipital Region
the subregion of the cranial region that is located at the back of the head and contains the parts of the brain that control sight
acute renal failure
the sudden failure of the kidneys
genome
the sum of all of an organism's DNA
-pexy
the surgical fixation (fastening in a fixed position)
nerve release
the surgical freeing of a compressed nerve, for example in carpal tunnel release surgery to treat carpal tunnel syndrome
spinal fusion
the surgical joining of two or more adjacent vertebrae to treat spinal deformities or abnormal spinal mobility that is causing pain
disectomy
the surgical removal of a portion of an intervertebral disc, which is a flexible tissue found between vertebrae that can bulge or rupture, compressing nearby nerves and causing pain
kidney biopsy
the surgical removal of a small sample of kidney tissue, typically using a special needle inserted through the skin, in order to diagnose conditions such as cancer
lithotomy
the surgical removal of a stone; e.g., a kidney stone
cystectomy
the surgical removal of all or part of the urinary bladder
prostatectomy
the surgical removal of part of the prostate
adrenalectomy
the surgical removal of the adrenal gland, which sits atop the kidney and secretes a variety of hormones
splenectomy
the surgical removal of the spleen
thymectomy
the surgical removal of the thymus, for example as part of the treatment for myasthenia gravis
tonsillectomy
the surgical removal of the tonsils
corneal transplant
the surgical replacement of a portion of the cornea using tissue obtained from an organ donor
kidney transplant
the surgical transfer of a kidney from one person to another
endocrine system
the system of the body that is responsible for growth, development, metabolism, and homeostasis (a stable internal state)
data quality characteristics
the ten AHIMA data quality characteristics that require data to be accurate, accessible, comprehensive, consistent, current, defined, granular, precise, relevant, and timely
iris
the thin, colored, circular structure in the eye that controls the amount of light entering the eye by contracting and expanding
puberty
the time of life when a child's body matures and becomes capable of sexual reproduction
menopause
the time of life when a woman's ovaries gradually stop producing female hormones and releasing ova, resulting in the end of her reproductive capacity
half-life
the time required for the drug concentration in the blood to decrease from 100% to 50%
nail matrix
the tissue at the base of the nail from which the nail originates
lymphoid tissues and organs
the tissues and organs that work with the immune system to defend the body, including the thymus, bone marrow, lymph nodes, spleen, tonsils, adenoids, and other structures
cornea
the transparent front-most part of the eye that helps the lens focus light on the retina
surgery
the treatment or investigation of disease through cutting or manipulation of the body
renal arteries
the two arteries that branch off the abdominal aorta and end at the kidneys, supplying them with blood to filter
kidneys
the two bean-shaped organs responsible for filtering blood to remove wastes
renal veins
the two veins that carry the filtered, or purified, blood from each kidney back to the circulatory system at the vena cava
nausea
the urge to vomit
chemotherapy
the use of chemical agents to treat diseases, such as cancer
active transport
the use of energy by absorptive cells to carry nutrients from one side of the membrane to the other, where they are deposited into capillaries
therapeutic use
the use of pharmaceutical drugs to control, improve, or cure diseases
cystoscopy
the visualization of the inside of the bladder using a tiny camera mounted on the tip of a long, flexible tube inserted into the bladder via the urethra
ureteroscopy
the visualization of the inside of the ureter using a tiny camera mounted on the tip of a long, flexible tube
cardiac output (CO)
the volume of blood pumped by the heart in one minute
osteoarthritis
the wearing down and dysfunction of joints
tympanic thermometer
thermometer with a specially designed tip that is placed into the external opening of the ear canal to obtain a body temperature reading
cilia
thin, hair-like structures that stick out of cells
ossicles
three tiny connected bones in the middle ear that transmit sound vibrations from the tympanic membrane to the inner ear
alveoli
tiny air sacs with thin walls located at the end of bronchioles
head lice
tiny insects that live on the skin covering the top of the head
muscles
tissues that contract to help move different parts of the body
upper extremities
upper area of the human body that includes the shoulder, forearm, elbow, arm, wrist, and hand
e.m.p.
use as directed; this means patients must take the medication exactly as directed
diagnostic use
use of pharmaceutical drugs with medical tests to provide evidence of a disease process
placenta previa
abnormal implantation of the placenta
oligospermia
abnormally low sperm count in semen
bradypnea
abnormally slow rate of respiration
anorchism
absence of one or both testes
hydrocele
accumulation of fluid in the scrotum
ovum (plural ova)
female sex cell
bed rest (BR)
Bed rest is an order requiring consistent rest time in bed.
carcin(o)
Carcin means an abnormal growth or tumor. It can also mean an open sore on or in the body, called an ulcer. Carcin(o) is its combining form. For example, a carcinoma is a type of cancer, or disease resulting from abnormal cells multiplying uncontrollably to grow tumors in the body.
cardi(o)
Cardi means heart. Cardi(o) is its combining form. For example, cardiomyopathy is a disease or deterioration of the muscle tissue of the heart.
HIV
HIV stands for human immunodeficiency virus, the harmful agent that causes people to get AIDS
brady-
a prefix that means slow For example, bradycardia means a slow heartbeat.
-centesis
a surgical puncture to aspirate or remove fluid
EEG
abbreviation for electroencephalogram
MRI
abbreviation for magnetic resonance imaging
Rx:
abbreviation for prescription
TIA
abbreviation for transient ischemic attack
PO
abbreviation meaning "by mouth"
chronic renal failure
gradual failure of the kidneys over a period of time
sleep apnea syndromes
group of disorders in which breathing stops during sleeping
tissue
group of many cells performing the same function
symmetry
matching form and configuration on opposite sides of a plane
bronchi
one of the main tubes for air passage into the lungs
periodontist
specialist in the tissue surrounding and supporting the teeth
Langerhans cells
specialized cells that are vital to immune response
kerainocytes
specialized skin cells that produce keratin
melanocytes
specialized skin cells that produce melanin
alopecia areata
spot baldness, a type of alopecia with a genetic and autoimmune basis
-(s)tomy
-(s)tomy means the creation of an opening. For example, a colostomy is an opening created from the colon (large intestine) to the outside of the body to permit the passage of stool
-gnosis
-gnosis means knowledge. For example, diagnosis refers to the ability to characterize and identify a disease or disorder.
-algia
-algia means pain. For example, myalgia refers to muscle pain.
-cidal, -cide
-cidal and -cide mean killing. For example, fungicide is a substance that kills fungi.
-crine
-crine means to secrete, or to produce and release a substance. For example, endocrine refers to the body system that secretes substances into the bloodstream.
-cyte
-cyte means cell, which is the smallest building block of the body. For example, leukocytes are white blood cells.
-ectomy
-ectomy means removal of. For example, mastectomy refers to the surgical removal of breast tissue.
-emia
-emia means blood condition. For example, anemia is a decrease in the number of red blood cells.
-globin
-globin means containing protein. For example, hemoglobin is a protein in red blood cells that allows blood to carry oxygen.
-ism
-ism means condition or process. For example, an embolism is a condition in which a mass, called an embolus, is blocking a blood vessel.
-itis
-itis means inflammation or infection. For example, tonsillitis is an inflammation of the tonsils.
-lepsis/-lepsy
-lepsis and -lepsy mean an attack or seizure. For example, epilepsy is a condition characterized by seizures.
-logist
-logist means specialist in the field. For example, an oncologist is a physician who specializes in studying cancer.
-logy
-logy means study or practice of a certain field. For example, oncology is the study of cancer.
-lysis
-lysis means destruction or separation. For example, paralysis refers to the inability to move or control certain body parts.
-meter
-meter means an instrument used to measure. For example, a thermometer measures temperature.
-oma
-oma means tumor, collection, or mass. For example, a hematoma is a collection of blood outside the blood vessels.
-opsy
-opsy means to view. For example, a biopsy is a view of cells extracted from a person.
-osis
-osis means condition or disease. For example, neurosis refers to a mental disorder.
-pathy
-pathy means disease or disorder. For example, neuropathy is a disease that affects the nerves.
-phobia
-phobia means a fear of. For example, agoraphobia is the fear of crowds and people.
-plasty
-plasty means surgical repair. For example, rhinoplasty is the surgical repair of the nose
-rrhage
-rrhage means bursting. For example, a hemorrhage is heavy bleeding due to the breaking or bursting of blood vessels.
-rrhea
-rrhea means discharge or flow. For example, rhinorrhea is the excessive discharge of mucus from the nose.
-scope
-scope means an instrument used for viewing or measuring. For example, a stethoscope is used to listen to a person's heartbeat
-scopy
-scopy means the use of an instrument for viewing. For example, an endoscopy is the procedure of viewing the esophagus or stomach
-sis
-sis means a state of, or condition. For example, pneumoconiosis is a lung disease caused by the inhalation of dust
-trophy
-trophy means nourishment or development. For example, hypertrophy is the enlargement of organs or tissues via an increase of size in their component cells
-y
-y means condition or process of. For example, surgery is an invasive medical technique used to diagnose or treat disorders or conditions
cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR)
Cardiopulmonary resuscitation is an emergency procedure administered to a patient whose heart has stopped beating.
complete bed rest (CBR)
Complete bed rest is an order requiring that a patient remain in bed at all times.
lyso-
Lyso- means dissolve or dissolution. For example, lysosomes are parts of cells that dissolve or break down waste.
computer axial tomography (CAT)
Computer axial tomography is an imaging technique that uses invisible energy waves to obtain cross-sectional images of the body.
lysosomes
Lysosomes are organelles that break down waste material in the cell.
alert, awake, and oriented (AAO)
Alert, awake, and oriented patients are awake, know who and where they are, recognize those around them, and know the date and time.
carbohydrate
A carbohydrate is a biological dietary compound made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen that provides energy for the body.
molecule
A molecule is two or more atoms joined together by sharing electrons
neutron
A neutron is a subatomic particle that is electrically neutral.
nuclear envelope
A nuclear envelope is a double-layer membrane surrounding the contents of the nucleus.
nucleic acid
A nucleic acid is the molecular unit of polymers, such as DNA and RNA, that transmits genetic information.
proton
A proton is a positively charged subatomic particle, the number of which determine the type of element the atom is
receptor
A receptor is a molecule that receives and transmits a signal
a- or an-
A- or an- means no, or without. For example, asepsis means without pathogens, or the state of being free from pathogens.
