MUS test 2 ch.7-9

When composers wrote a Mass, they usually include

only the ordinary

The approximate years of the medieval period are

1100-1450

A Greek chorus accompanied dramas with melodic songs.

false

Gregorian chants were basically hymns sung by the congregation at worship services. a. True b. False

false

lute:

most widely played instrument

a cappella:

unaccompanied choral music

The music the early Greeks sounded like

no one knows what it really sounded like

The lower line of a medieval motet

used a phrase from a chant

The rhythm in medieval organum

was often based on rhythmic modes similar to those found in poetry.

Polyphony began:

when the second part of organum began to show more independence

Madrigals are secular versions of motets. a. True b. False

false

Motets were often sung at social gatherings. a. True b. False

false

Much secular music existed during medieval times, but only a little of it was written down. a. True b. False

false

Pope Gregory was also a musician who composed many chants. a. True b. False

false

An important feature of the Renaissance thinking is

humanism

organum:

name for the early polyphonic music of medieval times

The early Greek who discovered the basic acoustical ratios of musical sounds was

pythogoras

The Kyrie, Gloria, Credo, Sanctus, and Agnus Dei constitute what part of the Mass?

the Ordinary

Rhythmic Modes:

the constant repetition of certain rhythm patterns much like poetic meters

Pitch:

the highness or lowness of a sound --> technical term is Frequency; and is determined by number of vibrations of the molecules in air. --> this is known as wavelength and is measured in hz -other terms: note or tone -tuba sound in the low end of the sound spectrum -piccolo will sound at high end of sound spectrum

Organum is not polyphonic because

the two lines of music move in strict parallel motion

Léonin and Pérotin had all but which one of the following in common?

they sought recognition for their music throughout france

Which statement is true of medieval motets?

they were based on a phrase of Gregorian chant

An important event during the Renaissance was the development of printing from movable type. a. True b. False

true

Gregorian chant has a monophonic texture. a. True b. False

true

The musical setting of Renaissance Masses were usually based on a phrase of Gregorian chant. a. True b. False

true

The original notation of Gregorian chant consisted of square notes and no indication of meter. a. True b. False

true

Gregorian chant characteristics (from pwpt):

***Gregorian chant does not have a metrical rhythm, although there is a logical flow of the notes. Remember that all music has rhythm, but some, such as this, does not have meter and is not measured. ***This type of chant consists of a single unaccompanied melodic line with few leaps. ***Therefore its texture is monophonic and it uses mostly step-wise motion. ***The major/minor scale patterns found in so much of Western music are seldom used in chant; instead scales with different arrangements of whole and half steps, called modes, are encountered. ***The texts are almost always in Latin, the Kyrie of the mass being one major exception. It is written in Greek. ***Historically the chants are performed only by monks or priests, but as we will see in the case of Hildegard de Bingen, women in convents also sang chant.

The mass (from pwpt):

***The Mass is central to the worship of the Roman Catholic Church and is a symbolic re-enactment of the Last Supper. The mass contains two major divisions, which are the Proper and the Ordinary. ***The Proper changes depending on the Church calendar. ***The Ordinary stays the same for every day of the year. As we will discover throughout the rest of this course, the Ordinary of the mass was most often appropriated by composers when composing original music for the mass. The five standard parts of the Ordinary are the Kyrie (which is in Greek), the Gloria, the Credo, the Sanctus, and the Angus Dei. ***While the earliest composed masses were used in actual worship in the church, some more recent composers such as Beethoven, Haydn, and Stravinsky have written what are considered Concert Masses. These are not sung in worship but are performed in Concert settings. Originally the Mass was in Latin, but since Vatican Council II (1964-67) vernacular languages are now permitted.

