N/A
Destruction to the lateral nucleus will lead to?
Anorexia and/or Failure to Thrive
Which region does the anterior cerebral artery provide blood supply to?
Anteromedial Surface of the Brain
Where will the medial geniculate nucleus convey the output to?
Auditory Cortex of the Temporal Lobe
What are the inputs into the ventral anterior and ventral lateral nuclei all about?
Basal Ganglia & Cerebellum
What happens with medial lesions to the cerebellum?
Bilateral motor deficits to the axial and proximal limb musculature
Where are the middle cerebellar peduncle and inferior cerebellar peduncle located?
Lateral Cerebellum
What is the buzz word for Lateral Nucleus?
Lateral Injury will make you lean
Which region does the middle cerebral artery provide blood supply to?
Lateral Surface of the Brain
What inhibits the lateral nucleus?
Leptin
What stimulates the ventromedial nucleus?
Leptin
Will antipsychotics affect the mesocortical pathway?
Limited Effect
Where is the area postrema found?
Located at the dorsal medulla of the hypothalamus
How will antipsychotics affect the nigrostriatal pathway?
Will significantly affect movement
Destruction to the ventromedial nucleus can lead to
Excessive Consumption or increased appetite
What are the two pathways that we will see with the basal ganglia?
Excitatory Pathway and Inhibitory Pathway
What will the ventral posteromedial nucleus convey?
Face Sensation and Taste
If the lateral cerebellum is affected, what will happen to the individual?
Fall to the injured side - ipsilateral side
What is the limbic system responsible for?
Feeding, Fleeing, Feeling, Fighting, and Sex
What tests can be performed to assess the cerebellum?
Finger-to-nose Heel to shin Pronation/Supination Gait
What are the components of the deep nuclei?
From lateral to medial: dentate, emboliform, globose, fastigial
What stimulates the lateral nucleus?
Ghrelin
What is the medial geniculate nucleus responsible for?
Hearing
What is the function of the posterior nucleus?
Heating & Sympathetic Activation
What structures are found in the limbic system?
Hippocampus, Amygdala, Cingulate Gyrus, Mamillary Bodies, Entorhinal Cortex , and Anterior Thalamic Nuclei
What is the buzz word for the posterior nucleus?
Hot Pot - Heating Controlled by Posterior Nucleus
Where is the lateral nucleus located?
Hypothalamus
What does the basal ganglia do?
Important for voluntary movements and adjusting posture
Decreased activity in the Tuberoinfundibular Pathway will lead to
Increased prolactin, which will lead to decreased libido, sexual dysfunction, gynecomastia, and galactorrhea
What is the input to the middle cerebellar peduncle?
Information from the contralateral cortex
Where will information from the deep nuclei in the cerebellum go to?
Information from the deep nuclei will go to the superior cerebellar peduncle and then go to contralateral cortex
What is the input to the flocculonodular lobe?
Information from the inner ear will go to the vestibular nuclei, and information from the vestibular nuclei will move to the flocculonodular lobe
Is the unconscious proprioceptive information sent to the inferior cerebellar peduncle, ipsilateral or contralateral
Ipsilateral Information
What is the function of the lateral geniculate nucleus?
It will convey light
What nucleus releases the gonadotrophin-releasing hormone?
Preoptic Nucleus
What information is sent via input to the inferior cerebellar peduncle?
Proprioceptive information is sent to the spinal cord and then to go inferior cerebellar peduncle
What is the input to the inferior cerebellar peduncle?
Proprioceptive information will first move to the spinal cord and then get relayed to the inferior cerebellar peduncle
What are all the nuclei that we will find in the hypothalamus?
1) Anterior Nucleus 2) Posterior Nucleus 3) Lateral Nucleus 4) Ventromedial Nucleus 5) Suprachiasmatic Nucleus 6) Supraoptic & Paraventricular Nuclei 7) Preoptic Nucleus
What is the buzz word for anterior nucleus?
A/C - Anterior Cooling
How can the dopaminergic pathways be affected?
By antipsychotics and movement disorders such as Parkinson's Disease
Where will information from the middle cerebellar peduncle and inferior cerebellular peduncle will go first?
Cerebellar Cortex
What is the inputs to the basal ganglia?
Cortex inputs
What pathways will go through the lateral geniculate nucleus?
Cranial Nerve II Optic Chiasm Optic Tract
How will antipsychotics affect the mesolimbic pathway?
Decrease positive symptoms
What do we see with the nigrostriatal pathway?
Decreased activity will lead to increased extrapyramidal symptoms
Where will information from the cerebellar cortex go to?
Deep Nuclei
What are examples of extrapyramidal symptoms that we will see in the nigrostriatal pathway?
Dystonia, Akathisia, Parkinsonism, and Tardive Dyskinesia
What are the main functions of the limbic system?
Emotion Long-Term Memory ANS Functioning Behavior Modulation Olfaction
What are the four dopaminergic pathways?