AD
AD stands for Alzheimer's disease, a degenerative disease that affects the functions of the brain and nervous system, leading to memory loss, forgetfulness, and irrational behavior.
ADD and ADHD
ADD and ADHD stand for attention deficit disorder and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, respectively, a class of disorders that affect a person's ability to concentrate on specific tasks.
AIDS
AIDS stands for acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, a disease in which the body is unable to fight to stay healthy.
AMI
AMI stands for acute myocardial infarction, which is formal medical terminology to describe a heart attack, a type of heart failure
ab-
Ab- means away from. For example, abduction is movement of a limb away from the midline of the body.
ad lib
Ad lib means as desired, indicating that something is not restricted and may be done as the patient wishes.
ad-
Ad- means toward. For example, adduction is movement of a limb toward the midline of the body.
advanced cardiac life support (ACLS)
Advanced cardiac life support is a series of life-sustaining procedures administered in response to major heart traumas
advanced life support (ALS)
Advanced life support is a series of procedures administered to a patient to sustain vital life processes, such as breathing and heartbeat.
afebrile (afeb)
Afebrile indicates no fever and denotes a patient with a normal body temperature of approximately 98.6°F.
amino acids
Amino acids are organic compounds that are the building blocks of proteins.
effector
An effector is a muscle, organ, or gland that responds to stimulus on a nerve impulse
electron
An electron is a negatively charged subatomic particle
organelle
An organelle is a membrane-bound structure in the cell, such as a mitochondrion, a lysosome, or the nucleus, that performs a specific function.
angi(o)
Angi means blood vessel. Angi(o) is its combining form. For example, angiography is a technique for producing images of the insides of blood vessels.
arteri(o)
Arteri means artery. Arteri(o) is its combining form. For example, arteriosclerosis is a hardening of the arteries.
arthr(o)
Arthr means joint. Arthr(o) is its combining form. For example, arthritis is the inflammation of one or more joints.
as needed (PRN)
As needed indicates that a medication should be dispensed as needed by the patient.
as tolerated (as tol)
As tolerated indicates that an activity can be done as long as it does not cause the patient discomfort.
atom
Atoms are the building blocks of molecules.
audi(o)
Audi means sound or to hear. Audi(o) is its combining form. For example, an audiologist is a doctor who specializes in hearing
aut(o)-
Aut- means self. Aut(o) is its combining form. For example, an autograft is a surgery using one's own skin to make the repair.
BA
BA stands for bronchial asthma, a condition in which the lungs become irritated, making it hard for an individual to breathe.
bathroom privileges (BRP)
Bathroom privileges indicate that a patient has permission to use bathroom facilities unsupervised and at his or her own discretion.
bio
Bio means life. For example, a biologist studies life and living things.
biomolecules
Biomolecules are molecules that make up living tissue, mostly made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.
blood pressure (B/P)
Blood pressure describes the pressure of the blood against the tubes that it travels through.
blood sugar (BS)
Blood sugar refers to the amount of glucose in a patient's blood.
brady-
Brady- means slow. For example, bradycardia refers to a slow heartbeat
bronch(i)(o)
Bronchi means the air passages of the lungs. Bronch(i)(o) is its combining form. For example, bronchitis is an inflammation of the air passages of the lungs.
CA
CA stands for cancer, a condition that describes the uncontrolled growth of cells in the body.
CAD or CHD
CAD or CHD stands for coronary artery/heart disease, a condition caused by the obstruction of blood flow in the body.
CF
CF stands for cystic fibrosis, an inheritable disease that causes a build-up of mucus in the body, leading to organ damage.
CHF
CHF stands for congestive heart failure, a condition in which the heart can no longer sufficiently pump blood throughout the body and oxygen-rich blood can no longer be supplied to the heart.
COPD
COPD stands for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, a chronic condition that results in difficulty breathing because the passages in the lungs that transfer air become clogged and misshapen.
chem(o)-
Chem- means chemistry or drug. Chem(o) is its combining form. For example, chemotherapy is a drug treatment used to treat cancer.
chief complaint (CC)
Chief complaint indicates the reason the patient is seeking medical attention.
chromatin
Chromatin is a combination of DNA and proteins that come together to make up chromosomes before cell division.
breech presentation
Condition in which the feet of an infant present before the head during birth
crine
Crine means secrete or release. For example, endocrinology is the study of how organs in the body secrete or release chemicals throughout the body.
cyt(o)
Cyt means cell. Cyt(o) is its combining form. For example, cytology is the study of cells. Cells are the most basic units of life.
cytoplasm
Cytoplasm is fluid material that gives support to the cell and can be found between the plasma membrane and the nucleus.
DM
DM stands for diabetes mellitus, a disease in which the body has difficulty managing and regulating levels of sugar in the bloodstream
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
Deoxyribonucleic acid encodes the genetic material of the cell.
derm(a)(t)(o)
Derm means skin. Derm(a)(t)(o) is its combining form. For example, dermatologists are medical doctors who specialize in the health of the skin.
dia-
Dia- means complete or through. For example, diagnosis refers to a complete state of knowledge for the purposes of identifying a disease.
diffusion
Diffusion is the passive movement of different types of molecules that achieves an equal concentration after being randomly distributed.
dis-
Dis- means to separate or take apart. For example, dissection refers to cutting open an organism to observe its internal structures. Dis- can also be used to mean: lack, as in distrust or disorientation reversal, as in disconnect
discharge against medical advice (DAMA)
Discharge against medical advice is used on a discharge order to indicate that the patient requested to leave a medical facility although the medical supervisor advised against it.
do not resuscitate (DNR)
Do not resuscitate is a signed legal order that states that a patient is not to be administered life-saving procedures if the heart or breathing stops.
dys-
Dys- means abnormal or painful. For example, dysentery is the name of a disease that causes inflammation of the intestine, and is quite painful.
electr
Electr means electricity. For example, electrocardiography is the measurement of electrical impulses in the heart.
electrocardiogram (ECG/EKG)
Electrocardiogram is a measurement of the electrical activity of the heart over a period of time.
electroencephalogram (EEG)
Electroencephalogram is a measurement of the brain's spontaneous electrical activity over a period of time.
emergency procedures
Emergency procedures are actions performed in a hospital or at the scene of an emergency when someone requires immediate medical care.
MD
MD stands for muscular dystrophy, a group of muscle diseases that weaken and interfere with movement.
encephal(o)
Encephal means brain. Encephal(o) is its combining form. For example, encephalitis is an inflammation of the brain.
endo-
Endo- means inside or within. For example, endoscopy is a method of visualizing internal organs with a camera.
epi-/exo-
Epi- and exo- both mean outside or outside of. For example, epicardium is the outer heart tissue, and exoskeleton is a skeletal structure found on the outside of an organism
eu-
Eu- means good or normal. For example, euglycemia refers to a normal level of blood sugar.
lymph(o)
Lymph means a colorless fluid containing white blood cells that drains into the bloodstream. Lymph(o) is its combining form. For example, lymphoma is a cancer of the lymph nodes and lymph cells.
FAS
FAS stands for fetal alcohol syndrome, a group of mental or physical defects that can develop in an unborn baby from the mother's alcohol consumption during pregnancy
FBOA
FBOA stands for foreign-body obstructed airway, an airway that has been obstructed by a foreign object, usually because the object has been swallowed
FUO
FUO stands for fever of unknown origin, a diagnosis noted when a patient has a temperature of 101ºF or more several times over the course of three weeks and doctors cannot determine the cause
fasting blood work (FBW)
Fasting blood work is blood work taken after several hours of fasting, or not eating.
Fx
Fx stands for fracture, a specific way that a bone has been broken
gastr(o)
Gastr means stomach. Gastr(o) is its combining form. For example, a gastric bypass is a type of weight-loss surgery in which the stomach is divided into smaller sections.
glyc(o)
Glyc means sugar, also known as glucose. Glyc(o) is its combining form. For example, hypoglycemia refers to low levels of glucose in the blood.
HPV
HPV stands for human papillomavirus, the virus that can cause warts, which are growths on the skin
heart rate (HR or BPM)
Heart rate is a measure of how many times the heart beats in a minute.
hemat(o)
Hemat means blood. Hemat(o) is its combining form. For example, hematology is the study of blood and blood disorders
hepat(o)
Hepat means the liver. Hepat(o) is its combining form. For example, hepatitis is an inflammation of the liver.
hist(o)
Hist means tissue. Tissues are collections of cells. Hist(o) is its combining form. For example, histology is the study of tissues.
History (Hx)
History refers to a patient's medical history.
homeostasis
Homeostasis is the ability or tendency of an organism to stabilize its internal environment
homeostatic imbalance
Homeostatic imbalance is a disturbance in equilibrium due to a disruption in the external environment.
homeostatic regulation
Homeostatic regulation is the process that maintains physiological equilibrium that is controlled through the nervous and endocrine systems.
hydrophilic
Hydrophilic describes water-loving or water-soluble molecules, such as proteins or carbohydrates, that form hydrogen bonds with water.
hydrophobic
Hydrophobic describes water-hating or water-insoluble molecules, such as fats and lipids, that cannot form hydrogen bonds.
hyper-
Hyper- means above or above normal. For example, hypertension refers to high blood pressure.
hypo-
Hypo- means under or below normal. For example, hypoglycemia refers to low blood sugar.
IBD
IBD stands for inflammatory bowel disease, a group of inflammatory conditions in the intestines
IBS
IBS stands for irritable bowel syndrome, a disorder of the digestive system characterized by chronic bloating, discomfort, abdominal pain, and altered bowel habits
inter-
Inter- means between or among. For example, intercellular means between or among cells
keep vein open (KVO)
Keep vein open indicates that a catheter inserted into a blood vein should be kept at a constant drip rate.
LD
LD stands for learning disability, any number of diagnosable disabilities that affect a person's ability to learn specific skills, such as reading, writing, speaking, or math
lipids
Lipids are hydrophobic molecules that store energy and act as structural modules of cell membranes.
loss of consciousness (LOC)
Loss of consciousness indicates that the patient at some point lost awareness and could not respond to cues.