Chapter 4; Greenburg: -pitch, timbre, overtones (partials), note, melody -tonal system---pythagoras, first six "partials" of harmonic series

**The center of music in the Renaissance, as has already been mentioned, was in Northern France and Western Belgium. This area is referred to by many different names and so it is important to be familiar with each of these terms. **This area may be called, the Netherlands, Flanders, Burgandy or the Flemish region. They all basically refer to the same area. **Most of the important composers of this period were trained here and while some stayed, many travelled throughout Europe and took up residence in other locations, thus spreading the innovations and style from the Flemish region. **One major composer of this time is Josquin des Prez, also known more simply as Josquin. **While previous composers had used imitation in their writing, Josquin creates a new way of using this musical device by having the vocalists stagger their entrances. This emphasizes the imitation and the words, making the vocal lines more clearly and easily understood. **From the time of Machaut many composers had written masses. It was customary to use a phrase from an existing chant as the basis or cantus firmus from which the mass was built. These masses were usually referenced by the first phrase of Gregorian chant which was utilized in constructing the piece. As you can see on page 77 in the text, Josquin uses a plainchant titled Pange lingua to construct one of his eighteen settings of the mass.

Dies Irae:

-The traditional gregorian chant sung at funerals "Day of Wrath", referring to the day of final judgment -An original Gregorian chant from requiem Mass -notes of chant melody generally move to an adjacent note -length of notes are: about equal -the singers sing several notes on some of the syllables of the text -Texture: monophonic -Meter: it has no metrical pattern -Form: aabb -genre: gregorian chant -music is sung by men -style of singing is Restrained

Plainchant (generic term)

-Unadorned and unaccompanied -One voice (but can be many people) •monophonic -Conjunct melodic contour (no large intervals, mostly stepwise motion) -Unmetered (non-metrical); rhythm based on articulations of the words -Often referred to as Gregorian chant (specific term) -Music for worship; not "popular" -Single greatest body of music in Western culture

Ancient times:

-from 800 B.C. to A.D. 476 city states are dominant -greek civilization flourished in Athens --Socrates, Plato, Aristotle -roman civilization adopted much of greek civiliation (Greece became roman state in 146 B.C.)

"Kyrie" from pange lingua mass by Josquin Des Prez

-genre: Mass -the order in which the first three voice parts enter is: tenor, bass, then soprano -Texture: Polyphonic -The word "Kyrie" is repeated three time in this music: each time it's sung one note lower -words being sung at "Christe eleison"

"As Vesta Was from Latmos Hill Descending" by Thomas Weelkes

-genre: madrigal -texture: polyphonic -notes reflect text: many notes ascend -how many singers sing "first two by two": 2 -how many singers sing "All alone": 1 -the words "long live fair oriana!" are sung: many times in imitation -final chord is: Major -type pf music: madrigal

"Sicut Cervus" by Palestrina

-genre: motet -3 voice parts have entered at end of an ex -Texture: Polyphonic -singing style: smooth and restrained -meter: no definite meter -words repeated at one point are "anima mea" -order of voice parts enter on the words "ita desiderat": bases and tenors enter first then the sopranos and altos -sung by men and boys -dynamic level of music at point is quite soft

"A Chantar" by Beatrix de Dia:

-introduction by vielle (medieval bowed instrument) -song (repeated) -written by the female troubador, Beatriz de Dia -genre: secular music -pattern of vocal lines in "A chantar" is: abab -singer adds many decorative notes to the melody -the accompanying instrument is playing: very long, slow notes

Ordo Virtutum by Hildegard of Bingen

-it is a morality play --> "The play of the Virtures" -all parts were sung except for the devil's -work is unique in history of medieval drama bc author is known and it is one of the earliest morality plays, a type uncommon until 14th century ***In this specific play the characters are the Devil, and the sixteen virtues, such as Humility, Mercy, and Faith. ***The melodies are chant-like ***and sung in Latin by nuns (except for the Devil, a man who only speaks). Little except the vocal music has come down to us, so presentations of the work today require some creativity on the performers' part. -sung by nuns, except devil -at this point music becomes more flowing and songlike (2:30-2:42) -this section of music is sung by several singers singing in unison

Word (Tone) Painting:

-word painting also known as "text painting" --> attempt by composer to depict the words of the text ❑Often music depicts words being sung ❑Listen to Weelkes's "As Vesta Was . . " examples: -"descending", "ascending" -"came running down amain" -"two by two," "three by three," "together"

The approximate dates of the Renaissance are

1450-1600

Estampie by anonymous:

