MUSI 2747 Exam 2

Machito and his Afro-Cubans

"Nagüe" was this artist's signature song that signaled to knowledgeable listeners a deeper, grittier, more authentic engagement with Caribbean culture that was afforded by polite "rumbas."

The Supremes, "You Can't Hurry Love"

"You Can't Hurry Love" was composed by Holland-Dozier-Holland, produced by Brian Holland and Lanmont Dozier, and performed by the Supremes. It was also released in 1966. The song is about the importance of waiting and it has a pop-friendly surface. Its structure was innovative and also described as clever.

Mariachi

"marriage" music played by ensembles consisting of violins, guitars, and two or more trumpets

Soli

(plural of solo) Band textures achieved by having a small group of players within the band play certain passages of music together.

Discuss the idea of the "concept album." What defines a concept album? What performers or genres were some of the early pioneers of the concept album? How does the concept album relate to the recording and distribution media/medium of the time?

A concept album is conceived as an integrated whole with interrelated songs arranged in a deliberate sequence. Brian Wilson from the Beach Boys was a pioneer, he showed this through his album Pet Sounds. The genre he was exploring at this time was rock 'n' roll. It was easier to mandate in the days of LPs and was played on phonographs without controls. It had an enormous impact on musicians who heard it because of its display of diverse and unusual instrumentation including orchestral wind instruments as well as strings. This pushed the boundaries more than ever before.

Chicago electric blues

A style of blues employing amplified instruments that developed in Chicago after World War II and quickly attained widespread popularity, largely through recordings on the Chess record label by artists such as Muddy Waters and Howlin Wolf. Characterized by a rough, aggressive approach to vocal delivery and instrumental performance.

Briefly discuss the effects of World War II on the recording industry during and immediately after the era (approximately 1941-45). What genres rose to prominence - or disappeared entirely? What styles or techniques of performance returned? What new innovations in technology found their way into the mainstream? How did the market change, if at all?

After World War II a new audience arose and became the target for the music industry. The vitality of the economy after the war helped to significantly increase the entertainment industries profits. The guitar was found mainly in popular music in the south until the end of the war, but it was difficult to use in large dance bands. Most of the big bands disappeared after World War II. Rock and roll reappeared in popularity through Elvis Presley. His taste was shaped by white gospel music, country music, rhythm & blues, and the post war crooners. Sales of record players and radios greatly expanded after the war. The market sales rose from $191 million to $514 million from 1951-1959 which was a huge deal!

Bossa nova

Brazilian genre, from Portuguese word for "new trend." Blend of samba rhythms; a sophisticated Brazilian tradition of song composition and West Coast style of modern jazz, which emphasized relaxed tempos, sophisticated harmonies and a cool, cerebral emotional atmosphere. Ex would be Joao Gilberto.

Benny Goodman

Chicago-born jazz clarinetist. 1935 CA tour launched his career Skilled improviser, astute businessman, strict disciplinarian who insisted that his musicians play their parts with perfect Precision Press crowned him "King of Swing"

Chuck Berry, "Johnny B. Goode"

Chuck Berry was a prominent African American figure in the r&b side of rock 'n' roll. The song "Johnny B. Goode" tells the story of a country boy who strived to be a music star one day. The song recognized the diversity of his audience, and also showed how he was a pioneer on the electric guitar. This song undoubtedly encouraged many artists to pursue a career in music, as he was one of the greatest influences of musicians after the production of this song.

Glenn Miller and His Orchestra, "In the Mood" Chapter 6: Billie Holiday, "God Bless the Child"

Composed by Joe Garland and Andy Razaf; arranged by Glenn Miller; performed by Glenn Miller and his Orchestra; Recorded in 1939. Number 1 on charts for 12 weeks; biggest hit record of the swing era. Form: Alternates 12 bar blues with 8 bar phrases reminiscent of Tin Pan Alley Songs. Main riff: featured saxophone part; centerpiece of arrangement, constructed from simple building blocks and varied Predictability: pleasure in the peace from anticipating and re-experiencing.

Aretha Franklin, "Respect"

Composed by Otis Redding and performed by Aretha Franklin, recorded in 1967 Cover of Otis Redding's song Shift of the sense of who is in control of the relationship. Performance structured around a steadily building intensity.

Berry Gordy, Jr.

Created songwriting/producing/marketing organization in Detroit (called Motown after "Motor town" or "Motor City") Determined to keep creative and financial aspects of the business under African American control. Started his career as a songwriter. 1966- Motown reached commercial peak when Spector folded Phillies. Chose recording artists- charismatic, sophisticated live performers; characteristic modes of dress, distinctive stage choreography, strict codes of conduct on and off stage.