Mesocortical, Mesolimbic, Nigrostriatal, and Tuberoinfundibular
What does the cerebellum do?
Modulates movement, coordination, and balance
What is the ventral anterior and ventral lateral nuclei about?
Motor Control
Where will the ventral anterior and ventral lateral nuclei convey outputs to?
Motor Cortex of the Frontal Lobe
Decreased activity in the mesocortical pathway will lead to
Negative Symptoms such as anergia, lack of sympathy, etc.
Are the inputs to the hypothalamus protected?
No, they are not protected by the blood-brain barrier
Where will the tuberoinfundibular pathway originate and terminate?
Pituitary Gland - Origination Hypothalamus - Termination
Increased activity in the mesolimbic pathway will lead to
Positive Symptoms - delusions, hallucinations, etc.
What is the function of the thalamus?
Relays all the sensory information except for the olfactory sensory information
What is the area postrema?
Responds to the emetics
What is the anterior nucleus all about?
Responsible for cooling and parasympathetic activation
What is the lateral nucleus all about?
Responsible for hunger
What is the buzz word for the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei?
SAD POX - Supraoptic = ADH - Paraventricular = Oxytocin
In the indirect pathway, what will we see with the basal ganglia?
Similar to the direct, we will see glutamate released from the cerebral cortex. In response, the striatum will release GABA, and this will inhibit the release of GABA from GpE of the globus pallidus. In response, this will activate the subthalamic nucleus to release glutamate, and in response to the release of glutamate, the GpI of globus pallidus will release GABA, thus inhibiting the thalamus.
Where will the ventral posterolateral nucleus convey the outputs to?
Somatosensory Cortex found in the Parietal Lobe
Where will the signals from the ventral posteromedial nucleus terminate?
Somatosensory Cortex of the Parietal Lobe
Where will the nigrostriatal pathway originate and terminate?
Substantia Nigra - origination Dorsal Striatum - termination
How will the substantia nigra play a role in the basal ganglia?
Substantia nigra will release dopamine to both the D1 receptor and D2 receptor. When the D1 receptor is stimulated, it will lead to the direct pathway, and when the D2 receptor is only stimulated, it will lead to the inhibition of the thalamus.
What is the buzz word for Suprachiasmatic Nucleus?
Sun-Censing-Nucleus
What are the inputs into the medial geniculate nucleus?
Superior Olive and Inferior Colliculus of Tectum
What is the suprachiasmatic and paraventricular nuclei?
Synthesize anterior diuretic hormone and oxytocin
What is the acronym that we can use to identify the functions of the hypothalamus?
TAN HATS
What is the OVLT structure?
The organum vasculosum of the lamina terminalis is a structure found at the hypothalamus that responds to changes in osmolarity
In the direct pathway, what will happen with the basal ganglia?
The striatum will receive glutamate (excitatory) input from the cortex. In response, the striatum will release GABA, and this will inhibit the release of GABA from Gpi of the globus pallidus. This will disinhibit the thalamus, thus activating the thalamus
What does the preoptic nucleus do?
Thermoregulation and plays a role in sexual behavior
Tell me the roles of the hypothalamus
Thirst - Regulates water balance Adenohypophysis - controls the anterior pituitary Neurohypophysis - controls the posterior pituitary Hunger Autonomic Nervous System Temperature Sexual Urges
What will the ventral posterolateral nucleus do?
This is where the spinothalamic and dorsal column/medial meniscus pathways will input into
What are the pathways that junction at the ventral posteromedial nucleus?
Trigeminal Pathway and Gustatory Pathway
What will we see with medial lesions to the cerebellum?
Truncal Ataxia, Nystagmus, and Head Tilting
What type of proprioceptive information is sent to the inferior cerebellar peduncle?
Unconscious Information
Where does the mesocortical pathway originate in the brain?
Ventral Tegmental Area of the Pons
Where does the mesolimbic pathway originate and terminate?
Ventral Tegmental Area of the Pons - Origination Nucleus Accumbens - Termination
What is the buzz word for Ventromedial Nucleus?
Ventromedial Nucleus injury makes you very massive
What types of sensations will the ventral posterolateral nucleus convey?
Vibration - V Pain Pressure Proprioception - P Light Touch - L Temperature
Where will the lateral geniculate nucleus convey outputs to?
Visual Cortex of the Occipital Lobe
What is Kallmann syndrome?
When there is a deficiency in the gonadotrophin releasing hormone as the neurons responsible for GnRH production did not migrate from the olfactory pit
What is truncal ataxia?
Wide-Based Cerebellar Gait
What will we see with lateral lesions to the cerebellum?
Will affect voluntary movement of the extremities
What does the suprachiasmatic nucleus do?
circadian rhythm
The nigrostriatal pathway is responsible for
movement
What does the Ventromedial Nucleus do?
satiety center