Health Behavior Exam 01
Where do theories come from?
1. Theories are born from the need to solve a problem or find an explanation for some repeatedly observed occurrence. 2. The goal of theory development is to identify a few principles that can explain aa large range of phenomena
What is a theory? (3)
1. They provide the foundation for professional practice 2. They help us solve problems 3. THEY help us formulate interventions
the idea or the basis upon which the theory is formed. why does this theory explain behavior?
concept
obtaining information about self and the problem behavior becoming aware of the problem and its consequences, and what can be done about it.
consciousness raising cognitive process
The components of theory what does this theory mean?
constructs
true or false. Punishments are more effective than rewards.
false.
identify the ways the concept is measured
variables
what are the six constructs of the health belief model?
- perceived threat (perceived susceptibility & perceived seriousness) - Perceived benefits - perceived barriers - cues to action - self-efficacy
culture provides its members with... (5)
- self identity - belongingness and social support - guidelines for behavior - sense of purpose - predictability and security
what are the three constructs if the theory of reasoned action?
1. attitude 2. subjective/social norms 3. volitional and behavioral control
perceived behavioral control is influenced by ... (2)
1. control beliefs 2. perceived power
What are the three types of theories?
1. individual 2. community: social, cultural, and environmental 3. Multilevel
what are the 5 stages of change, via the transtheoretical model
1. pre-contemplaation 2. Contemplation 3. Preparation 4. action 5. maintenance
three characteristics of culture
1. shared 2. learned 3. influences the attitudes and behaviors of memebrs
what is culture?
1. the collective programming of the mind that distinguishes the members of one group from another 2. the collection of beliefs, values, behaviors, customs, and attitudes that distinguish the people of one society from another. 3. shared motives, values, beliefs, identities, and interpretation or meanings of significant events that result from common experiences of members that are transmitted across generations. 4. a toolkit of symbols, stories, rituals, and worldviews that help the people of a culture survive and succeed.
What is the concept of the health belief model?
Personal beliefs or perceptions influence health behavior
personal perception of ability to do something new. people will only do what they think they can do, and will not do what they think they can't. (concept) influenced by motivation, praise and support, and successful experiences
Self-efficacy new construct of the health belief model.
100% self efficacy is a critical component It is the confidence in one's ability to cope with situations that may cause relapse back to the old behavior. the new behavior is now the normal behavior-> when the smoker no longer has a craving for nicotine.
Termination
begins when the plan is put into motion success of the plan is measured against pre-determined criteria the person sets. this stage last 6 months**; relevant, bc relapse is expected to occur. the change must be kept for at least 6 months to move to the next stage.
action
one's perceived control over performance of a behavior
behavioral control construct of the theory of planned behavior
attitude=
belief + belief + belief
this stage begins as soon as the person starts to think about changing moving from thinking to doing requires a decision to be made (decisional balance) this stage must be done within 6 months, if it takes longer it is procrasination
contemplation
substituting the healthier behavior for the unhealthy one ex: stairs vs elevator
counter-conditioning behavioral process
blank move people from pre-contemplation to contemplation
cues to action
events, people, or things that move people to change their behavior. "Triggers"
cues to action new construct of the health belief model
the process of weighing the pros and cons of changing
decisional balance
expressing feelings about, or reacting emotionally to the behavior in question. family interventions take advantage of this to let the person know that x behavior is harming both parties.
dramatic relief or emotional arousal cognitive process
what is one of the best predictors of health status?
education
looking at the behavior in light of its impact or effect on the physical environment
environmental reevaluation cognitive process
what is intention?
extent to which someone is ready to engage in a behavior, or the likelihood that someone will engage in a particular behavior most predictive factor for behavior according to the theory of reasoned action
Education culture beliefs and attitude values religion gender
factors that influence health behavior
True or false. The theory of reasoned action is effective at explaining behavior for behaviors that are not under our volitional control.
false. To make the theory more useful in these situations, behavioral control was added as a construct. the theory was revised to the theory of planned behavior.