MS
MS stands for multiple sclerosis, a condition in which the body cannot properly send electrical messages to various parts, thereby limiting functionality.
macro-
Macro- means large. For example, macrophages are large cells.
magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
Magnetic resonance imaging is an imaging technique that uses magnets to obtain structural or functional images of the body.
mal-
Mal- means bad or ill. For example, malignant refers to a growth that is cancerous, made up of abnormal cells multiplying uncontrollably.
medical orders
Medical orders are instructions to medical staff.
medical procedures
Medical procedures are actions performed on a patient, which can include tests using sophisticated medical technology.
membrane transport
Membrane transport is the movement of molecules across a membrane barrier.
micro-
Micro- means small. For example, a microscope is a tool used by scientists to view small body parts, such as tissues and cells.
mono-
Mono- means single or one. For example, a monolayer refers to a structure with only one layer.
onc(o)
Onc means tumor. Onc(o) is its combining form. For example, oncologists study tumors and cancer.
my(o)
My means muscle. My(o) is its combining form. For example, myopathy is a disease of the muscle tissue
negative feedback
Negative feedback is a response in the opposite direction of a disruption that can support homeostasis
neo-
Neo- means new. For example, a neonate is a newborn.
neur(o)
Neur means nervous system, which is the entire nerve apparatus of the body. Neur(o) is its combining form. For example, neurology is the study of the nervous system.
neurophysiology
Neurophysiology is the study of the function of the nervous system
no added salt(NAS)
No added salt indicates that a patient should not be given additional salt at meals.
no known allergies (NKA)
No known allergies describes a patient who has no recorded or known allergies.
nothing by mouth (NPO)
Nothing by mouth is a medical order instructing medical staff to not allow the patient to ingest any substances orally.
nucleoli
Nucleoli are structures within the nucleus of a cell where ribosomes are created
OA
OA stands for osteoarthritis, a disorder that results in the degeneration of joints, which are the locations where bones connect in the body.
OCD
OCD stands for obsessive-compulsive disorder, a mental health disorder characterized by obsessive behaviors meant to ease anxieties.
osmosis
Osmosis is the tendency of molecules to diffuse across a membrane, causing equal concentrations on both sides of the membrane.
oste(o)
Oste means bone. Oste(o) is its combining form. For example, osteoporosis is the thinning and loss of bone over time.
out of bed (OOB)
Out of bed indicates that a patient should get out of bed for a particular activity, or just for the exercise of getting out of bed.
PD
PD stands for Parkinson's disease, a degenerative condition of the central nervous system that causes a loss of muscle control.
PE
PE stands for pulmonary embolism, the blockage of one of the main parts of the lungs, which are the parts of the body that support breathing.
para-
Para- means beside, beyond, around, or abnormal. For example, parathyroid glands are small glands next to, or beside, the thyroid
path(o)
Path means disease. Path(o) is its combining form. For example, pathology is the study of disease.
peroxisomes
Peroxisomes are organelles that break down cell components and protect cells from toxic materials
phagocyte
Phagocyte a type of white blood cell that is capable of ingesting and destroying harmful substances and pathogens.
pharmac(o)
Pharmac means drug or medication. Pharmac(o) is its combining form. For example, pharmacology is the study of drugs and medication.
postmarket surveillance
Phase IV clinical trials that take place after the FDA has approved the drug for use
phleb(o)
Phleb means veins. Phleb(o) is its combining form. For example, phlebotomists are healthcare professionals who draw blood from veins.
physi(o)
Physi means nature, origin, or function. Physi(o) is its combining form. Example, physiology is the study of the function of living organisms.
physiology
Physiology is the branch of biology that deals with the functioning of living organisms
poly-
Poly- means many, or more than usual. For example, polydipsia means excessive thirst, where dipsa is a Greek root word meaning thirst.
positive feedback
Positive feedback is the amplification and stimulation of a response to an external signal.
positron emission tomography (PET)
Positron emission tomography is an imaging technique that produces a three-dimensional image of a functional process in the body.
post-
Post- means after or behind. For example, postmortem means after death.
pre-
Pre- means before. For example, preoperative means before an operation
prescription (Rx)
Prescription indicates the drugs a patient is currently taking or has formerly been ordered to take
pro-
Pro- means before. For example, prognosis means a prediction of the course of a disease, based on medical knowledge, before it happens.
prognosis (Px)
Prognosis is an indication of the probable course or outcome of a patient's disease or condition.
pulmon(o)
Pulmon means lungs. Pulmon(o) is its combining form. For example, pulmonary embolism is a blockage in an artery leading to the lung.
range of motion (ROM)
Range of motion is a description of the ability of a patient to move his or her joints
re-
Re- means again or backward. For example, relapse refers to a recurrence of a past condition.
Ribonucleic acid (RNA)
Ribonucleic acid transmits the information encoded in DNA to other organelles
ribosomes
Ribosomes are molecular machines that decode RNA into proteins built from amino acids.
SIDS
SIDS stands for sudden infant death syndrome, the sudden death of an infant that has no known medical history or cause
STI
STI stands for sexually transmitted infection, any number of diseases that are transmitted through human sexual behaviors.
schiz(o)-
Schiz means split. Schiz(o) is the combining form. For example, schizophrenia refers to a mental disorder in which mental functions become split and confused.
stat
Stat means immediately, indicating that an order should be executed with no delay.
sub-
Sub- means below or under. For example, subcutaneous refers to something below the skin.
subatomic particles
Subatomic particles are particles that are smaller than the atom, such as protons, neutrons, and electrons
supra-
Supra- means above or excessive. For example, suprapatellar refers to the area above the patella or kneecap.
TB
TB stands for tuberculosis, an infectious and sometimes fatal disease that affects the lungs.
tachy-
Tachy- means fast. For example, tachycardia is a fast heartbeat
Golgi apparatus
The Golgi apparatus is an organelle that processes proteins to export them from the cell or to release them into parts of the body.
b.i.d.
The abbreviation b.i.d. means twice a day, indicating that a prescription should be taken twice a day.
mitochondrion
The mitochondrion is the organelle that processes fats and carbohydrates to release energy
nucleus
The nucleus is the organelle that contains the cell's genetic material.
plasma membrane
The plasma membrane is the outer envelope of the cell that acts as a barrier to the external environment, allowing nutrients to enter the cell and waste to leave the cell.
rough endoplasmic reticulum
The rough endoplasmic reticulum is an organelle that works with ribosomes to support protein assembly and transports proteins to other sites in the cell
smooth endoplasmic reticulum
The smooth endoplasmic reticulum is an organelle that helps fold, modify, and transport new proteins to other sites in the cell.
carpal tunnel syndrome
The wrist consists of eight small bones, called carpal bones. The carpal tunnel is a small passageway on the palmar side that permits the passage of tendons and a nerve. Carpal tunnel syndrome is swelling in the carpal tunnel that compresses the nerve, causing symptoms in the hand such as pain, numbness, and weakness in the thumb, index, and middle fingers.
UTI
UTI stands for urinary tract infection, an infection in any part of the urinary system, which is the system of the body that collects and excretes liquid waste.
ultrasound (US)
Ultrasound is an imaging technique that uses sound waves to create images of structures inside the body.
thoraci(c)
Thoraci means chest. Thoraci(c) is its combining form. For example, thoracic means relating to the chest.
trans-
Trans- means moving through or across. For example, transfusion is a transfer of blood from one person to another.
Treatment (Tx)
Treatment is the current method of treating the patient's symptoms.
URI
URI stands for upper respiratory tract infection, an infection in the upper part of the respiratory system, which is the system in the body that supports breathing.
while awake (WA)
While awake indicates that an action must take place while the patient is awake.
