Health Behavior Exam 01

Where do theories come from?

1. Theories are born from the need to solve a problem or find an explanation for some repeatedly observed occurrence. 2. The goal of theory development is to identify a few principles that can explain aa large range of phenomena

What is a theory? (3)

1. They provide the foundation for professional practice 2. They help us solve problems 3. THEY help us formulate interventions

the idea or the basis upon which the theory is formed. why does this theory explain behavior?

concept

obtaining information about self and the problem behavior becoming aware of the problem and its consequences, and what can be done about it.

consciousness raising cognitive process

The components of theory what does this theory mean?

constructs

true or false. Punishments are more effective than rewards.

false.

identify the ways the concept is measured

variables

what are the six constructs of the health belief model?

- perceived threat (perceived susceptibility & perceived seriousness) - Perceived benefits - perceived barriers - cues to action - self-efficacy

culture provides its members with... (5)

- self identity - belongingness and social support - guidelines for behavior - sense of purpose - predictability and security

what are the three constructs if the theory of reasoned action?

1. attitude 2. subjective/social norms 3. volitional and behavioral control

perceived behavioral control is influenced by ... (2)

1. control beliefs 2. perceived power

What are the three types of theories?

1. individual 2. community: social, cultural, and environmental 3. Multilevel

what are the 5 stages of change, via the transtheoretical model

1. pre-contemplaation 2. Contemplation 3. Preparation 4. action 5. maintenance

three characteristics of culture

1. shared 2. learned 3. influences the attitudes and behaviors of memebrs

what is culture?

1. the collective programming of the mind that distinguishes the members of one group from another 2. the collection of beliefs, values, behaviors, customs, and attitudes that distinguish the people of one society from another. 3. shared motives, values, beliefs, identities, and interpretation or meanings of significant events that result from common experiences of members that are transmitted across generations. 4. a toolkit of symbols, stories, rituals, and worldviews that help the people of a culture survive and succeed.

What is the concept of the health belief model?

Personal beliefs or perceptions influence health behavior

personal perception of ability to do something new. people will only do what they think they can do, and will not do what they think they can't. (concept) influenced by motivation, praise and support, and successful experiences

Self-efficacy new construct of the health belief model.

100% self efficacy is a critical component It is the confidence in one's ability to cope with situations that may cause relapse back to the old behavior. the new behavior is now the normal behavior-> when the smoker no longer has a craving for nicotine.

Termination

begins when the plan is put into motion success of the plan is measured against pre-determined criteria the person sets. this stage last 6 months**; relevant, bc relapse is expected to occur. the change must be kept for at least 6 months to move to the next stage.

action

one's perceived control over performance of a behavior

behavioral control construct of the theory of planned behavior

attitude=

belief + belief + belief

this stage begins as soon as the person starts to think about changing moving from thinking to doing requires a decision to be made (decisional balance) this stage must be done within 6 months, if it takes longer it is procrasination

contemplation

substituting the healthier behavior for the unhealthy one ex: stairs vs elevator

counter-conditioning behavioral process

blank move people from pre-contemplation to contemplation

cues to action

events, people, or things that move people to change their behavior. "Triggers"

cues to action new construct of the health belief model

the process of weighing the pros and cons of changing

decisional balance

expressing feelings about, or reacting emotionally to the behavior in question. family interventions take advantage of this to let the person know that x behavior is harming both parties.

dramatic relief or emotional arousal cognitive process

what is one of the best predictors of health status?

education

looking at the behavior in light of its impact or effect on the physical environment

environmental reevaluation cognitive process

what is intention?

extent to which someone is ready to engage in a behavior, or the likelihood that someone will engage in a particular behavior most predictive factor for behavior according to the theory of reasoned action

Education culture beliefs and attitude values religion gender

factors that influence health behavior

True or false. The theory of reasoned action is effective at explaining behavior for behaviors that are not under our volitional control.

false. To make the theory more useful in these situations, behavioral control was added as a construct. the theory was revised to the theory of planned behavior.

