Myers AP Psychology Modules 34, 35, 36

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linguistic determinism

Evidence of words' subtle influence on thinking best supports the notion of

creativity

Producing valuable and novel ideas best defines?

morphemes

The prefix "pre" in "preview" or the suffix "ed" in "adapted" are examples of

telegraphic speech

What best identifies the early speech stage in which a child speaks using mostly nouns and verbs?

phonemes

What do we call the smallest distinctive sound units in language?

algorithm

What is another term for a methodical, logical rule that guarantees solving a particular problem?

framing

What is another word for the way an issue is presented to you?

convergent thinking

What is the best phrase for the narrowing of available problem solutions with the goal of determining the best solution?

cognition

What is the best term for mental activities associated with remembering, thinking, and knowing?

confirmation bias

What is the tendency to search for supportive information of preconceptions while ignoring contradictory evidence?

availability heuristic

When instances come readily to mind, we often presume such events are common. What is the term for this phenomenon?

linguistic determinism

Whorf's hypothesis that language determines the way we think

concept

a mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, or people

prototype

a mental image or best example of a category (as when comparing feathered creatures to a prototypical bird, such as a robin)

heuristic

a simple thinking strategy that often allows us to make judgments and solve problems efficiently; usually speedier but also more error-prone

insight

a sudden realization of a problem's solution; contrasts with strategy-based solutions

confirmation bias

a tendency to search for information that supports our preconceptions and to ignore or distort contradictory evidence

cognition

all the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating

two-word stage

beginning about age 2, the stage in which a child speaks mostly in two-word statements

babbling stage

beginning at about 4 months, the stage of speech development in which the infant spontaneously utters various sounds at first unrelated to the household language

belief perservereance

clinging to one's initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited

Broca's area

controls language expression- an area of the frontal lobe, usually in the left hemisphere, that directs the muscle movements involved in speech

Wernicke's area

controls language reception- a brain area involved in language comprehension and expression; usually in left temporal lobe

telegraphic speech

early speech stage in which a child speaks like a telegram using mostly nouns and verbs ex) "go car"

divergent thinking

expands the number of possible problem solutions (creative thinking that diverges in different directions)

five components of creativity

expertise, imaginative thinking skills, a venturesome personality, intrinsic motivation, a creative environment

aphasia

impairment of language, usually caused by left-hemisphere damage either to Broca's area or Wernicke's area

convergent thinking

narrows the available problem solutions to determine the single best solution

availability heuristic

operates when we estimate the likelihood of events based on how mentally available they are; if instances come readily to mind we presume such events are common

intuition

our fast, automatic, unreasoned feelings and thoughts

language

our spoken, written, or signed words and the ways we combine them to communicate meaning

mental set

our tendency to approach a problem with the mind-set of what has worked for us previously

algorithm

step-by-step procedures that guarantee a solution

creativity

the ability to produce novel and valuable ideas

phoneme

the smallest distinctive sound units in a language

morphemes

the smallest units that carry meaning in a given language (such as a prefix)

one-word stage

the stage from about age 1 to 2, during which a child speaks mostly in single words

grammar

the system of rules that enables us to communicate with one another; semantics- derives meaning from sounds; syntax- ordering words into sentences

overconfidence

the tendency to overestimate the accuracy of our knowledge and judgments

framing

the way we present an issue, sways our decisions and judgments

representativeness heuristic

to judge the likelihood of things in terms of how well they represent particular prototypes


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