Patsy Cline

Crossover success in country and pop. She produced ballads of broad appeal; sophisticated phrasing and articulation, but hints or rural and bluesy inflections exposed her roots.

Briefly discuss the role of dance in connection with American popular music from the 1930s - 1960s. What styles or genres are associated with dance? What other media were directly tied to dance? How did dance - or specific dances - help drive the industry?

Dance music was very popular from the 1930s-1960s. "The Twist" began its popularity towards the end in 1959 but became extremely popular as it was teen oriented. "The Twist" was a rock 'n' roll song using a 12 bar blues structure that accompanied a hip dance step. The camera showed the teenagers in studios dancing to the newer rock 'n' roll records being played. The camera was a perfect way to promote a new dance record and a new dance to the rock 'n' roll audience. It was great at promoting "The Twist."

Discuss the role of the disc jockey in the development of early rock 'n' roll music. Who were some of the key individuals? Where were some of the key locations, as well as some of the main methods of outreach? How were their efforts "positive" or "negative," with respect to many of the issues explored throughout the course (integration vs. segregation, illegal practices, etc.)?

Disk jockeys were still very prominent during the early times of rock 'n' roll music. Top 40 radio programing attempted to control the uncertainty of the radio marketplace, having a set list, mostly of big bands, that were played repeatedly over the course of the broadcast day after being offered lots of money. Mostly taking place in New York City, Alan Freed was a famous disc jockey and discovered that many young white kids were listening to and requesting the rhythms & blues records that he was playing on his program. Rock and roll in his songs were clearly associated with sexual implications, but they faded eventually as rock and roll turned to refer only to a type of music; but, for this time, that was a negative effect. While he was directing his recordings to the white kids, he also promoted concert tours featuring Black artists playing to racially mixed audiences, which was positive for the industry.

Bob Dylan

First established himself as an acoustic singer-songwriter in the NYC urban folk scene. He stood out because he had original songs which reflected his gift for poetic imagery and metaphor and a searing intensity of feeling, moderated by a quirky sense of irony. He also stood out because of his performance style; it was rough-hewn, occasionally aggressive vocal, guitar, and harmonica style that demonstrated affinities to rural models in blues and earlier country music.

Brian Wilson

Formed the Beach Boys with his two brothers, a cousin, and a friend in Hawthorne, California. Best Selling American group of the 1960s, likely the most nationally/internationally celebrated American rock group, with the longest history of chart success. Wilson- songwriter, arranger, producer, and performer.

Machito

Havana-born bandleader and singer Frank Grillo, who led the Afro-Cubans, an ensemble that introduced a more authentic form of Latin music to the US during the swing era. Afro-Cubans New sort of dance band: musicians who were familiar with the phrasing and rhythmic feel of jazz but also able to understand and perform the complex interlocking rhythms of Afro-Cuban music.

Patsy Cline, "I Fall to Pieces"

Her big hits; ballads of broad appeal; sophisticated praising and articulation; hints or rural and bluesy inflections exposed her roots. Written by Hank Cochran and Harlan Howard Originally recorded by patsy Cline Released as a single in 1961 by Decca Records Topped the country charts and crossed over onto the pop charts becoming Cline's biggest hit.

Glenn Miller

His Orchestra was the most popular dance band in the world from 1939-1942, breaking record sales and concert attendance records. Worked as a trombonist before launching his own band in 1937. Popularity boosted by live radio broadcasts. Peppy, clean-sounding style; wide appeal.

James Brown

His first record was "Please, Please, Please" which was repetitions of individual words so that activity of an entire strophe centers on the syncopated, violently accented reiterations of a single syllable. Late abandoned structures of the 1950s and chord changes. Music that focused almost exclusively on rhythm and timbre, in instrumental and vocal parts. He had a great influence on the sound and style of Black music. He focused on rhythm and timbre and his records are sampled by hip-hop artists more than any other.

Valve trombone

In "Caravan" by Duke Ellington's Orchestra, what instrument features most prominently?

Call-and-response

In "Wrappin' It Up" by Fletcher Henderson and His Orchestra, what characteristic of African American music is used extensively?

His was one of the only racially integrated bands.

In which way was Benny Goodman forward looking?

Herb Alpert

LA-born trumpet player/songwriter of the Tijuana Brass; founded independent label A&M records with Jerry Moss.