Estampie: an instrumental dance during the middle ages -single line of music, no instruments specified -12th century dance in triple meter -instrumental -only melody was written down -form a a a' a -genre: dance music -form: aaa'a -another form: ab. -meter: fast three beats per measure -string instruments sounds: the same note throughout -melody is played by: one string and one flute-like instrument

Most recognized "Renaissance man":

Leonardo da Vinci -he designed weapons, recite stories, paint, depict human anatomy, plan cities, make maps, do mathematical analyses

Liturgy: Mass:

Liturgy: a ritural for public worship -a body of rites prescribed for worship Mass: (1) the celebration of holy communion (eucharist) in the roman catholic church. (2) the musical setting of the ordinary of the mass

Frets:

Metal strips on the fingerboard of a guitar and similar instruments that help the player in finger placement.

Which persons were important composers during the Renaissance?

Palestrina and Josquin des Prez

An important ancient Greek philosopher who strongly advocated music as essential for an educated person was

Plato

Ancient Greece: -Plato -Doctrine of "ethos" -Pythagoras discovered

Plato: music was essential part of education -As far back as Plato's Republic, music has been considered, along with mathematics, geometry, and astronomy, one the "Four Pillars of Learning," also known as the quadrivium Doctrine of "ethos" -belief that music possessed moral qualities and could affect character and behavior. -The ancient Greeks thought that music could influence a person's character, which is often referred to as the Doctrine of Ethos. Thus music in certain modes or scales was believed to build certain qualities of character, while other modes would not. Pythagoras discovered acoustical ratios (2:1, etc.) -Pythagoras, the same man who is prominent in geometry, discovered that particular combinations of vibrations produced certain intervals. A ratio of 2:1 produced an octave, 3:2 a fifth, and 4:3 a fourth. These he designated as "perfect" and we still use that terminology today when speaking about intervals. The website listed will give you more information on Pythagoras and acoustics

The Renaissance Mass: -Proper of the mass -Ordinary of the mass

Proper of the mass: 1. introit 4. gradual 5. alleluia or tract 6. sequentia 8. offertory 11. communion Ordinary of the Mass: 2. Kyrie 3. Gloria 7. credo 9. sanctus 10. agnus dei **Remember the musical mass is almost always limited to the ordinary of the mass, even though composers may write individual sections

(The Mass: Symbolic re-enactment of last supper) Proper: Ordinary: -Kyrie, Gloria, Credo, Sanctus, Angus Dei

Proper: the portion of the mass that is "proper" for a designated day in the church year (changes according to certain days in church calendar) Ordinary: parts of the mass that are ordinarily included, regardless of church season: Kyrie, gloria, credo, sanctus, and angus dei *Kyrie* This is a short prayer using Greek words instead of the usual Latin. The text means, "Lord, have mercy on us; Christ, have mercy on us." *Gloria* This section offers praise to God in Latin with the words, "Glory to God on high." *Credo* This rather long statement of belief in Latin ("We believe in one God, ...") is recited or sung in a reciting style. (creed) *Sanctus* This follows the consecration of the elements when the priest raises the bread and wine for everyone to see. The Sanctus begins with the words, "Holy, holy, holy." *Agnus Dei* This section is based on the Latin words that mean "Lamb of God, who takes away the sins of the world, have mercy on us and grant us peace."

Requiem Mass:

Requiem: the funeral mass of the roman catholic church. the mass for the dead -is a special use of mass for funeral -Both Gloria and Credo are omitted in the funeral mass -***Features the chant "Dies Irae" which translates as "Day of wrath" in english, referring to final judgment

Summary for mass, motet, and madrigal

The Renaissance *Mass* -->Josquin: Kyrie The Renaissance *Motet* --> Palestrina: "Sicut cervus" The *Madrigal* --> Weelkes: "As Vesta Was from Latmos Hill Descending"

Gregorian Chant:

The monophonic chant originally sung unaccompanied in Latin by monks and priests in the Roman Catholic Church Features: -nonmetrical rhythm: although there were groups of notes, you will have no inclination to tap your foot as you listen to it (unmetered) -monophonic texture: there is no harmony (one voice) -smooth contour: its notes generally move by step to the next note (step-wise and small range) -Modal scales: (white note scales on pianos) the melodies generally don't follow the familiar major or minor scale patterns -reverent and restrained mood: no attempt is made to reach out and grab the listener's emotions (used for worship) -Texts are church Latin, not English -certain texts are sung at mass only by priests -sung by monks and priests (rarely by women) Not a concert music; goal is to contribute to worship