prostate
`a male organ that creates and secretes the fluids necessary for delivering sperm to the female reproductive system
Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS)
a US government organization that oversees services for the federally sponsored Medicare and Medicaid insurance programs
Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS
a United States government organization that administers the Medicare and Medicaid health insurance programs
Department of Health and Human Services (HHS)
a United States government organization that establishes guidelines for health information management compliance
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)
a United States government organization that seeks to promote healthy behaviors and the prevention of disease, injury, and disability
ligaments
a band of tissue that connects bones or cartilage
biohazard
a biological substance, such as blood or another bodily fluid, that has the potential to transmit disease
artery
a blood vessel (tubular structure) that carries blood away from the heart
vein
a blood vessel (tubular structure) that carries blood back to the heart
superior
a body structure that is located above another structure
inferior
a body structure that is located below another structure
health informatics
a branch of health information management that uses computer systems to gather, organize, maintain, and store patient healthcare data
health informatics
a branch of health information management that uses computer systems to gather, organize, maintain, and store patients' healthcare data
second-degree burn
a burn that affects the deeper layers of the skin and causes fluid-filled blisters, pain, and inflammation
first-degree burn
a burn that occurs on the surface of the skin and causes redness, inflammation, pain, and sloughing
body mass index (BMI)
a calculated value used to define obesity
HCPCS Level I
a clinical coding system used to describe medical and surgical procedures performed by healthcare providers that is identical to the Current Procedural Terminology (CPT) system of the American Medical Association
intranet
a closed network of computers within a facility or organization
procedure code
a code assigned to a particular medical service or procedure
glomerulus
a collection of capillaries within a nephron that leak plasma in order to begin the process of blood filtration
immune system
a collection of cells, tissues, and organs that fights disease and infection
HCPCS Level II
a collection of codes for services that are not found in the CPT system, including, for example, non-physician services
cerumen impaction
a collection of ear wax that blocks the external auditory canal, impairing the ability to hear
renal plexus
a collection of nerves that sends branches into the kidney to innervate and control some of its functions
body system
a collection of organs or structures whose coordinated activities perform one or more vital functions
blood clot
a collection of platelets and proteins that blocks the opening caused by a wound to a blood vessel
oxybutynin
a common antispasmodic drug used to treat polyuria caused by an overactive bladder
nervous system
a complex network of tissues that uses chemical and electrical signals to carry messages between the brain and the rest of the body, enabling the system to coordinate the body's activity in a changing environment
addiction
a compulsive dependence on a substance (e.g., drugs or alcohol) or process (e.g., gambling, shopping, or eating), which causes adverse physical, social, or occupational effects
CT scan
a computed tomography scan; a scan that uses X-rays to create 2-D and 3-D images of parts of the body
hospital information system (HIS)
a computerized management solution that handles all aspects of a hospital's operations, including financial and medical operations
developmental disorder
a condition acquired after birth that delays or interrupts normal development
asthma
a condition characterized by abnormal sensitivity of the airways to allergens, resulting in airway inflammation and narrowing, wheezing, coughing, and shortness of breath
heartburn
a condition in which a person feels burning in the chest
mental disorder
a condition in which a person's thoughts, feelings, and/or behaviors cause distress or impair the ability to function
cancer
a condition in which cells multiply and grow in an unregulated fashion, invading nearby tissues and sometimes spreading to distant parts of the body
gigantism
a condition in which humans grow much larger than the average person as a result of abnormally high levels of somatotropin
dwarfism
a condition in which humans grow much smaller than average, which can be caused by a variety of conditions, e.g., deficiency of somatotropin
fibrous dysplasia
a condition in which minerals in bones are replaced with fibrous tissue, causing the bones to become weaker
ankylosing spondylitis
a condition in which spinal joints fuse together and reduce spinal mobility
autoimmune disorders
a condition in which the body mistakenly attacks itself, which usually leads to inflammation, pain, and dysfunction
anemia
a condition in which there are not enough red blood cells
musculoskeletal disorder
a condition or abnormality that limits or prevents an individual's physical functioning
disease
a condition that affects the normal functioning of the body; in some cases known as a disorder
congenital disorder
a condition that is present at birth
muscular dystrophy
a congenital disorder involving widespread muscle weakness and degeneration
withdrawal
a constellation of physical and emotional signs and symptoms that may result when a substance or process to which one is addicted is not available
alphabetic index
a content list for a reference work organized by the first letter of each entry
renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS)
a coordinated system of hormones that regulate the body's blood pressure and water balance
registry
a database of information concerning births, deaths, admissions, and discharges
index
a database that contains pertinent healthcare information that can be used for research, healthcare quality control, or statistical purposes
Parkinson's disease
a degenerative disease of the central nervous system characterized by movement disorders, including tremor, slow movement, rigidity, and instability, as well as disorders of mood, thought, and judgment; it is named after the nineteenth-century English doctor James Parkinson
Doctor of Nursing Practice (DNP)
a degree awarded to nurses based on clinical practice that allows them to practice medicine independently as nurse practitioners
acne
a dermatitis caused by blocked hair follicles where an overproduction of sebum results in swelling, inflammation, and often infection by skin bacteria
psoriasis
a dermatitis with a genetic predisposition and several types, the most common of which is plaque psoriasis
Health Care Procedure Coding System (HCPCS)
a diagnosis and procedure code nomenclature used for outpatient billing in the US
misdiagnosis
a diagnosis that is later discovered, based on new evidence, to have been incorrect
brain scan
a diagnostic image of the brain made using one of a variety of available technologies
radiograph
a diagnostic image, or X-ray, created by applying radioactive X-rays to a portion of the body
colonoscopy
a diagnostic procedure in which a camera is inserted into the large intestine to examine the patient for signs of disease
spinal tap
a diagnostic procedure in which a sample of spinal fluid—a protective fluid that surrounds the brain and spinal cord—is withdrawn with a needle for analysis
lumbar puncture
a diagnostic procedure in which fluid is collected from the spinal canal to diagnose diseases affecting the central nervous system
amniocentesis
a diagnostic procedure in which fluid is withdrawn from the uterus of a pregnant woman to perform genetic and other testing to identify potential problems with the fetus
node biopsy
a diagnostic procedure in which lymph node cells are surgically removed from a patient and examined for the presence of disease
electroencephalography
a diagnostic procedure in which the electrical activity of the brain is recorded to assist with the diagnosis of a condition such as epilepsy
biopsy
a diagnostic procedure in which tissue cells are surgically removed from a patient and examined for the presence of disease
arteriography
a diagnostic procedure used to visualize blood flow within an artery to diagnose problems such as blockages or ruptures
ultrasound
a diagnostic technique that uses sound waves to create images of internal body structures
genetic testing
a diagnostic test in which a person's DNA is examined to detect abnormalities
polysomnography
a diagnostic test in which a variety of data, including EEG data, is gathered while a person sleeps to diagnose sleep disorders
magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography (MRCP)
a diagnostic test in which images of the pancreas and bile ducts are made using an MRI scanner
pulse oximetry
a diagnostic test using an electronic sensor that can measure the oxygen saturation of a patient's blood based on its color
germ cell
a diploid cell specialized to divide by meiosis to produce haploid sex cells
gene
a discrete portion of a chromosome that contains the instructions for a single genetic trait, e.g., eye color
acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS)
a disease caused by HIV in which the immune system functions so poorly that a person is vulnerable to a variety of infections and cancers
gout
a disease characterized by arthritis due to the buildup of uric acid, a metabolic waste product, in the joints; can result from several factors, including underexcretion of uric acid by the kidneys
diabetes
a disease characterized by high levels of glucose, the body's primary sugar molecule, in the urine; can lead to a variety of secondary diseases, including renal failure
alcohol dependence
a disease characterized by the mental and physical need to consume alcohol, social and occupational impairment, and potentially life-threatening withdrawal
degenerative disease
a disease in which the function or structure of tissue progressively deteriorates over time
congestive heart failure (CHF)
a disease in which the heart fails to pump strongly enough, causing blood to back up into the lungs or body
myocarditis
a disease in which the heart muscle becomes inflamed, weak, and irritable, typically due to a viral infection
autoimmune disease
a disease in which the immune system mistakenly perceives healthy cells as a threat and responds defensively
CIS specialist
a health informatics professional who manages clinical information systems by entering data, managing data, generating data reports, and maintaining the applications and systems needed to keep data safe and secure
medical transcriptionist
a health informatics specialist who records physicians' oral notes for patient records
personal insurance plan
a health insurance plan in which a person sets aside money to use in the future to cover predicted medical expenses
medical claims examiner
a health insurance professional who examines submitted medical claims to ensure that they are valid and qualify for payment
pharmacist
a health professional who prepares, dispenses, and ensures the effective use of drugs
tachycardia
a heart rate that is too fast, defined as a resting heart rate of more than 100 beats per minute
bradycardia
a heart rate that is too slow, defined as a resting heart rate of fewer than 60 beats per minute
Holter monitor
a heart test that evaluates the electrical activity of the heart by monitoring and recording it over a 24-hour period as the patient goes about his or her normal activities; named for the twentieth-century American physicist Norman J. Holter
uterus
a hollow, muscular organ that receives and nourishes a fertilized egg
corisol
a hormone produced by the adrenal glands in response to stress
cortisol
a hormone produced by the adrenal glands in response to stress
erythropoietin (EPO)
a hormone produced by the kidneys in response to low amounts of oxygen in the blood; it causes the bone marrow to produce more oxygen-carrying red blood cells
thyroxin
a hormone produced by the thyroid that can increase heart rate and increase the rate at which the body changes nutrients from food into energy
antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
a hormone secreted by the pituitary gland that raises blood pressure and reduces urine production; also called vasopressin
epinephrine
a hormone that activates the fight-or-flight response, also called adrenaline
insulin
a hormone that alters the level of sugar in the blood by encouraging muscles and other tissues to absorb sugar
melatonin
a hormone that controls the body's sleep cycle
somatotrpin
a hormone that encourages the growth of cells throughout the body; also called human growth hormone (HGH)
complete blood count (CBC)
a laboratory test in which a sample of blood is examined for a variety of measures, including the quantity and types of white and red blood cells and platelets
osteomalacia
a lack of vitamin D or a chemical imbalance that results in bones becoming too soft, which in turn causes them to deform easily
tract
a large bundle of axons in the central nervous system; not wrapped in a protective sheath
nerve
a large bundle of axons in the peripheral nervous system; wrapped in a protective sheath
Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA)
a law governing the portability of health insurance when workers change jobs, the standards for electronic healthcare transactions, and the security and privacy of health data
notice of privacy practices (NPP)
a legally required notice that healthcare providers and plans must distribute to their patients that outlines how their protected health information is used and disclosed, and the rights the patient has
hypoxia
a level of oxygen in the blood that is below normal
axis
a line between two points
blood
