Myers AP Psychology Modules 34, 35, 36
linguistic determinism
Evidence of words' subtle influence on thinking best supports the notion of
creativity
Producing valuable and novel ideas best defines?
morphemes
The prefix "pre" in "preview" or the suffix "ed" in "adapted" are examples of
telegraphic speech
What best identifies the early speech stage in which a child speaks using mostly nouns and verbs?
phonemes
What do we call the smallest distinctive sound units in language?
algorithm
What is another term for a methodical, logical rule that guarantees solving a particular problem?
framing
What is another word for the way an issue is presented to you?
convergent thinking
What is the best phrase for the narrowing of available problem solutions with the goal of determining the best solution?
cognition
What is the best term for mental activities associated with remembering, thinking, and knowing?
confirmation bias
What is the tendency to search for supportive information of preconceptions while ignoring contradictory evidence?
availability heuristic
When instances come readily to mind, we often presume such events are common. What is the term for this phenomenon?
linguistic determinism
Whorf's hypothesis that language determines the way we think
concept
a mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, or people
prototype
a mental image or best example of a category (as when comparing feathered creatures to a prototypical bird, such as a robin)
heuristic
a simple thinking strategy that often allows us to make judgments and solve problems efficiently; usually speedier but also more error-prone
insight
a sudden realization of a problem's solution; contrasts with strategy-based solutions
confirmation bias
a tendency to search for information that supports our preconceptions and to ignore or distort contradictory evidence
cognition
all the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating
two-word stage
beginning about age 2, the stage in which a child speaks mostly in two-word statements
babbling stage
beginning at about 4 months, the stage of speech development in which the infant spontaneously utters various sounds at first unrelated to the household language
belief perservereance
clinging to one's initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited
Broca's area
controls language expression- an area of the frontal lobe, usually in the left hemisphere, that directs the muscle movements involved in speech
Wernicke's area
controls language reception- a brain area involved in language comprehension and expression; usually in left temporal lobe
telegraphic speech
early speech stage in which a child speaks like a telegram using mostly nouns and verbs ex) "go car"
divergent thinking
expands the number of possible problem solutions (creative thinking that diverges in different directions)
five components of creativity
expertise, imaginative thinking skills, a venturesome personality, intrinsic motivation, a creative environment
aphasia
impairment of language, usually caused by left-hemisphere damage either to Broca's area or Wernicke's area
convergent thinking
narrows the available problem solutions to determine the single best solution
availability heuristic
operates when we estimate the likelihood of events based on how mentally available they are; if instances come readily to mind we presume such events are common
intuition
our fast, automatic, unreasoned feelings and thoughts
language
our spoken, written, or signed words and the ways we combine them to communicate meaning
mental set
our tendency to approach a problem with the mind-set of what has worked for us previously
algorithm
step-by-step procedures that guarantee a solution
creativity
the ability to produce novel and valuable ideas
phoneme
the smallest distinctive sound units in a language
morphemes
the smallest units that carry meaning in a given language (such as a prefix)
one-word stage
the stage from about age 1 to 2, during which a child speaks mostly in single words
grammar
the system of rules that enables us to communicate with one another; semantics- derives meaning from sounds; syntax- ordering words into sentences
overconfidence
the tendency to overestimate the accuracy of our knowledge and judgments
framing
the way we present an issue, sways our decisions and judgments
representativeness heuristic
to judge the likelihood of things in terms of how well they represent particular prototypes