"Alleluia, Diffusa est gatia" (c. 1190) by Perotin

Translation:Hallelujah (praise god), grace has been poured upon your lips; therefore, god has blessed you. Three sections: -Alleluia, Alleluia: chant (monophonic) -Diffusa est gratia: Organum (florid, melismatic) -Alleluia, Alleluia: chant (monophonic) ***^There are three sections to this piece, the first and third being similar, and the second contrasting. We can see a form that is present here which can be described by the letters ABA, which will become an important standard musical form extending up to the present day. The specific name given this form is Ternary. Notice that for the two A sections, monophonic chant is used, while the B section uses organum -genre: medieval motet -texture: monophonic -voices singing: changed male -2 different voice parts

cactus firmus:

a preexisting melody that is used as the basis for a polyphonic vocal work

motet

a sacred composition of voices

A feature of the Renaissance motet is

a sense of refined reverence

Gregorian chant has no a. harmony. b. major/minor scales. c. all of these choices d. dramatic qualities. e. metrical rhythm.

all of those

Which of these is true of Gregorian chant? a. For hundreds of years it was sung only by priests and monks. b. All of these choices are true. c. Most of the movement of its melody is to adjacent pitches. d. Until 1963 it was sung in Latin. e. It does not have a metrical rhythm.

all of those

Polyphony:

began as a parallel line to a line of Gregorian chant -originally called organum (parallel organum) -began to be used between 800-1000 ***Gregorian chant provided the basic melodic material to which musicians first added another line that ran parallel at the interval of a fourth or a fifth. ***This was given the name organum and an example is shown which is taken from the Rex coeli Domine. As you can see each phrase would usually start and end in unison singing, in this piece spreading to the interval of a fourth in the middle of the line. This style of writing, although not true polyphony, was a step in that direction.

humanism:

belief in the importance of enjoying life for its own sake, in life here and now. (renaissance outlook)

Gutenberg's movable type invention: (renaissance)

changed the world, made printed material much more accessible. previously material had to be written by hand or engraved or printed from a block of wood or metal plate

The Renaissance a. featured a spiritual, otherwordly quality. b. took place between 1200 and 1450. c. began musically in Italy. d. did not much affect commerce. e. featured a revival of interest in ancient Greece and Rome.

e. featured a revival of interest in ancient greece and rome

A Mass for the dead contains all but which one of the following? a. Dies irae b. Kyrie c. Gloria d. Sanctus e. Agnus Dei

gloria

Chivalry was an outlook or attitude that

glorified women

Many of the practices of the Christian church were adapted from

judaism

The most popular musical instrument of the Renaissance was the

lute

Music in Europe:

medieval motet largely in French Guillaume de Machaut (Ars Nova) -- 1st known complete setting of the musical mass >The painting and the line drawing are an artists rendition of Machaut. Before Machaut, composers would write music for individual sections of the ordinary of the mass, such as the Kyrie, or the Agnus Dei. Machaut is credited with writing the first complete setting of the mass, using all five sections of the ordinary in his composition. Italy: Francesco Landini -In Italy a blind organist named Francesco Landini was composing music that was more listenable, as was John Dunstable in England. Both of these men used the same text for all the voice parts, England: John Dunstable -Dunstable along with other English composers wrote melodic lines in thirds instead of hollow sounding fourths and fifths. Another difference is that the most important voice moved from the lowest position which was the cantus firmus, to the highest voice, which was the predecessor of modern melody writing for SATB choirs.

The secular music of medieval times is less known than the music for worship because

only a small amount of it was written down

Organum and polyphonic music first developed in

paris

Morality Play:

play in which the members of the cast are allegorical, often personifications of concepts, virtues or vices, as in the well known Everyman

Renaissance motets usually contain

points of imitation

composers of instrumental music during medieval times did not indicate which instruments should play it. a. True b. False

true

Polyphony in music is:

two or more different melodies being performed at the same time.

