Napoleon Test

Balance of power

Condition of roughly equal strength between opposing countries or alliances of countries.

Confederation of the Rhine

League of German States organized by Napoleon in 1813 after defeating the Austrians at Austerlitz. The league collapsed after Napoleon's defeat in Russia.

Hardenberg

Name of the Prussian Representative at the Congress of Vienna

Russian Campaign

Napoleon had to invade Russia because they Disobeyed the continental system. In June 1812, a Grand Army of more than 600,000 men entered Russia. Napoleon's hopes depended on a quickn victory over the Russians. The Russian forces, however, refused to do battle. Instead they retreated for hundreds of miles. As they retreated, they burned their own villages and countryside to keep Napoleon's army from finding food. When the Russians did fight at Borodino, Napoleon's forces won an indecisive victory, which cost many lives. When the Grand Army finally reached Moscow, they found the city ablaze. Lacking food and supplies for his army, Napoleon abandoned the Russian capital in late Octo- ber. As the winter snows began, Napoleon led the "Great Retreat" west across Russia. Thousands of soldiers starved and froze along the way. Fewer than 40,000 of the original 600,000 soldiers arrived back in Poland in January 1813.

First Consul

Napoleon named this after ousting the Directory; remained this until proclaiming himself emperor; first of three

Elba

The tiny island that Napoleon was granted after his abdication. Off the coast of Italy.

Concordat of 1801

This is the agreement between Pope Pius VII and Napoleon that healed the religious division in France by giving the French Catholics free practice of their religion and Napoleon political power

Scorched Earth Policy

the practice of burning crops and killing livestock during wartime so that the enemy cannot live off the land

Universal Male Suffrage

the right of all males to vote in elections

Emperor

the ruler of an empire

Austerlitz

victory against Austria and Russia and prussia that allowed Napoleon to be recognized as King of Italy

Homeland

the country where you were born

Louis XVIII

(1814-1824) Restored Bourbon throne after the Revolution. He accepted Napoleon's Civil Code (principle of equality before the law), honored the property rights of those who had purchased confiscated land and establish a bicameral (two-house) legislature consisting of the Chamber of Peers (chosen by king) and the Chamber of Deputies (chosen by an electorate).

Frederick William IV of Prussia

(1840-1861), promised to grant Prussian liberals a new liberal constitution and to merge Prussia into a new national German state, eventually reasserted his authority and disbanded the Prussian Constituent Assembly, granted his subjects a conservative constitution denied the throne of untied germany

Crimean War

(1853-1856) Russian war against Ottomans for control of the Black Sea; intervention by Britain and France cause Russia to lose; Russians realize need to industrialize.

Italy before unification

- Austria ruled Italian provinces of Venetia and Lombardy (North) - Pope controlled (under French protection since 1848) the Papal States (middle) - The Spanish Bourbon family ruled the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies (South) -Piedmont-sardinia ruled separately - parma and moderna ruled separately as well

Ottoman Empire

A Muslim empire based in Turkey that lasted from the 1300's to 1922.

nationalism

A strong feeling of pride in and devotion to one's country. Nationalism is the sense of unique identity of a people based on common language, religion, and national symbols.

How was Italy unified?

After the failure of the revolution in Italy, people looked for the state of Piedmont for leadership to achieve unification. Piedmont included Ardinia, Nice, and Savoy, and was ruled by King Victor Emmanuel II. Cavour became his prime minister in 1852, and he was a political leader who looked to increase economic expansion. Cavour made an alliance with France to wage war against Austrians. Lombardy was given to Piedmont and Nice and Savoy was given to France after the war. This caused other Italian states to join their states to Piedmont and overthrow their governments. Garibaldi then arises as a leader of the Italian unification. He created an army of volunteers called the Red Shirts because of the color of their uniforms. Garibaldi was able to control Sicily due to the revolt, caused against the Sicilian King. Garibaldi then turned his conquests into Piedmont and the new state of Italy was given to Emmanuel II to rule. Lastly, they were able to control Venetia in the north because of the Austro-Prussian war of 1866. Italians allied with Prussia who won, and in return got Venetia. Rome then became the capital of the united Italian state after the Franco-Prussia war when French troops withdrew from Rome.