Ritchie Valens, "La Bamba"

Most original contribution- adaptation of a folk song from the Mexican region of Veracruz. Son-jarocho: Fiery, up-tempo genre that alternates vocal refrains with rapid improvisational passages. More traditional version- improvisation and dense interweaving of melodic rhythmic patterns Session drummer Earl Palmer- use of woodblock, rhythm derived from cha-cha-cha. Unique source of the inspiration, exclusively Spanish lyrics and the sonic texture from the tone qualities of the instruments.

Jimi Hendrix

Most original, inventive, and influential guitarist of the rock era, and the most prominent African American rock musician of the late 1960s. Creative employment of feedback, distortion, and sound-manipulating devices like the wah-wah pedal and the fuzz box, fondness for aggressive dissonance and incredibly loud volume. Explored the border between traditional conceptions of music and noise- links him to the ways composers explored electronic sounds and media in the world of art music at the same time.

Brill Building

NYC building used as an operations base for aspiring songwriters; worked in tightly-packed cubicles with pianos, turning out songs for large numbers of artists and (mostly indie) labels.

Frank (Francis Albert) Sinatra

One of the first big band singers to take advantage of the changes in the music business.

Damaso Perez Prado, "Mambo No. 5"

Prado was a Latin pianist, organist, and bandleader who helped popularize the mambo style. Mambo No.5 notably crossed over to non-Latin audiences and captivated listeners in the 1950's. It has a modular form and was influenced by earlier Cuban styles and was associated with excitement.

Discuss the role of sampling the creation and development of popular music. What is sampling? What genres have used sampling? What issues - legal, ethical, etc. - have been brought to light through the use of sampling?

Sampling is a recording process where a sound source is recorded with a microphone, converted into a stream of numbers that represent the sound, is quantized, and stored in computer memory. The digitized sound may then be retrieved in any number of ways, including virtual recording studio programs for the computer or by activating the sound from an electronic keyboard or drum machine. Copyright issues quickly arose from this and many cases went to court questioning who owns this music. A supreme court decision affirmed that sheet music was copyrightable, when on a written document, but with digital sampling the questions continue to be asked.

Little Richard (Richard Wayne Penniman)

Singer, songwriter, boogie-woogie influenced pianist, and cultivator of a deliberately outrageous performance style that appealed on the basis of its strangeness, novelty, and sexual ambiguity.

Independent record labels

Smaller, regional record companies, especially those specializing in rhythm & blues and country and western recordings in the later 1940s-1950s and pioneering in the recording of doo-wop and early rock 'n' roll.

Xavier Cugat

Spanish violinist, bandleader, and film star who did the most to popularize Latin music during the swing era, known as the "Rhumba King." Standard American ballroom dances such as the fox-trot, and insinuated Latin rhythms, song texts, and instruments (maracas and claves) into them. Added accordion and marimba.

Honky-tonk music

Style that conveyed the sound and ethos of the roadside bar or juke joint. Honky-tonks were formerly illegal drinking establishments that became a major source of employment for country and western musicians after the repeal of Prohibition; they provided relief for workers from the daily pressures of work on the oil fields in the form of drinking and dancing.

"Big Mama" Thornton, "Hound Dog"

Sung by Big Mama Thorton and composed by Jerry Leiber and Mike Stoller. It was a No.1 hit song for 7 weeks, and made the composers and Big Mama both big names in the rock 'n' roll scene. The tempo is relaxed, but the performance is energetic. The form follows the twelve bar blues, but the band adds a few extra beats occasionally to follow Big Mama's phrasing. This piece overall is a playful combination of country blues and the rock style.

Discuss the idea of the "British Invasion" with respect to American popular music. Who are/were some of the central figures that contributed to American popular music on both sides of this concept? What genre(s) of music were affected - or introduced? What genres or individuals became prominent in response to this influx?

The "British Invasion" came from a flood of recordings by British bands on the American market. It was short lived, but groups like the Rolling Stones, the Who, and the Kinks had long term importance after this. The career of the Walker Brothers is an extreme example of the effect of the British Invasion. The Beatles were from Britain and topped the charts. Rock 'n' roll music was influenced by this in America. Pop music became prominent in response to this influx because of the Beatles. As soon as the Beatles became popular there was a flood of recordings by the British bands onto the American market and a large number of them were extremely successful.

big dance bands

The Music Corporation of America rose to become the dominant booking agency for _______________ in the 1930s.

In the Mood

The song "____________" was recorded in 1939 by the Glenn Miller Orchestra.

Herb Alpert and the Tijuana Brass, "A Taste of Honey"

This song was Herb Alpert's and the Tijuana Brass's most popular songs. It spent 8 weeks at No.1 on the charts and was originally a piece from a Broadway show (in 1960) and a film (1961). The song iconically launched into a medium-tempo and swinging groove, making it a popular arrangement. It was even classified as one of the most memorable recordings of the 1960's.