The Middle ages (also known as the dark ages lasting for nearly 600 years after the fall of Rome in 476):

•About 476 to 1100 -Greenburg: 600 to 1000 (Age of Theocracy; 600-1400) -476: Fall of the Roman Empire •Otherworldly outlook -Life was difficult, focus on world to come •Monasteries preserved writings -Music, art, architecture •Our focus will be on Church Music -It was the first music to be notated. -There was popular (secular) music, but we don't know a lot about it. ***People were bound by a system of feudalism to the land and the lord of the manor; life was grim for most people. Cultural and intellectual accomplishments were largely overlooked, because of a strong otherworldly outlook that considered life on earth as a temporary prelude to an afterlife. ***Monasteries were largely responsible for preserving the writings of the ancient Greeks and Romans, specifically in the areas of music, art, and architecture. ***For this time period, our focus will be on church music as it was the first music to be notated and because of the scarcity of information about popular music.

The renaissance outlook (1450-1600): -Art -architecture -literature -science -education -religion -exploration -commerce

•Art -Dignity of human figure -Portraits -Three-dimensional -Lighting and shading •Architecture -Used models from antiquity (Greece, Rome) -Columns/rounded roofs replaced Gothic style •Florence cathedral (Italy) •St. Peter's Basilica (Rome) •Fontainbleau Castle (France) •Charles V Castle (Spain) •Literature -Petrarch (Italy), Cervantes (Spain), Rabelais (France), Shakespeare (England) •Science -Largely ignored during Middle Ages -Inventions and discoveries abound •Invention of printing press •Invention of microscope/telescope •Education -Renaissance man/woman is ideal (Leonardo da Vinci) -Knowledge in many fields esteemed •Religion -Reformation (Martin Luther) -Counter-reformation (Council of Trent) -Anglican Movement (Henry VIII, England) •Exploration -New lands discovered -Age of Explorers (Columbus, Magellan, Balboa, etc.) •Commerce -Economic and commercial expansion -Expansion of middle class

The renaissance outlook (1450-1600): -changes that occurred

•Changes that occurred: -Anonymous to earthly creator (composers) -Religious value to aesthetic value (artwork) -Focus on afterlife to focus on this world •Mysticism to humanism (ppl began to look at what this life had to offer rather than previous focus on what would come after this life was over) -Distinct cultures to mixed cultures •Man/Woman of the world -Rediscovery of ancient world •Greece and Rome

Hildegard of Bingen(1098-1179):

•Daughter of German nobility given to the church at 14 (WOMAN composer) •Experienced visions from the age of 5 -These were later written down and some set to music -Manuscript is in German neumes from late 1100's •Known as an abbess, visionary, writer, composer, diplomat. **among her works is a morality play, "ordo virtutum", in which the Virtues successfully reject the devil. A morality play was a well known form of both instruction and entertainment during middle ages -it was allegorical in nature, the names of the characters being personifications of good and evil -Allegory: characters were personifications of good and evil, and Anima, the human soul

Gregorian chant (from pwpt):

•Developed under direction of Pope Gregory in sixth century -Systematized the worship and music of the church •Created a liturgy for the Christian church -Liturgy is the forms, readings, music, and actions involved in worship. •Role of music in the church (Greenburg) -1. Create a mood/atmosphere for contemplation -2. Embellish the formal worship services -3. Music was a tool of ceremony and ritual; not for entertainment. The purpose of Gregorian chant is to contribute to worship. Therefore, it is not concert music, and it makes no attempt to win over its audience. It is of more than historical interest, however, because it was influential in much other music that followed. And it is very effective in expressing an attitude of reverence. ***There are other types of chant, but under the direction of Pope Gregory in the 6th Century, Gregorian chant became the most important and influential in the western world. ***Pope Gregory's work created a standard form, called liturgy, for worship for the Christian church.This includes readings, music, and actions for all church observances

Ordo Virtutum "O dulcis divinitas" -Felix Anima -Soul, joyful:

•Felix Anima -O dulcis divinitas, et o suavis vita, in qua perferam vestem preclaram, illud accipiens quod perdidi in prima apparitione, ad te suspiro, et omnes Virtutes invoco. •Soul, joyful: -Oh sweet divinity, o gentle life, in which I shall wear a bright robe, accepting that which I lost in my first formation - I cry to you and invoke all the Virtues.