a liquid that carries red and white blood cells, nutrients, and waste products throughout the body
depression
a low mood, characterized by feelings of hopelessness, worthlessness, irritability, lack of interest in previously enjoyable activities, and potentially suicidal thoughts
memory B-cell
a lymphocyte that maintains the immunologic memory important for achieving a more rapid antibody response in the future
testosterone
a male hormone that is responsible for the development of male physical characteristics, including the development of sperm
pH
a measure of how acidic or basic a substance is
osmolality
a measure of the amount of solids dissolved in a solution
pH
a measurement of the acid-base level of a solution defined as the negative logarithm of the solution's hydrogen ion concentration; a pH of 7 is neutral, while less than 7 is acidic and greater than 7 is basic
dental hygienist (DH)
a medical professional who examines and cleans the teeth and mouth, performs preventive treatments, and educates patients about oral health under the supervision of a licensed dentist; can also be called a licensed dental hygienist (LDH) or a registered dental hygienist (RDH)
advanced practice registered nurse (APRN)
a medical professional who has an advanced post-graduate degree in a nursing discipline, such as anesthesia or midwifery
biomedical equipment technician (BMET)
a medical professional who maintains and operates medical equipment, such as ultrasound, CAT scan, and dialysis machines
dental assistant (DA)/certified dental assistant (CDA)
a medical professional who prepares dental tools and materials, assists hygienists and dentists, and sometimes works as a receptionist
licensed practical nurse (LPN)
a medical professional who provides hands-on care for patients under the supervision of registered nurses and doctors
certified nurse's aide (CNA)
a medical professional who provides patients with basic healthcare treatments and procedures
nurse
a medical professional who provides therapeutic care for patients in order to improve or maintain their health
emergency medical technician (EMT)
a medical professional who responds to emergency calls in ambulances, performs medical services, and takes patients to hospitals and medical facilities
hybrid health record
a medical record that incorporates elements of paper-based records and electronic records
personal health record
a medical record that is maintained by the patient for personal benefit
immunosuppressant
a medication that reduces the immune response
bipolar disorder
a mental health disorder characterized by cycles of high mood, or mania, followed by periods of depression
ammonium
a metabolic waste product that is converted into urea in the body
urea
a metabolic waste product, and the main nitrogen-containing compound found in urine
phacoemulsification
a method for removing a cataract that uses ultrasound to liquefy the lens
numerical filing system
a method of organizing health records according to a unique patient identification number
alphabetical filing system
a method of organizing health records according to each patient's surname
alphanumeric filing system
a method of organizing health records by combining the first two letters of the patient's surname with a numerical identifier
semen
a mixture of sperm and fluids produced by the accessory glands to protect and transport sperm during ejaculation
Systematized Nomenclature of Medicine Clinical Terminology (SNOMED CT)
a multinational, multilingual, comprehensive medical nomenclature covering all aspects of medicine
sphincter
a muscle that contracts to block urine from exiting the bladder and passing into the urethra
heart
a muscular organ located in the center of the chest that pumps blood around the body
cranial nerve
a nerve that connects to the central nervous system at the brain rather than at the spinal cord
nursing vocabulary
a nomenclature system used to communicate nursing strategies, protocols, and procedures
Joint Commission
a nonprofit organization that offers accreditation and certification to hospitals and healthcare centers in the United States
Certification Commission for Health Information Technology (CCHIT)
a nonprofit organization with the mission of accelerating the adoption of information technology (IT) in healthcare, it measures and certifies the effectiveness of EHR products based on predefined criteria
American Health Information Management Association (AHIMA)
a not-for-profit professional organization serving the educational, credentialing, networking, and advocacy needs of health information management (HIM) professionals
calcium
a nutrient that the body uses to create strong, healthy bones
gout diet
a nutritional approach that helps manage gout by reducing foods, such as meat, seafood, and alcohol, whose breakdown produces uric acid
glucagon
a pancreatic hormone with effects opposite those of insulin; raises blood sugar levels
Privacy Rule
a part of HIPAA that outlines standards for maintaining patient confidentiality and safeguarding financial and administrative data during electronic transfer
privacy rule
a part of HIPAA that outlines standards for maintaining patient confidentiality and safeguarding financial and administrative data during electronic transfer
hypothalamus
a part of the brain that secretes hormones that control several body functions, including temperature, hunger, thirst, and the sleep cycle
medical history
a patient's health history, including information such as allergies, medications being taken, past medical history (PMH, e.g., prior illnesses and surgeries), social history (SH, e.g., occupation and habits such as smoking, exercise, and alcohol use), and family history (FH)
substance abuse
a pattern of use medications or substances that are not part of an approved medical plan or treatment
obstetrician (OB/GYN)
a physician who specializes in monitoring the health of mothers and babies during pregnancy, labor, and childbirth
surgeon
a physician who specializes in surgery
fight-or-flight reflex
a physiological response to a perceived threat in which the adrenal gland produces epinephrine and cortisol, which prepare the body to fight or flee the threat
thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)
a pituitary hormone that controls the function of the thyroid; commonly measured in order to detect thyroid diseases such as hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism
frontal
a plane that divides the body into front and back sections
sagittal
a plane that divides the body into left and right sections
transverse
a plane that divides the body into top and bottom sections
angiotensin
a plasma protein that raises one's blood pressure and causes the adrenal gland to release aldosterone
proximal
a point that is closer to a point of reference (typically the point of origin of a limb)
distal
a point that is farther away from a point of reference (typically the point of origin of a limb)
anaphylaxis
a potentially fatal allergic reaction with hives, throat swelling, and low blood pressure
hyper-
a prefix meaning high, or above normal
endo-
a prefix meaning inside, or within
nephro-
a prefix meaning kidney; e.g., nephrology, the medical specialty focused on the kidney
ren-
a prefix meaning kidney; e.g., renal disease
hypo-
a prefix meaning low, or below normal
hyper-
a prefix that means above or above normal For example, hypertension means high blood pressure
angio-
a prefix that means blood vessel; e.g., angiotensin
electro-
a prefix that means electric, or involving electricity
tachy-
a prefix that means fast For example, tachycardia means a fast heartbeat.
a- or an-
a prefix that means no or without For example, anemia means not enough red blood cells.
erythr-
a prefix that means red Erythr(o) is the combining form. For example, erythrocyte means a red blood cell.
cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB)
a procedure in which the normal activities of the heart and lungs are taken over by a machine (heart-lung machine) to permit surgeries such as cardiac transplant, valve replacement, or coronary artery bypass grafting
lithotripsy
a procedure that uses ultrasound waves to break kidney stones into smaller pieces
coronary catheterization
a procedure used to diagnose or treat conditions of the coronary arteries by threading a catheter (long tube) from a leg artery into a coronary artery; can be used to make an angiogram or administer treatments such as stents
filtration
a process in which solids, including cells, are separated from the liquid in which they are suspended by means of a semipermeable membrane
re-absorption
a process in which valuable molecules, such as glucose, salt, amino acids, and water, are removed from the urine prior to its exit from the kidney
provider
a professional person, group, or organization that delivers healthcare services to a patient population
health information administrator
a professional who oversees health informatics issues that come up in the workplace, such as computer system crashes or the installation of new healthcare software
medical biller
a professional who prepares and submits insurance claims for a provider based on a medical coder's work
myelin
a protective coating that surrounds and insulates axons to enable them to transmit signals
cerebrospinal fluid
a protective fluid that lies between the meninges and the underlying brain or spinal cord
antibody
a protein that can bind to a specific antigen so that the immune system can remove it more easily
enzyme
a protein that, even in small amounts, can speed up a chemical reaction
receptor
a protein to which drugs and other molecules can bind
ventricle
a pumping chamber of the heart, of which there are two: the right ventricle, which pumps blood into the lungs, and the left ventricle, which pumps blood to the body
reflex
a quick shortening of a muscle caused by any sudden stretch placed on the muscle
pancreatitis
a rare disease causing the pancreas to become inflamed
hives
a rash characterized by red, itchy, slightly elevated patches on the skin that can range in size and appear anywhere on the body as a result of an allergy
dermatitis
a rash with inflammation
-gram
a record or recording
source-oriented medical record
a record that is organized by data source or subject
problem-oriented medical record
a record that organizes data by problem, and uses four categories: a database of all objective information, a numbered problem list, initial treatment plans, and progress notes
electrocardiogram (ECG)
a recording of the electrical activity generated by the heart as it pumps; useful for diagnosing diseases
erythrocyte
a red blood cell, which carries oxygen throughout the body
Dental Office Reference Manual (DORM)
a reference manual that provides information about administrative policies relating to a dental practice
pineal gland
a region of the brain that secretes the hormone melatonin, which is involved in regulating the sleep cycle
Regional Health Information Organization (RHIO)
a regional health information exchange that centralizes data from multiple facilities, including hospitals and clinics
deficiency slip
a report generated to notify staff that a medical record is missing required information
sharps container
a rigid, well-labeled plastic container designed to safely hold sharp objects for disposal
glyc-
a root word meaning sugar; glyc(o) is the combining form
arteri
a root word that means artery Arteri(o) is the combining form. For example, an arteriogram is a recording of an artery.
cyst(o)-
a root word that means bladder, e.g., cystitis
hemat
a root word that means blood Hemat(o) is the combining form. For example, hematology is the study of blood and blood disorders
medical encounter
a single patient-provider visit, during which the patient's chief complaint (CC) and the history of the present illness (HPI) are discussed, a physical examination (PE) is performed, and a diagnosis (DX) and treatment (TX) plan are made
hearing aid
a small electronic device placed into the external auditory canal in order to improve one's hearing
insulin pump
a small electronic pump that administers insulin via a tiny tube implanted subcutaneously (below the skin) to provide improved diabetes control
bone marrow
a soft, spongy tissue inside many bones that works like a factory for blood cells
clinical data repository (CDR)
a special database that manages healthcare data from different sources such as labs, pharmacies, and radiology networks
24-hour urine collection
a special type of urinalysis that enables diagnosis of certain conditions that are otherwise difficult to identify
medical coder
a specialist in medical coding
medical transcriptionist
a specialist who creates a text-based medical record from a voice recording
macrophage
a specialized type of monocyte that has the ability to phagocytize
bone marrow
a spongy tissue found in the hollow portion of long bones, where blood cell production occurs
AEMT (Advanced Emergency Medical Technician) certification
a state certification for the ability to conduct interventions on critical patients and to use life support equipment and skills
EMT certification
a state certification for the ability to provide basic emergency care and transportation for critical patients, as well as the ability to use life support equipment and skills
homeostasis
a steady state in which everything in the body is working normally, or the process of maintaining this state
Superficial Landmark
a structure on the surface of the body that helps orient an observer
carcinogen
a substance known to cause cancer
allergen
a substance that can trigger an allergy
diuretic
a substance that encourages urine production
hazardous material
a substance that has the potential to cause harm
drug
a substance used to treat a symptom (complaint) or to treat or prevent a disease
-crine
a suffix meaning secrete (to produce and release a substance)
-osis
a suffix that means a condition or disease For example, arteriostenosis means a disease characterized by stiffening of the arteries.