True or false. Cues to action are affected by modifying variables in the health belief model

false. modifying variables only affect perceived threat, benefits, barriers, and self-efficacy.

true or false. all theories have constructs

false. some have stages, others have levels

what is the most widely used theory in pbh?

health belief model

having a support system for changing unwanted, unhealthy behavior ex: AAA

helping relationships behavioral process

what is the point of studying health behavior?

implement programs and interventions that seek to promote change in behavior to improve health of the public.

the most difficult of all the stages where the person works to avoid relapsing back to the old behavior in order for the change to be maintained, the new behavior must be permanently incorporated into the lifestyle. -> requires reinforcement

maintenance

the process whereby something or someone is pushed to the edge of a group and accorded lesser importance. this is predominantly a social phenomenon by which a minority or sub-group is excluded, and their needs or desires ignored.

marginalization

Intrapersonal factors that affect health behavior decision making. They are grouped into 3 categories: 1. Demographic 2. Sociopsychological 3. Structural ex: skill, culture, knowledge, education

modifying variables not a construct health belief model

what is the most predictive construct of behavior change health belief model

perceived barriers we don't like challenges ex: free time vs exercising transportation

Personal opinion of the obstacles in the way of adopting a new behavior the most predictive construct of behavior change

perceived barriers (cons)

personal opinion or perception of the value or usefulness of a new behavior in decreasing the risk of developing a disease.

perceived benefits (pros) construct of the health belief model

perception or belief as to the severity of a disease or condition. beliefs a person has about the consequences an illness might personally have on him or herself. ex: flu affecting someone with asthma and no asthma, the effects will differ. condom use and STD sensitivity

perceived seriousness construct of health belief model

perception of personal risk for developing or contracting a disease/condition based on behavior. one of the more powerful perceptions prompting people to adopt healthier behaviors. some people believe they are not at risk, so they don't engage in a behavior.

perceived susceptibility construct of health belief model.

there are no thoughts about changing behavior - may be uniformed or under-informed - may have tried before and it didn't work - isn't ready to change behavior will not change within the next 6 months behavior is usually not seen as a problem (unawareness)

pre contemplation stage

Begins as soon as the decision to change has been made plans for making the change are developed this stage makes individual feel encouraged to move forward with behavior change. change doesn't occur yet

preparation

identifying rewards for maintaining the new behavior, and punishment for not

reinforcement maanagement behavioral process

self-efficacy vs. behavioral control

self efficacy: one's perceived ability to perform a behavior (health belief model) behavioral control: one's perceived control over performance of a behavior. (theory of planned behavior)

freeing oneself from a behavior you no longer choose to engage in.

self-liberation behavioral process

looking at self with and without the problem behavior and assessing the differences in self-esteem

self-reevaluation cognitive process

seeking options or alternatives that support the new behavior ex: hiking vacation vs disney

social liberation cognitive process

removing the cues or triggers for the problem behavior from the environment

stimulus control behavioral process

perceived social pressure to engage or not engage in a certain behavior... may be based on fact, or not... result from normative beliefs- those things we believe important people in our lives want us to do

subjective norms construct of theory of reasoned action/planned behavior

The cognitive and behavioral processes of change help us understand how change occurs

the 10 processes of change cognitive - consciousness raising, dramatic relief, self-reevaluation, environmental reevaluation social liberation, environmental liberation, behavioral - stimulus control, helping relationships, counter-conditioning, reinforcement management, self-liberation

true or false. in order for a new behavior to be adopted, the perceived benefits of the new behavior have to be seen as outweighing the consequences of continuing old behavior. which theory is this talking about?

true health belief model

True or false. TRA/TPB predicts intention, not behavior.

true. it directly affects intention and indirectly affects behavior.

A behavior under BLANK is one that the individual can decide to engage in, at will. ex: brushing your teeth, skipping dessert, exercising, using sunscreen

volitional control construct of the theory of reasoned action/planned behavior