Ancient Greece: -Lyre; hermes, kithara, aulos -music in greek drama -roman music

•Lyre -Hermes (mythology) used a tortoise shell and antelope horns to make the first. -Kithara (plucked string) -Aulos (double reed/double pipe) **The Greeks developed several instruments. The most recognizable today was a simple harp-like instrument known as a lyre, often seen as a music emblem. Greek mythology ascribes the invention of the lyre to Hermes who made one from a tortoise shell and antelope horns. ***Two other instruments common to ancient Greece, were the Kithara, a plucked string instrument, from which we derive the name, guitar, and the Aulos, a double reed instrument similar to the modern day oboe. •Music in Greek drama -Important for the beginning of opera ***From visual and written records we know that music played an important role in Greek drama. This becomes very important when we look at the beginnings of opera during the Baroque period. •Roman music Taken from the Greeks ***As with many ideas, the Romans, in regard to music, simply followed in the footsteps of the Greeks.

Texture: -monophony -polyphony (counterpoint, contrapuntal) -homophony

•Monophony •Polyphony (counterpoint, contrapuntal) •imitative ❑strict (kanon, round) ❑nonstrict •nonimitative •Homophony •Composed homophony appeared first in the Renaissance •Improvised homophony is ancient

Renaissance Motet continued:

•New lines of text introduced in imitation •No strong feeling of chord progressions (composed melodically not harmonically) •Limited feeling of meter (still considered non-metrical) •Sung without accompaniment (a cappella; literally, "in the chapel"). Sometimes voices are doubled by instruments -Renaissance has been called "the golden age of a cappella singing" **The points of imitation mentioned in conjunction with Josquin's Kyrie can also be heard in "Sicut cervus." **Because a motet is conceived in a linear sense, it lacks a sense of the chords progressing as we are familiar with in modern music. **Motets also have little feeling of meter, although they do have an even flow. In fact, the music for motets did not have bar lines during Palestrina's lifetime. Measure bars were added later by editors. **The ideal of the motet is a purity of sound, which indicates that it should be sung a cappella, that is without accompaniment. However, during the Renaissance it was not at all unusual for instruments to double the voice parts. But composers did not write any accompanying parts for motets. **Because of the volume of unaccompanied vocal works during this time, the Renaissance has often been called "the golden age of a cappela singing."

The center of renaissance music:

•Often referred to as the Netherlands -This area was included parts of Northern France and Western Belgium -Also known as Flanders, Burgundy, Flemish region -Many composers were trained here and then travelled throughout Europe •Josquin Des Prez or Josquin -Important composer from Flanders -Used imitative polyphony -"Pange lingua" mass Widespread dissemination of music

"Quant en Moi" by Guillaume de Machaut

•Two vocalists on upper parts, tenor on lower -Tenor (from tenere: to hold); sings cantus firmus •Cantus firmus (lowest voice) is sung in long note values ***It shows the use of a musical technique, known as the hocket, which is where the voices trade back and forth the melodic line. ***Notice that the cantus firmus, the lowest voice line, is sung in long note values. This is a phrase from Gregorian chant but because of the slowness of its movement, it probably would not be recognized by listeners. -genre: Motet -third voice in this work is singing: the opening notes of the Dies Irae chant -meter: not present -texture: polyphonic

The renaissance outlook (1450-1600): -What came before?

•What came before: -The Plague (1347-1351) -Hundred Years War (1337-1453) -Papal schism (1378-1417) -Crusades (1095-1272) -Fall of Constantinople (1453) -Court of Burgandy (House of Valois, 1361-1477) -The Renaissance in other disciplines (1350+)

Music as a Mirror (Greenburg):

•Why bother with context? -1. Music mirrors culture -2. It helps to understand music in its original setting -3. The more we know, the better we hear. •Basic Assumptions -1. Change in style (ego of composers) -2. Change in nature of expressive content (feelings, intellect, spirituality, etc.) -3. Change rate has increased -4. Art is not linear; it doesn't get better, it gets different.