-stasis
a suffix that means a stable state
-emia
a suffix that means blood condition For example, anemia means not enough red blood cells
-lysis
a suffix that means to reduce or dissolve; e.g., dialysis
-scope
a surgical instrument used for viewing and in diagnostic procedures
valve replacement
a surgical procedure in which one or more diseased heart valves are replaced using natural or artificial replacement valves
-ectomy
a surgical procedure involving an excision, or cutting out
craniotomy
a surgical procedure involving the cutting open of the skull bone to access and operate on deeper structures such as the brain
excision
a surgical procedure of removal or cutting out
skin grafting
a surgical process that involves a thin layer of healthy skin being harvested from a healthy area and applied to a diseased area, often used in burn treatment
Doctor of Medicine (MD)
a title that is granted upon completion of a rigorous course of study in an accredited medical school, enabling the titleholder to examine patients, recommend a course of treatment, and prescribe medication
meninges
a tough, layered protective tissue that surrounds and protects the brain and the spinal cord
corticospinal tract
a tract of neurons that descends from the primary motor cortex, crosses over in the brain stem, and then connects with motor neurons in the spinal cord
contact lens
a translucent disc placed on the surface of the cornea to correct refractive (focus) problems
tinnitus masking
a treatment for tinnitus that involves the use of white noise, or sounds that are generated to mask or hide other sounds
endotracheal tube
a tube passing from the trachea (windpipe) to the outside of the body
urethra
a tube that connects the bladder to the outside of the body
urethra
a tube that enables the passage of urine from the bladder, and, in males, the passage of semen
stent
a tubular mesh structure that can be inserted into a blood vessel and left in place to hold a narrow vessel open, improving blood flow
plane
a two-dimensional surface that divides two halves
patient care charting system
a type of EHR that records progress notes and assessments
cytotoxic T-cell
a type of T-cell that can kill cells infected with a virus or affected by cancer
helper T-cell
a type of T-cell that helps other lymphocytes do their jobs
memory T-cell
a type of T-cell that maintains the immunologic memory that can promote a more rapid immune response to future challenges
male-pattern baldness
a type of alopecia in men, having a genetic basis and being caused by changes that affect the hair follicle
autoimmune arthritis
a type of arthritis caused by the immune system attacking joint tissues
sunburn
a type of burn caused by overexposure to ultraviolet (UV) rays from the sun or other light sources
meiosis
a type of cell division unique to sex cells in which a diploid germ cell divides to create haploid sex cells
atrium
a type of chamber in the heart, of which there are two: the right atrium receives blood returning to the heart from the body, and the left atrium receives blood returning to the heart from the lungs
Schedule II (two) drugs
a type of drug with medicinal uses that is highly addictive and only available with a prescription
Schedule IV (four) drugs
a type of drug with medicinal uses that is moderately addictive and only available with a prescription
Schedule III (three) drugs
a type of drug with medicinal uses that is moderately to highly addictive and only available with a prescription
Schedule V (five) drugs
a type of drug with medicinal uses that is not very addictive and only available with a prescription
Schedule I (one) drugs
a type of drug with no known medicinal uses that is extremely addictive and not medically available
basophil
a type of granulocyte that can release chemicals at the site of infection, causing an increase in blood flow and the attraction of other white blood cells
eosinophil
a type of granulocyte that contains proteins that help with communication between various parts of the immune system
neutrophil
a type of granulocyte that has mobility and can move from the blood vessels to sites of infection
health management organization (HMO)
a type of health insurance in which a group of healthcare providers accept insurance payments to provide specific health services to members of the plan at a renegotiated rate
DNA
abbreviation of deoxyribonucleic acid, which is the chemical that encodes the genetic instructions for all life forms
elasticity
ability of the skin to stretch, expand, and restore its shape
pneumoconiosis
abnormal condition caused by years of exposure to dust in the lungs
CVA
abbreviation for cerebrovascular accident
paranasal
adjacent to the nose
subcutaneous administration
administration of a drug into the layer of connective tissue beneath the skin
domestic agencies
agencies that write rules and coordinate services within the United States
cell-mediated immunity
all the immune system responses that do not involve antibodies
platelet
also called a thrombocyte; a small, irregularly shaped cell that circulates in the blood and stops blood loss when a wound occurs
conjunctivitis
also called pinkeye; an inflammation of the conjunctiva, which is the outermost layer of the eye, caused by infection or allergies
poliomyelitis
also called polio, it is an infectious viral disease that can affect the spinal cord, resulting in often permanent paralysis
hay fever
also called seasonal allergies, it consists of runny nose, itchy eyes, and sneezing
Trunk Region
also called the torso, the region of the body that includes the chest and abdomen
B-lymphocyte
also known as a B-cell, a lymphocyte that specializes in the production of antibodies
cerebrovascular accident
also known as a CVA or stroke, it is an acute loss of brain function due to interruption of blood flow to a portion of the brain
T-lmyphocyte
also known as a T-cell, a lymphocyte that has matured in the thymus and is capable of recognizing foreign ("nonself") cells or proteins and helping initiate their destruction
transient ischemic attack
also known as a TIA, it is an acute temporary (transient) loss of brain function due to interruption of blood flow to a portion of the brain
Whipple procedure
also known as a pancreaticoduodenectomy; a procedure in which the pancreas and duodenum are removed to treat conditions such as cancer
leukocyte
also known as a white blood cell (WBC), a cell that fights disease and infection
acquired immunity
also known as adaptive immunity, the immune capabilities that are developed over a lifetime of experience with foreign antigens
systematic lupus erythematosus (SLE)
also known as lupus, an autoimmune disorder that can damage many organs, including the heart, lungs, skin, brain, and joints
otorhinolaryngology
also known as otolaryngology or ENT (ear, nose, and throat); the branch of medicine that deals with diseases and disorders of the head and neck
iodine-131
also known as radioiodine or radioactive iodine; a form of iodine use in medical diagnostics and treatments, e.g., to treat hyperthyroidism
tinea capitis
also known as scalp ringworm, a fungal infection of the scalp that is highly contagious and common among children
tympanic membrane
also known as the eardrum; a thin membrane that separates the external auditory canal from the middle ear and transmits sound vibrations to the ossicles
scalp ringworm
also known as tinea capitis, a fungal infection of the scalp that is highly contagious and common among children
UV rays
also known as ultraviolet rays, high- frequency waves of light that are not visible to the human eye
peristalsis
alternating waves of smooth muscle contractions
Abdominal region
body region below the torso that extends from the diaphragm to (and including) the pelvis
compassionate use IND
application to the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to allow physicians to prescribe an investigational drug before the FDA officially approves it (also known as Emergency Treatment Investigational New Drug Application)
topical
applied to the surface of the skin
Admov
apply; this direction is used for medications that need to be applied topically
axilla
area of the body located directly under the joint where the arm connects to the shoulder, also called the armpit
prn:
as needed, whenever necessary; some medications are taken on an as-needed basis, depending on how a person feels
absorption
assimilation of digested food products into the blood or lymph, mainly in the small intestine
peripheral artery disease (PAD)
atherosclerosis in the arteries supplying parts of the body other than the heart or brain
coronary artery disease (CAD)
atherosclerosis in the coronary arteries, which are the arteries that supply oxygen and nutrients to the heart muscle
cells
basic structural and functional units of life in the human body
a.c.
before meals; some medications need to be taken with food to avoid stomach irritation.
eructation
belching
insulinoma
benign tumor of the insulin-producing cells of the pancreas
fibroid
benign tumor on the uterus wall
red blood cells
blood cells that carry oxygen and other gases around the body
platelets
blood cells that help blood to clot so that cuts, scrapes, and other injuries can heal effectively
white blood cells
blood cells that help fight infections in the body
hematuria
blood in the urine, often seen with infections, cancers, or kidney stones
hyperemesis
extreme or persistent vomiting
alkylating chemotherapy drugs
cancer drugs that prevent the growth of cancer by interfering with DNA synthesis and, therefore, with cancer cell division
cap.
capsule; a pill containing powder or liquid medication inside a shell
ciliated cells
cells with hairlike organelles (small organs) on their membranes
chem(o)
chemical
hormones
chemical substances created by glands that are used by the body to signal and control the function of organs
drugs
chemical substances that affect body function
hormones
chemicals produced by cells that serve as messages, affecting the function of other cells
cardiac enzymes
chemicals produced by the heart that can be measured in a blood sample and that can provide information about the health of the heart
interstitial cystitis
chronic inflammation of the walls of the bladder of unknown cause
stratum lucidum
clear layer of dead cells only found in the epidermis of the palms of the hands and feet
premature ejaculation
climax by the male prior to orgasm by the female and/or within two minutes of penetration
proximal
closer to the origin of the body part point of attachment
cataract
clouding of the normally transparent lens of the eye; it is the most common cause of blindness
ganglia
clusters of neurons in the peripheral nervous system
ovaries
female reproductive organs that generate eggs
collagen
elastic fibers present throughout the musculoskeletal system
vagina
elastic, lubricated muscular canal that connects the cervix of the womb to the vulva
electr(o)
electricity
fluor/o
emitting or reflecting light
-megaly
enlargement
splenomegaly
enlargement of the spleen, which can be caused by a variety of conditions, including infections or cancer
qd:
every day; means that a medication should be taken every day.
q:
every; this abbreviation is added to other abbreviations to quantify frequency
-rrhage, -rrhagia
excessive bleeding or hemorrage
bronchorrhea
excessive bronchial secretions
polyuria
excessive urination, typically 2.5 - 3 liters or more per 24 hour period; can be caused by a variety of conditions, including untreated diabetes
hyperventilation
excessive, rapid, deep breathing that decreases blood carbon dioxide levels
double-blind study
experiment in which neither the patients nor the investigators know which patients receive the drug and which patients receive the placebo
deep
extending beneath the body surface
penis
external organ of a male used in the process of discharging semen and urine
homeostatic imbalance
failure to maintain a stable internal environment
esthesi(o)
feeling or sensation
epiglottis
flap of tissue that prevents food from entering the trachea
cartilage
flexible connective tissue found in many areas of the human body
trachea
flexible tube connecting the larynx to the two main bronchi that filters, moistens, and warms air before it enters the lungs.