True or false. Cues to action are affected by modifying variables in the health belief model
false. modifying variables only affect perceived threat, benefits, barriers, and self-efficacy.
true or false. all theories have constructs
false. some have stages, others have levels
what is the most widely used theory in pbh?
health belief model
having a support system for changing unwanted, unhealthy behavior ex: AAA
helping relationships behavioral process
what is the point of studying health behavior?
implement programs and interventions that seek to promote change in behavior to improve health of the public.
the most difficult of all the stages where the person works to avoid relapsing back to the old behavior in order for the change to be maintained, the new behavior must be permanently incorporated into the lifestyle. -> requires reinforcement
maintenance
the process whereby something or someone is pushed to the edge of a group and accorded lesser importance. this is predominantly a social phenomenon by which a minority or sub-group is excluded, and their needs or desires ignored.
marginalization
Intrapersonal factors that affect health behavior decision making. They are grouped into 3 categories: 1. Demographic 2. Sociopsychological 3. Structural ex: skill, culture, knowledge, education
modifying variables not a construct health belief model
what is the most predictive construct of behavior change health belief model
perceived barriers we don't like challenges ex: free time vs exercising transportation
Personal opinion of the obstacles in the way of adopting a new behavior the most predictive construct of behavior change
perceived barriers (cons)
personal opinion or perception of the value or usefulness of a new behavior in decreasing the risk of developing a disease.
perceived benefits (pros) construct of the health belief model
perception or belief as to the severity of a disease or condition. beliefs a person has about the consequences an illness might personally have on him or herself. ex: flu affecting someone with asthma and no asthma, the effects will differ. condom use and STD sensitivity
perceived seriousness construct of health belief model
perception of personal risk for developing or contracting a disease/condition based on behavior. one of the more powerful perceptions prompting people to adopt healthier behaviors. some people believe they are not at risk, so they don't engage in a behavior.
perceived susceptibility construct of health belief model.
there are no thoughts about changing behavior - may be uniformed or under-informed - may have tried before and it didn't work - isn't ready to change behavior will not change within the next 6 months behavior is usually not seen as a problem (unawareness)
pre contemplation stage
Begins as soon as the decision to change has been made plans for making the change are developed this stage makes individual feel encouraged to move forward with behavior change. change doesn't occur yet
preparation
identifying rewards for maintaining the new behavior, and punishment for not
reinforcement maanagement behavioral process
self-efficacy vs. behavioral control
self efficacy: one's perceived ability to perform a behavior (health belief model) behavioral control: one's perceived control over performance of a behavior. (theory of planned behavior)
freeing oneself from a behavior you no longer choose to engage in.
self-liberation behavioral process
looking at self with and without the problem behavior and assessing the differences in self-esteem
self-reevaluation cognitive process
seeking options or alternatives that support the new behavior ex: hiking vacation vs disney
social liberation cognitive process
removing the cues or triggers for the problem behavior from the environment
stimulus control behavioral process
perceived social pressure to engage or not engage in a certain behavior... may be based on fact, or not... result from normative beliefs- those things we believe important people in our lives want us to do
subjective norms construct of theory of reasoned action/planned behavior
The cognitive and behavioral processes of change help us understand how change occurs
the 10 processes of change cognitive - consciousness raising, dramatic relief, self-reevaluation, environmental reevaluation social liberation, environmental liberation, behavioral - stimulus control, helping relationships, counter-conditioning, reinforcement management, self-liberation
true or false. in order for a new behavior to be adopted, the perceived benefits of the new behavior have to be seen as outweighing the consequences of continuing old behavior. which theory is this talking about?
true health belief model
True or false. TRA/TPB predicts intention, not behavior.
true. it directly affects intention and indirectly affects behavior.
A behavior under BLANK is one that the individual can decide to engage in, at will. ex: brushing your teeth, skipping dessert, exercising, using sunscreen
volitional control construct of the theory of reasoned action/planned behavior