John Dunstable

❑1390 to 1453 (end of Medieval Period) -English composer -Began using 3rds and 6ths in music ❑Ave Maris Stella -Plainchant -Used as a basis for motet •Alternation between soloist and chorus •Soloist: sings plainchant melody Chorus:starts with plainchant melody

(Polyphony) Music notation began to develop: -Guido Arezzo (1000 A.D.) -notre dame school of composers

❑Guido of Arezzo (1000 A.D.) •Use of lines for pitch placement (staff) •Invention of Ut (Do), Re, Mi for sight singing -It was around 1000 AD, while polyphony was starting to emerge, that music notation began to be developed. Guido d'Arezzo composed a chant that became the basis for the do-re-me syllables still used today. We don't know for sure whether Guido invented the use of lines for pitch placement, but he was the first that we know of who wrote about this major breakthrough in notation. ***Later in the twelfth century, Léonin and Pérotin at the Cathedral of Notre Dame in Paris added a third and sometimes a fourth line. But more important, they began to break away from strict parallel motion and made the added lines somewhat different. At this point, true polyphony has arrived, and coupled with the development of musical notation, western music would never be the same. Sometimes in music history when two or more composers of importance are associated with a specific location, we often refer to them as a "School". Because of their location, Leonin and Perotin, are considered to be of the School of Notre Dame. ❑Notre Dame school of composers (Ars Antigua) -Leonin and Perotin (about 1200 A.D.) -Developed more complex organum (true polyphony) -Developed rhythmic patterns and notation •Rhythmic modes •Developed to help keep musicians together and add variety to the music

Léonin and Pérotin:

❑Important composers at the Cathedral of Notre Dame in Paris. ❑Magnus Liber Organi (Big Book of Organum) ❑Léonin composed for two voices organum duplum: ***Almost all that is known today about Léonin and Pérotin is the result of an anonymous student who wrote about them and their music. These two men probably composed more than 1,000 works. ***Much of what they wrote is contained in the Magnus Liber Organi which translates in English as the Big Book of Organum. ***Leonin being the earlier composer wrote for only two voices. ***By the time of Perotin, right around 1200, he was composing for three and four voices.

Medieval Times:

❑Lasted from about 1100 to 1450 (late Middle Ages, Gothic Period) -It was during this time that an awakening of interest in the arts and learning began which would lead to the Renaissance. This period is sometimes also know as the late Middle Ages, or the Gothic Period. ❑Scholasticism (St. Thomas Aquinas Summary of Theology, in which he builds a rational case for god and his work in the world ❑Chivalry -Glorified women, refined manners, idealized kindness ❑Founding of universities ❑Building of cathedrals Notre Dame (Paris)

Renaissance Instrumental Music: -lute -dance music

❑Lute: most widely played instrument ❑Dance music -Often binary in form •AB, AABB, AAB, etc. -Often in pairs •(contrasting tempo and meter) •Pavane: slow, duple time •Galliard: faster, triple time

Renaissance (Musical) Mass:

❑Ordinary of the Mass set to music ❑Usually based on phrase of Gregorian chant ❑Addition of bass voice part ❑Points of imitation (imitative choral polyphony) •Imitation mass (secular melody) •Protestant Reformation (1517+) -Martin Luther, 95 Theses nailed to door of Wittenberg Church •Counter-reformation -Council of Trent (1545-1563) -Certain styles of Music were forbidden •Imitation masses •Complex polyphony -Secular musical composition provided a creative outlet (madrigal) **Masses tended to use a phrase from Gregorian chant as the basis for the music. This phrase was not confined to just one part, as it is in the medieval motet. **An important change in choral music at this time was the addition of the bass voice. This allowed for a greater range of pitches available to composers, and it also gave the music a firmer tonal foundation. **A technique that is apparent in Josquin's Kyrie and Palestrina's "Sicutcervus" is the use of points of imitation.The initial seven or so notes of a phrase would enter one after another.After the short segment containing imitation was done, the voice part continued in free counterpoint.One reason for this technique was to make the text clearer.In polyphonic music the voice parts do not sing the same words at the same time.A point of imitation gives the listener a lead-in to the text.You will often hear this type of an approach to vocal music as imitative choral polyphony

The Medieval Motet:

❑Polyphonic vocal composition with several different melodic lines ❑One line (cantus firmus, on the bottom) used a phrase from Gregorian chant ❑Lines above cantus firmus were different and sometimes in a secular language ❑Music often contained complex musical techniques (isorhythms, hockets) ***Composers in the medieval period were fascinated with complex musical techniques that were often recognizable only by examining the music notation, not from listening. They might, for instance, repeat the rhythmic pattern of the notes three times while the melodic pattern was being repeated twice. One work was written so that it could be performed either from the top of the page and reading from left right or from the right hand side of the lowest line and reading from right to left.