-rrhea
flow or discharge
blood
fluid that circulates in the body and delivers nutrients and oxygen to cells
labia minora
folds of skin within the labia majora
ingestion
food intake through the mouth and into the digestive tract
tubal pregnancy
form of ectopic pregnancy in which the egg begins to develop in the fallopian tubes
-stomy
forming an opening or joining two previously unconnected organs
parathyroid
four glands on the surface of the thyroid that control the amount of calcium in the blood and bones
cholecystalgia
gallbladder pain
cystic fibrosis
genetic disorder that causes the lungs to become clogged with thick mucus
nocturia
getting up at night to urinate
Certified Coding Specialist - Physician Based (CCS-P)
given to an individual to demonstrate knowledge of medical coding, specializing in physician-based settings
Certified Health Data Analyst (CHDA)
given to an individual to demonstrate knowledge of techniques for analyzing information, specifically with electronic health records
Registered Health Information Technician (RHIT)
given to an individual to demonstrate knowledge of techniques for managing electronic patient data and medical records
Certified Coding Specialist (CCS)
given to an individual to demonstrate knowledge of techniques for medical coding, specializing in hospital practice settings
Certified in Health Care Privacy and Security (CHPS)
given to an individual to demonstrate knowledge of techniques for securing the privacy and security of sensitive patient and healthcare information
adrenal glands
glands located on the top of each kidney that produce several hormones, including epinephrine and cortisol
salivary glands
glands that produce saliva secreted to begin food breakdown
Food and Drug Administration (FDA)
government agency that evaluates the safety of drugs and regulating their testing, manufacturing, labeling, advertising, marketing, and efficacy
otolaryngologist
head and throat specialist
electronic health records (EHRs)
health records that allow real-time communication, reporting, and record keeping through electronic transmission
uterus
hollow, pear-shaped organ in the pelvic cavity of the female human body
anti-estrogens
hormonal chemotherapy drugs that block estradiol receptors to treat breast cancer
anti-androgens
hormonal chemotherapy drugs that block testosterone receptors to treat prostate cancer
estrogen
hormone produced by the ovaries that can be used as a medication to treat hormone imbalances
serotonin
hormone released by stomach mucosal cells to encourage smooth muscle contraction
epinephrine
hormone released by the adrenal glands that stimulates the "fight-or-flight" response and can be used as a medication to treat allergic reactions
oxytocin
hormone released by the pituitary gland that stimulates smooth muscle contraction of the uterus and can be used as medication to induce labor or strengthen contractions during labor
gastrin
hormone released when partially digested food enters the stomach
insulin
hormone secreted by the pancreas that can be used as a medication to increase the body's ability to remove glucose from the blood stream and transport it into the cell, lowering blood glucose levels
therm(o)
hot
clinical trials
human testing of a new drug
statin drugs
hyperlipidemia drugs that reduce cholesterol by blocking the enzyme necessary for cholesterol production in the liver; HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor drugs
beta blockers
hypertension drugs that block beta receptors, to prevent epinephrine from binding, decrease heart rate, and dilate blood vessels
trachea
known as the windpipe; a tube that joins the pharynx and larynx to the lungs
liver
largest organ that filters unsafe material from the blood
stratum corneum
layer of dead cells that forms the outermost layer of epidermis
Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA)
legislation that provides guidelines on maintaining patient privacy and confidentiality through standardized methods of handling healthcare data
morbid obesity
life-threatening condition of severe obesity
ear drops (otic drops)
liquid medication placed into the external auditory canal to treat external ear infections, typically containing antibiotics and anti-inflammatory drugs
pancreatic juices
liquid secreted by the pancreas to break down various food products in the small intestine
lateral
located away from the midline of the body off to the side
intermediate
located between a medial and lateral structure
superficial
located near or toward the body surface
receptor sites
locations on a dendrite that neurotransmitter molecules attach to, resulting in the generation of an action potential
lower extremities
lower area of the human body that includes the hips, thighs, knees, lower legs, ankles, and feet
gastrointestinal (GI) tract
main human digestive tract that runs throughout the body (also known as the alimentary canal or gut)
alimentary canal
main human digestive tract that runs throughout the body, also known as the gastrointestinal tract
immune cells
maintain the body's defense against foreign and infectious material
testes
male reproductive glands that produce sperm
sperm
male sex cells
propulsion
movement of food through the alimentary canal through alternating waves of smooth muscle contractions
ureter
muscular ducts that carry urine from the kidneys to the bladder
heart
muscular organ in the chest that rhythmically expands and contracts to pump blood throughout the body
esophagus
muscular tube that allows food to pass from the throat to the stomach
pharynx
muscular tube that connects the mouth and nasal passages to the esophagus
Eustachian tube
named after the sixteenth century anatomist Bartolomeo Eustachi; a small passageway that connects the middle ear to the throat, enabling the movement of air to equalize middle-ear and atmospheric pressure
spinal cord
nervous tissue extending from the bottom of the brain through the spinal column that is the main pathway for information
spinal cord
nervous tissue that connects the brain to the peripheral nervous system
Blood vessels
network of hollow tubes that carries blood throughout the body
motor neurons
neurons that carry signals from the brain to the muscles, enabling voluntary movement
NR
no refill; this means that a prescription can be filled only once
whole blood, citrated
normal blood, with red and white blood cells, platelets, and plasma, that is treated with an agent called citrate that prevents it from clotting and treats blood loss
eupnea
normal breathing (baseline for health)
American Health Information Management Association (AHIMA)
not-for-profit professional organization serving the educational, credentialing, networking, and advocacy needs of health information management (HIM) professionals
NPO
nothing by mouth; this means that patients cannot ingest anything by mouth
respiration rate
number of breaths per minute
valve
one of the four structures in the heart that control the flow of blood, permitting it to flow in only one direction
metric system
official system of drug measurement
diabetes mellitus
often called diabetes; a disease in which the body has abnormally high levels of sugar in the blood
oral antihistamines
orally administered drugs that block histamine receptors to decrease inflammation, redness, and itching
spleen
organ located on the left side of the abdomen that filters, stores, and destroys blood cells
stomach
organ that begins the breakdown of food by mixing it with digestive juices
anus
organ that controls human solid waste excretion
kidney
organ that filters blood and removes waste
tongue
organ that helps move food into the digestive tract
liver
organ that produces bile secreted for fat digestion
pancreas
organ that secretes digestive enzymes into the small intestine
pancreas
organ that secretes fluid into the small intestine
bladder
organ that stores liquid or gas
chromosomes
organized structures of genes found within cells
glands
organs that secrete specific chemical substances for use in the body or elimination
vertical
oriented vertically up and down where the frontal and sagittal planes meet
epidermis
outermost layer of skin that also contains nails and hair
nose
outwardly visible respiratory organ that provides a pathway into the body for outside air, and filters air before it enters the respiratory system
-algia
pain
-dynia
pain
angina pectoris
pain in the chest due to inadequate delivery of oxygen to the heart muscle
pancreatalgia
pain in the pancreas
dyspepsia
pain or discomfort in digestion
paraplegia
paralysis and loss of sensation in the lower part of the body, including the legs, typically caused by spinal cord injury
quadriplegia
paralysis and loss of sensation in the torso and all four limbs, typically caused by spinal cord injury
lymphatic vessel
part of a network of tubes that forms part of the circulatory system, returning lymph to the bloodstream
laryngopharynx
part of pharynx closest to the larynx
genetic
passed down from parents to children
pay for performance (P4P)
performance-oriented incentives for hospitals and physicians to improve the quality of patient healthcare
peptic
pertaining to digestion
melanin
pigment that gives skin its color
nasogastric intubation
placement of a tube through the nose and into the stomach
buccal administration
placing a drug between the cheek and the lower teeth
oral administration
placing a drug in the mouth and swallowing
sublingual administration
placing a drug under the tongue
lymph
plasma that has escaped from a capillary and is returning to the general circulation by way of a lymph vessel
interstitial fluid
plasma that has escaped from a capillary to nourish adjacent tissues
dorsal
positioned toward the back of the body
ventral
positioned towards the front, or abdominal side, of the body
perpendicular
positioning of two structures that are at a right angle to each other
parallel
positioning of two structures that lie in the same plane and are positioned in a way that they are not touching each other
acupuncture
practice of inserting thin needles into muscles to reduce symptoms and increase energy flow
message therapists
practitioners trained in the manipulation of the muscle and soft tissues of the body by rubbing and kneading
computerized prescription
prescription entered into a device and printed out
small intestine
section between the stomach and the large intestine where the digestion of food takes place
-radi(o)
radiant energy
tachypnea
rapid rate of respiration, which is more than twenty breaths per minute
carpal
referring to the bones of the wrist
history
refers to a patient's past medical history, as well as the history of the present illness
medial
refers to something that is toward the midline of the body
epidural anesthesia
regional anesthesia injected into the space between the spinal cord and the vertebrae
international agencies
regulatory agencies that create regulations and recommendations and coordinate health services for a variety of communities worldwide
cranial
related to the upper part of the head or skull
-oid
resembling
larynx
respiratory organ that allows air to travel from the pharynx to the trachea, and prevents food from entering the lower parts of the respiratory conducting zone; also known as the voice box
lungs
respiratory organ that assists in breathing
pharynx
respiratory organ that connects the nose and the larynx; also called the throat
bronchi
respiratory organ that serves as the main passageways for air into the lungs
nerve cells
responsible for sensing external changes in the environment, such as temperature changes
fat cells
responsible for storing fats in the body
gastroesophageal sphincter
ring of muscle between the esophagus and the stomach
pyloric sphincter
ring of muscle between the stomach and the small intestine that controls emptying of the stomach
uri-, uric-, urico-
root word that means uric acid; e.g., urinary tract
-rrhexis
rupture
pulmonary fibrosis
scar tissue in the lungs that reduces their functioning
gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP)
secretion by the duodenum of the small intestine in response to the presence of glucose, fatty acids, and protein particles
-malacia
soft, softening
algesi(o)
sensitivity to pain
preeclampsia
series of pregnancy complications that include high blood pressure, swelling, and high urine protein
prescription
set of instructions from a qualified healthcare professional to a pharmacist
bacterial vaginosis
sexually transmitted bacterial infection of the vagina
gonorrhea
sexually transmitted infection caused by bacteria; results in painful urination and unusual discharge from penis or vagina
chlamydia
sexually transmitted infection caused by bacteria; treatable by antibiotics; can lead to infertility in females
hypopnea
shallow, slow breathing
dyspnea
shortness of breath
desensitization treatments
shots given by a doctor to try to train the immune system not to react to certain allergens
abbreviations
single words that have been shortened (e.g. doc for doctor)
bacteria
single-celled microorganisms that can cause disease by killing other cells or secreting poisonous substances
bacteria
single-celled organisms that may be harmful or helpful in the body
respiratory zone
site of gas exchange
ureters
slender tubes that force urine down from the kidney into the bladder
moles
slightly raised blemishes that occur when there are large clusters of melanocytes
lymph nodes
small bean-shaped glands that produce lymphocytes and filter lymph
pimples
small elevations on the skin that may contain pus
freckles
small light or medium brown spots on the skin that show up when melanin is not evenly distributed
adenoid
small lymphoid organ in the pharynx that serves as a first line of defense against inhaled or ingested pathogens
tonsil
small paired lymphoid organs in the pharynx that serves as a first line of defense against inhaled or ingested pathogens
gallbladder
small sac where bile is stored
kidney stones
small stones that form from waste in the kidneys and that become trapped in the urinary tract
geneticist
someone who studies how traits and genes are passed down
hazard
something that presents a danger or risk of injury
ech(o)
sound
vestibular system
structures in the inner ear that form the sensory system responsible for detecting movement and providing a sense of balance
sweat glands
structures in the skin that release sweat
sebaceous glands
structures that produce sebum and that are found in hair follicles
narc(o)
stupor
pharmaceutical drugs
substances that have medicinal properties and affect body function
pharmaceutical drugs
substances that have medicinal properties and affect the body function.
