Music 102 Mid-Term

Santeria

Afro-Cuban hybrid religion → combines Catholicism with Yoruba religion, uses bata drums and chants, as well as idea of spirit possession

huehuetl

Aztec drum, type of membranophone

Julian Carillo

Composed a song called Mass for Pope John Paul III, wrote in style of more experimental classical musicians... big on microtonal music (music that doesn't exist on a piano), wrote quarter-tonal music as a political protest, his way of fighting against the West (Spain and Spanish music)

congas

Cuban, cylindrical drum

merengue

Dominican Republic, uses button accordion, saxophone, bass, style of dance and music

art music

European classical music

Aztec Renaissance

Going back to Aztec roots around 1920, Carlos Chavez piece Sinfonia India... reaffirmation of indigenous past. Shown mostly in arts, like architecture, dance, and music

marimba

Guatemalan (is national instrument), also from Chiapas (Mexico)

güiro

Güira → metal version that is scraped, güiro is the hollowed out gourd in Puerto Rico and Cuba to make similar sound

harpa jarocha

Harp from Veracruz used in son jarocho

jarana

Mexican 4 stringed instrument, small and guitar-like → that plays only chords and rhythms... several notes at a time and is strummed

falsetto

Mexican mariachis using voices an octave higher through part of the song

corridos

Mexican song that tells a story, poor people's newspaper

mariachi

Mexican, jaranas, requintos, trumpets, guitarrón, occasionally the harp

Manuel Garcia

Opera singer from Spain who introduced bel canto

Tito Puente

Played timbales, Puerto Rican who was a jazz musician that studied classical music and usually did band leading and composer (had 106 albums released in his lifetime)

plena

Puerto Rican music, with strong Afro-European influence

orishas

Santería gods, connected to saints

sonido trece

Sounds Carillo experimented with that went beyond traditional 12 notes of western music

Tex-Mex

Texas music mixed with Mexican sounds, bajo sexto and accordion always used

timbales

Tito Puente was most famous player

aerophones

Wind instruments (Latin America → Ocarina, flutes, trumpets)

shekere

a hollowed out gourd found in Cuba with beads around it, used in Santería and is originally from Africa

sesquialtera

alternating patterns between six beats and three (ba ba ba ba ba ba baaaa baaaa baaaaa, ba ba ba ba ba ba baaaa baaaa baaaaa)

membranophone

any drum that has a skin or membrane (see huehuetl)

guitarrón

bass guitar instrument, used in mariachi

ostinato

clave pattern

ocarina

clay flute that is an aerophone, usually in the shape of animals

Miguel de Zumaya

composer of beautiful choral music in the European style, wrote for Catholic church

bachata

dance from the Dominican Republic, Romeo Santos is most famous practitioner

bongas

drums created in Cuba

maracas

duh, shakers used everywhere

son jaliscience

early Mariachi, came from state of Jalisco

Carlos Chavez

famous Mexican composer, prolific man who studied in Mexico, NY, and Europe

Sexto Habanero

first famous group of son musicians, moved to Havana and were the first to record it

button accordion

found in Tex-Mex music, also in some corridos... a German influence along border of USA/Mexico, accordion found its way south

son jarocho

from Veracruz

tres

guitar with three sets of two strings, found in Cuba → Arsenio Rodriguez played this

cuatro

guitar, with four sets of two strings from Puerto Rico... found in plena style

teponatzli

idiophone used by Aztecs, hollowed out log used for music and sacrifice

ayotl

instrument played by Aztecs, tortoiseshell hit by deer antler

timpani

large kettle thingy

Yoruba

largest West African tribe, and the vast majority of Africans taken as slaves to Latin America

iya

largest drum in Cuban Santería

okonkolo

medium sized drum in bata

pandereta

membranophone from Puerto Rico, used in plena and is a flat hoop that you hold and play

commercial music

music for commerce

bomba

music style in Puerto Rico, born on the coast and heavily African influence... highlighted by connection between dancer and lead drummer, found in ghettos of Puerto Rico today (can also mean party or gathering, also the name of the dance)

bombas

name of the drum played at bomba celebration

orquesta tipica

name of type of orchestra that played danzóns

mambo

now called salsa

Orestes Lopez

one of the two brothers (he and his brother Israel) that created the mambo style, now called salsa

vacunao

part of guaguanco, symbolically impregnating the female in the dance

guaguanco

part of the rumba, the couples dance that uses idea of flirtation and sexuality

folk music

passed on from person to person (generation to generation) without being written down

mestizo

person who is native and spanish combined

Sinfonia India

piece written by Chavez for Aztec Renaissance

Arsenio Rodriguez

played the tres from Cuba, changed and developed music in the 40s and 50s by adding instruments to the son (like congas and trumpets)

cinquillo

rhythmic pattern of five beats found in danzón (from Cuba)

clave

rhythmic pattern that keeps everyone together

idiophones

self-sounding instrument → triangle, woodblocks, teponatzli, cymbals

tambora

side drum used in Dominican music, typically in merengue

requinto

small guitar that opposes the jarana... plays melodies while jarana plays chords

itotele

smallest drum in Cuban Santería

columbia

solo male dance in rumba

chordophones

strings → guitar, bajo sexto, etc.

bel canto

style in which opera singers sang, in italian. Means beautiful song/sound, Manuel Garcia made it popular... many mexicans and mariachis use this style

Cuban son

style of music from turn of the 20th century, lasted until 1930s, basis for modern Cuban Music → Arsenio Rodriguez spread the musical style by adding trumpets and congas

yambu

style of rumba associated with older generation, slower

mestizaje

term about appreciating the blendedness of your heritage

bajo sexto

tex-mex instrument, six stringed with bass strings and guitar (used only in corridos and other songs from border region)

claves

the literal instrument that keeps them together... Cuban, found in bomba, in PR, in danzón

cabildos

the social clubs allowed by Catholic church to permit slaves to maintain dances, language, and culture at large on Sundays in Afro-Cuban society

bata

three drums → iyá (larger), okonkolo (medium), and itotele (smaller). From Yoruba and then Cuba, with Santería religion (played the same way)

rumba

three kinds, including columbia, guaguanco, and yambu (slowest version, associated with the older generation)

punta

type of dance from Honduras, African influence from Garifuna people

flute

used primarily in danzón, also occasionally in salsa

danzón

uses cinquillo, classical in style because it was made for the upper class... instruments → trumpets, violins, timpanis, piano, clarinet, flute, bass, and güiro

son huasteco

uses violin as main instrument, whereas son jarocho does not... additionally, men use falsetto more often than son jarocho (in son jarocho, harp is played)