Vocal Harmony Groups

Tradition sometimes called "doo-wop," though the performers did not use this term. During the postwar era, tradition moved into the R&B market as young singers trained in the black church began to record secular material.

False

True of False: Roy Acuff was known as a singing cowboy and reached out to a broad audience with a deep baritone voice.

False

True or False: Duke Ellington's career was boosted by Columbia record executive, John Hammond.

True

True or False: Stars of records and movies, the Sons of the Pioneers, scored major hits with "Tumbling Tumbleweeds" and "Cool Water."

False

True or False: The Boswell Sisters recorded their hit "A-Tisket, A-Tasket" with Chick Webb's Orchestra.

False

True or False: Walter Page (bass), Jo Jones (drums), and Freddie Green (guitar) formed the hard swinging nucleus of Benny Goodman's Orchestra.

False

True or False: Xavier Cugat taught jazz trumpeter Dizzy Gillespie about Afro-Cuban music, which Gillespie incorporated into his music.

Boogie-woogie

What style of piano was influential on the Kansas City swing/big bands?

Benny Goodman and His Orchestra

Which big band received its first big break in 1934 on the radio program Let's Dance, which was sponsored by the National Biscuit Company?

Bob Wills

Which fiddler from East Texas led the Texas Playboys in hits like "New San Antonio Rose"?

W. C. Handy

Which of the following was not associated with western swing? (W. C. Handy, The Texas Playboys, Call-and-response riffs, Mariachi Music, and Southern String Band Music)

Andrews Sisters

Which vocal harmony group scored a major hit with "Boogie Woogie Bugle Boy" in 1941?

Gene Krupa

_______ was the drummer in Benny Goodman's Orchestra and small combos in the swing era.

Roy Acuff

______________ became the most popular country artist in the Swing Era due largely to his starring role on WSM's Grand Ole Opry.

Xavier Cugat

__________________ was known as the "Rhumba King" and did the most to popularize Latin music during the swing era.

Mario Bauza

___________________ was best known for introducing authentic Afro-Cuban music to the United States.

Jukeboxes

a coin operated record player popular in bars, diners, and honky-tonks; continues to be a popular medium for music.

Sample / sampling

a digital recording process wherein a sound source is recorded or "sampled" with a microphone, converted into a stream of binary numbers that represent the profile of the sound, quantized, and stored in computer memory. The digitized sound may then be retrieved in any number of ways, including virtual recording studio programs for the computer or by activating the sound from an electronic keyboard or drum machine.

Tempo Rubato

an Italian phrase that literally means "stolen time," musically means a stretching of the tempo for expressive purposes.

Big bands

appeared on the radio, jukeboxes, and record players

Top 40 radio programming

attempt to control the uncertainty of the marketplace; payola. A style based on a set list of selections that are played repeatedly over the course of the broadcast day.

The Supremes

better known to a wider public than the Crystals or Ronettes.

Territory bands

big bands popular in a local area or region but never achieved national fame. Hard-swinging powerful style with lots of room for improvised solos.

Bluegrass music

blend of Angelo-American string band music; traditional singing of the Appalachian Mountains; influences from Black music, especially the blues.

Boogie-woogie

blues piano tradition which sprang up during the early 20th century in the "southwest territory" and became a fad during the big band area

Western swing

concatenation of country fiddle music, blues, boogie-woogie, and swing music. Developed in Texas; it reflected the state's diverse musical traditions: Cowboy songs, German and Czech polkas, Texas-Mexican (Tejano) genres: corridos, conjuntos acordeon, mariachi.

Concept album

conceived as an integrated whole with interrelated songs arranged in a deliberate sequence.

Distortion

dense, buzzing tone colors

Magnetic Tape Recording

developed by Germans and Japanese in the 1930s; the process of preserving sound on a magnetic tape. Replaced the process of recording directly onto phonographic disks, affording greater fidelity and the potential for manipulating sounds in the studio.

Damaso Perez Prado

did the most to popularize the mambo, throughout Latin America and in the United States. Pianist, organist, and bandleader. 1948- settled in Mexico City, a popular destination for expatriate Cubans. Influenced by big band recordings, formed his own group and began recording a series of mambo singles for the Mexican branch of RCA Victor.

Slap-back

echo sound of recordings

Reverb

electronically produced by engineers at RCA to emulate the distinctive (low-tech) slap-back echo sound of Presley's earlier recordings with Sun Records.

Booking agencies

ex. MCA (Music Corporation of America) the largest agency which became the dominant one for big dance bands. Professionals who work with performers to book live shows.