The Renaissance Motet:

❑Sacred polyphonic work for voices ❑All parts sing same text ❑different than medieval, two or more texts (macaronic) ❑Sung in Latin on a sacred subject ❑Sung by small groups of men and boys in church (normally 3 or less to a part/voice) ❑Bass part ❑ added below the tenor "cantus firmus" to give a solid foundation (ca. 1450) ❑Choral imitative polyphony (points of imitation) **The Renaissance motet is quite different from the medieval motet. Both are polyphonic works for voices, but there the similar largely ends. **The Renaissance motet has all the parts singing the same text, **which because it is a religious work, is in Latin. **Composers did not specify the number of singers who should sing the work, but we know that choral groups were small at that time. Many of them consisted of between eight and twelve singers. The soprano and alto parts were sung by boys or men singing in falsetto voice. (Women were not permitted to sing in worship services at that time.) **As was also true with the mass, a bass part began to be added during this time. The cantus firmus would then be sung by the tenor voice, and a lower voice part was added, sung by the bass, which would give a firm foundation to the music.

The Madrigal:

❑Secular work, for small vocal group (4 to 6 voices) ❑Mixed polyphony (imitation) and homophony ❑Not folk music! ❑Differs from a motet -Vernacular languages -Texts often deal with love -Tend to be more rhythmic (metrical) -Usually faster in tempo Sung at social gatherings ❑Began in Italy but then spread to the rest of Europe ❑The Triumph of Oriana -Collection of madrigals by 23 English composers -All dedicated to Queen Elizabeth I -All end with same last line: "Long live fair Oriana" -Oriana is a mythological name for Queen Elizabeth I

Other characterisitcs of renaissance motet:

❑Singable, smooth vocal lines, narrow range ❑Form determined by text (no standard form) ❑Polyphonic voice lines fit together beautifully ❑Restrained, reverent quality ❑Listen to Palestrina: "Sicut cervus" -Influential in church decision to continue using polyphony. -Wrote only sacred works **The range of voice parts usually stays within one octave, except for the bass. **The form of a motet depends on the form of the text. Normally there is little repeating of lines of music. **The beauty of a work like "Sicut cervus" lies in Palestrina's great skill in weaving lines together. It is not that any of the lines is an outstanding melody, or that the work builds to a climactic point. Rather, it is in clarity and beauty of the combinations of notes. **The restrained quality was strongly encouraged by the Council of Trent (1545-1563), which wanted a return to the purity of earlier music in the Church. Palestrina's work (CD 1, 16) certainly achieves that goal. **One note of interest is that unlike most other composers, Palestrina was content to only write music that was considered sacred.

secular music:

❑Songs and dance music seldom preserved ❑In vernacular languages ❑Troubadours and trouvères -Poets and composers -Performers: minstrels and jongleurs -Songs for solo voice or with simple accompaniment -Regular rhythmic patterns ***Unlike Gregorian chant, which was preserved in a type of notation, secular music was seldom preserved. ***It was sung in the vernacular, which are languages such as German, Italian, and English. ***Music was often performed by wandering musician-entertainers. In France noblemen called troubadours and trouvères wrote love poems and songs, which they often hired others to sing. In Germany there would be the Minnesingers and the Meistersingers. The songs were for solo voice or solo with simple accompaniment and regular rhythmic patterns were used ***Some dance music was created for instruments, although no particular instruments were specified. The "Estampie" (Eh stam PEE) (CD 3, 7) is an example of dance music from the Gothic period. It was a twelfth-century dance in triple meter. Only the melodic line was written down; the performers were, and still are, free to decide which instruments to use for the melody and accompaniment. instruments: crumhorn, serpent ,sackbut, shawm and cornett