tympanoplasty
surgery intended to repair and restore the function of the tympanic membrane and ossicles
otoplasty
surgery intended to restore or improve the appearance of the pinna
gastric bypass
surgical procedure for reducing stomach size
tracheotomy
surgical procedure resulting in temporary opening of the trachea
hepatectomy
surgical removal of all or part of the liver
adrenalectomy
surgical removal of an adrenal gland, e.g., to treat adrenal cancer
colectomy
surgical removal of part or all of the colon
gastrectomy
surgical removal of part or all of the stomach
hypophysectomy
surgical removal of the hypophysis, or pituitary gland; typically performed to treat a pituitary tumor
ileectomy
surgical removal of the ileum
gastroduodenodstomy
surgical removal of the lower portion of the stomach where it connects with the duodenum, then reattachment of the duodenum
thyroidectomy
surgical removal of the thyroid, e.g., to treat thyroid cancer
-plasty
surgical repair
-rrhaphy
suture (uniting a wound with stitches)
aerophagia
swallowing excess amounts of air
-edema
swelling
lymphedema
swelling caused by the build-up of lymph in the tissues, caused by a variety of conditions
integumentary system
system of the body that consists of the skin and skin components such as nails and hair
tab
tablet: solid pills that are taken orally or rectally
ICD-10-CM
tenth revision of the ICD code set
renal
term that describes anything related to the kidneys
miscarriage
termination of pregnancy that occurs in early pregnancy because of a genetic problem or other disorder
systole
that phase of heart activity in which the heart contracts, pumping blood out into the arteries
diastole
that phase of heart activity in which the heart relaxes and fills with blood from the venous system before the next systole
lymph
that portion of the interstitial fluid that is returning to the bloodstream via lymphatic vessels rather than veins
Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act
the 1938 United States law that requires that drug manufacturers provide scientific evidence of the safety of their products, bans false claims in drug labeling, and authorizes factory inspections
Durham-Humphrey Amendment
the 1951 legislative act that defined prescription drugs as those drugs that could only be given to patients under the care of a physician
Kefauver-Harris Amendment
the 1962 legislative act that required that manufacturers show drugs to be both safe and effective before marketing them
Controlled Substances Act
the 1970 United States law that established the Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) and divided potentially addictive drugs into five categories based on their potential for dependence
pubic region
the abdominal area just below the navel (belly button)
heart contractility
the ability of the heart to contract, generating force to pump blood; contractility can be reduced in various diseases
antigen
the ability to resist a harmful substance or pathogen
immunity
the ability to resist a harmful substance or pathogen
interoperability
the ability to share data between multiple systems without altering the meaning of the data
cancer
the abnormal growth of cells
visual acuity
the acuteness, or clearness, of vision, typically measured by having a person read alphabetic characters printed on a chart positioned a set distance away
laboratory medicine
the analysis of samples, such as bodily fluids, tissues, or chemicals, for diagnostic or research purposes
pelvic region
the area of the body below the abdomen and around the hips
Cervical Region
the area of the body pertaining to the neck
Cranial Region
the area on top of the head that includes the skull and brain
anteroposterior
the axis that extends from posterior to anterior
spine
the backbone
regurgitation
the backward flow of food up the digestive passageway
acid-base balance
the balance between acidic (hydrogen donor) and basic (hydrogen acceptor) molecules in a solution
neuron
the basic cell of the nervous system; specialized for sending and receiving signals from other neurons
nephron
the basic structural and functional unit of the kidney; each kidney contains about 1 million nephrons, which together perform its filtration and other functions
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-5th Edition (DSM-5)
the current version of the DSM, a publication of the American Psychiatric Association (APA) used as the primary resource in the US to classify and diagnose mental disorders
eponychium
the cuticle of the nail
myocardial infarction (MI)
the death (infarction) of heart muscle (myocardium) caused by lack of oxygen due to a blockage in a coronary artery; also known as a heart attack
renal failure
the decreased ability or complete inability of the kidneys to filter waste and toxins from blood
oxygen saturation
the degree to which the oxygen-carrying molecules, called hemoglobin, in red blood cells are filled, or saturated, with oxygen, expressed as a percentage of the maximum they can carry
electronic prescribing
the digital authoring, transmission, and filling of physician medication prescriptions, it is intended to reduce errors, time, and costs
health information exchange (HIE)
the digital exchange of healthcare data between different organizations in order to improve patient care, and reduce costs and errors
electronic data interchange (EDI)
the digital exchange of structured data between computer systems; reduces errors and can be used, for example, for sending prescriptions to a pharmacy
range of motion
the distance and direction that a joint can move to its full potential
cervix
the donut-shaped lower portion of the uterus; connects the uterus to the vagina and provides an opening for childbirth and the passage of sperm and menstrual fluid
median toxicity dose (TD50)
the dose of a drug at which 50% of the animals tested have toxic levels of the drug
median effective dose (ED50)
the dose of a drug that produces a therapeutic response in 50% of the animals tested
symptom
the effects of a disease that a person feels, such as aches and pains
menopause
the end of fertility, when the ovaries stop producing ova, and menstruation ceases
vasodilation
the enlarging of blood vessels to increase internal heat loss, thereby cooling the body
ophthalmoscopy
the examination of the interior of the eye using a viewing device called an ophthalmoscope
hirsutism
the excessive growth of hair on women in parts of the body where hair does not normally grow
gross anatomy
the field of science concerned with the study of anatomical structures
dialysis
the filtration of the blood using a machine to partially substitute for kidney function by filtering toxins and removing excess water from the body
epididymis
the first part in the male duct system, a tube that coils around the testicles and stores sperm
sternum
the flat bone that connects the two sides of the rib cage; also called the breastbone
pelvis
the flat bone that forms the bottom of the torso and the hip joints
epithelial cells
the flat cells that comprise the outermost layer of the skin
vertebral column
the flexible bony structure that houses the spinal cord and consists of a series of bones called vertebrae
lens
the flexible, transparent, egg-shaped structure in the eye that helps the cornea focus light on the retina by changing its shape
blood pressure
the force exerted by blood against the walls of the blood vessels as it circulates throughout the body
Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA)
the government agency that enforces the Controlled Substances Act
mitral valve
the heart valve that separates the left atrium from the left ventricle
aortic valve
the heart valve that separates the left ventricle from the aorta
tricuspid valve
the heart valve that separates the right atrium from the right ventricle
pulmonary valve
the heart valve that separates the right ventricle from the pulmonary artery
paramedic certification
the highest level of state certification for an emergency medical technician certifying the ability to perform advanced life support skills in addition to interventions and life support equipment and skills
stomach
the hollow organ of the digestive system that stores food
dilate
to enlarge or widen
aspirate
to remove a fluid by vacuum suction
-emesis
to vomit, or vomiting
duodenum
top section of the small intestine where bile from the liver enters
top.
topical/topically; medication that is applied to the skin
Posterior
toward the back of the body, or in back of something else
anterior
toward the front of the body, or in front of something else
-therapy
treatment
therapeut(o)
treatment
ducts
tubes in the body that carry fluids secreted by glands
blood vessels
tubes that carry blood and nutrients throughout the body
glottis
two flaps of tissue that close together to prevent food from entering the conducting zone
ovaries
two glands in the female body that are attached to the uterus and that produce ova (eggs) and female hormones
testicles
two glands located in the scrotum that produce sperm and male hormones
bronchopneumonia
type of pneumonia characterized by lung inflammation, generally associated with bronchitis, and localized in the bronchioles and surrounding alveoli
keratin
type of protein used by the body to form tough tissues such as skin
cryptorchidism
undescended testicle (a developmental defect)
milligram
unit equal to one thousandth of a gram
microgram
unit equal to one thousandth of a milligram
fluid ounce
unit of liquid volume
teaspoon
unit of measurement that is about .16th of a fluid ounce
tablespoon
unit of measurement that is about .5 of a fluid ounce
pharmacogenomics
using genome technology to discover new drugs
prophylaxis
using pharmaceutical drugs to prevent disease
human papilloma virus (HPV)
virus that causes genital warts; can lead to cervical cancer in females
human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)
virus that leads to acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS); transmitted through body fluids, including those exchanged during sexual intercourse
endoscopy
visual inspection of the body by means of an endoscope
hematemesis
vomiting of blood
ear irrigation
washing of the external auditory canal using a stream of warm water in order to remove a cerumen impaction or foreign body
cholesterol
waxy substance needed for hormone production and for growing cells
obesity
when excess body fat reaches an extent that may have an adverse effect on health
discharge
when patients are cleared to leave the care of a medical facility and receive instructions for ongoing care and treatment
root words
word parts that carry the essential meaning of a word, and cannot be broken down into smaller parts
vaginal candidiasis
yeast infection or abnormally high levels of yeast fungus
jaundice
yellow discoloration of the skin caused by bile pigments in the blood
bile
yellowish-green alkaline solution that helps break down fat