Rockabilly

form of country and western music informed by the rhythms of Black R&B and electric blues

Countrypolitan

fusion of "country" and "cosmopolitan" music

Bugalú / Latin soul

fusion of rumba and mambo with black American popular music.

Muddy Waters (McKinley Morganfield)

guitarist, singer, and most popular blues musician in Chicago in the late 1940s and early 1950s. Reinvigorated Delta blues tradition, adapting it to electronically amplified instruments. Discovered in the Mississippi Delta by John Work and Alan Lomax, who recorded him in 1941 for the Library of Congress. 1943- moved to Chicago, worked in a paper mill and performed at nightclubs and parties. Switched from electric guitar to acoustic in 1944. Expanded his group to include a second electric guitar, piano, bass, amplified harmonica, and drum set.

Cadence

harmonic event that signals the end of the section

Swing

jazz-inspired music initially developed in the late 1920s by Black dance bands in New York, Chicago, and Kansas City. Derives from African American English; first used as a verb for the fluid "rocking" momentum.

The Beatles

known throughout Europe and established stars in the UK by the time their first number one record hit America in 1964. They continued to evolve in new and unexpected directions. John Lennon and George Harrison were lead and rhythm guitars and vocals. Paul McCarteny was bass and vocals. Ringo Starr has drums and occasional vocals. Their career as songwriting performers was 1962-1966. The year they quit touring, gave up live performance, and went on to become the world's first famous studio rock band.

Rhythm & blues (R&B)

more dignified and current replacements for "race records" and described music performed almost exclusively by black artists and produced mainly for sale to African American audiences.

Alan Freed

more young white kids were requesting rhythm and blues records on his Moondog Show nighttime program in Cleveland. Disc jockeys across the US wanted to capture new, large audiences of young listeners who embraced the term "rock 'n' roll"

Eric Clapton

most influential of the young British guitarists who emerged during the mid-1960s. 1966-1968- played in a band called Cream.

Charles Edward Anderson ("Chuck") Berry

pioneering singer, songwriter, and guitarist who synthesized diverse influences from R&B and country music in rock 'n' roll songs about teenage life.

Country and western

popularity grew after WWII- migrations of millions of white southerners. Postwar era- rapid spread of country music programming on the radio. Grand Ole Opry- broadcast from Nashville, inspired a new generation of country music shows. 1950- Capitol Records became the first major company to set up its country music operation in Nashville. Rise of country crooners like Eddy Arnold.

Payola

record companies paid DJs to put records into "heavy rotation"

Wanda Jackson

recorded fierce, unapologetic rockers like "Hot Dog! That Made Him Mad," "Fujiyama Mama," "Let's Have a Party," and her own "Mean Man."

Covering / cover version 5

recording a song that has previously been recorded by another artist or group; often changing the sensibility

"Big Mama" Thornton

singer, drummer, harmonica player, and comic on the black vaudeville circuit who worked with Johnny Otis in Los Angeles and was the artist for whom Lieber and Stoller composed the rock 'n' roll classic "Hound Dog"

Counterpoint

sounding of two independent melody lines against one another

Melisma

stretching each syllable of a song over as many melodic notes as possible.

Counterculture

subculture existing in opposition to and espousing values contrary to those of the dominant culture.

Billie Holiday

successful singer who recorded and performed with widely acclaimed instrumentalists like Teddy Wilson and Lester Young. "God Bless the Child" (1941): co-written with Arthur Herzog, Jr.

Double-tracking

technique in which two nearly identical versions of the same vocal or instrumental part are recorded on top of one another, foregrounding that part so that it seems to come right out of the speaker at the listener.

Rock 'n' roll

term first used for commercial and generational purposes by disc jockey Alan Freed. Derived from references to "rockin" and "rollin" found in rhythm and blues songs and race records dating back to the 1920s.

Elvis Presley

the biggest star of the rock 'n' roll era and arguably of the entire history of American popular music. Formed a band called Starlite Wranglers with Scotty Moore on electric guitar and Bill Black on string bass. He created a series of recordings with an R&B cover version on one side and a country song on the other. Last record before he signed with RCA Victor and became a national celebrity was the cover version of "Mystery Train."

Soul music

the genre Ray Charles was pioneering in his 1950s gospel-blues. A combination of the intensity of African American gospel with popular R&B styles exemplified by late 1960s recordings from Aretha Franklin and James Brown.

Hank Williams

the most significant single figure to emerge in country music during the immediate post-World War II period.

Feedback

used to create long sustained notes that sounded like screaming.