Cavour

Architect of Italian unification in 1858; formed an alliance with France to attack Austrian control of northern Italy; resulted in creation of constitutional monarchy under Piedmonteste king. recognizes change has to happen in the Italian Revolution. Crimean war, europe wanted control of Crimea and Cavour sees this as an opportunity. Become a major power . Architect in how italy unified. Allies with France to take out Austria and gain lombardy giving France Nice and Savoy Parma and Modena then vote to join. The king named Camillo di Cavour his prime minister in 1852. Cavour was a ded- icated political leader. As prime minister, he pursued a policy of economic expan- sion to increase government revenues and enable the kingdom to equip a large army. Cavour, however, knew that Piedmont's army was not strong enough to defeat the Austrians. So, he made an alliance with the French emperor Louis-Napoleon. Cavour then provoked the Austrians into declar- ing war in 1859.

Metternich

Austrian foreign minister who basically controlled the Congress of Vienna. Wanted to promote peace, conservatism, and the repression of libaral nationalism throughout Europe. Balance of powers, had to flee with austrian revolutions

Horatio Nelson

British Admiral whose fleet destroyed the combined French and Spanish fleets at Trafalgar

Castlereagh

British representative at Congress of Vienna.

Moscow

Capital of Russia. Napoleon's Grand Army finally reached Moscow, they found the city ablaze. Lacking food and supplies for his army, Napoleon abandoned the Russian capital in late Octo- ber. As the winter snows began, Napoleon led the "Great Retreat" west across Russia.

What are conservatism, liberalism and nationalism and how did they affect 19 th century Europe?

Conservatism is based on tradition and a belief in the value of social stability. Most conservatives at that time favored obedience to political authority. They also believed that organized religion was crucial to keep order in society. Conservatives hated revolutions and were unwilling to accept demands from people who wanted either individual rights or representative governments. These conservatives were main points in the congress of vienna and effected the outcome of it. Princple of intervention and legitimacy. Liberalism held that people should be as free as possible from government restraint. Liberals had a common set of political beliefs. Chief among them was the protection of civil liberties, or the basic rights of all people. These civil liberties included equality before the law and freedom of assembly, speech, and the press. Liberals believed that all these freedoms should be guaranteed by a written document such as the American Bill of Rights. Most liberals wanted religious toleration for all, as well as separation of church and state. Liberals also demanded the right of peaceful opposition to the government. They believed that a representative assembly (legislature) elected by qualified voters should make laws. Many liberals, then, favored government ruled by a constitution, such as in a constitutional monarchy in which a constitution regulates a king. They believed in middle class voting. Leaders of revolutions Nationalism was an even more powerful force for change in the nineteenth century than was liberalism. Nationalism arose when people began to identify them- selves as part of a community defined by a distinctive language, common institution, and customs. This community is called a nation. In earlier centuries, people's loyalty went to a king or to their town or region. In the nineteenth century, people began to feel that their chief loyalty was to the nation. Nationalism did not become a popular force for change until the French Revolution. From then on, nationalists came to believe that each nationality should have its own government. ALso led revolutions and popular sovereignty

Third Coalition

Consisted of Britain, Russia, Austria, Sweden, and Prussia, defeated by Napoleon in brilliant victories (only defeat was off southern coast of Spain)(stopped invasion of England and ensure British Naval supremacy)

Kingdom of Italy

Created in 1871 with King Victor Emmanuel II in charge

Bourbon Dynasty

Dynasty in France started by the reign of King Henry IV, powerful and EXTREMELY wealthy, rulers of this Dynasty wanted hegemony (dominant power), wanted to see shift of balance of power. Came back after Napoleon

Francis II

Eldest son of Henry II, husband of Mary Queen of Scots. Huguenots tried to kidnap him in the Conspiracy of Amboise.

Directory

Established after the Reign of Terror / National Convention; a five man group as the executive branch of the country; they were elected by the Council of Elders; incompetent and corrupt, only lasted for 4 years. Overthrown with a coup d'etat

Louis Napoleon (Napoleon III)

France's first elected president by universal male suffrage, and developed strong nationalism like his cousin.

Napoleonic Code (Civil Code)

French code of laws adopted during Napoleon's reign. 1804. It preserved many of the principles that the revolutionaries had fought for: equality of all citizens before the law; the right of the individual to choose a profession; religious toleration; and the abolition of serfdom and all feudal obligations. For women it was a step back

Talleyrand

French representative at the Congress of Vienna and limited the demands of other countries upon the French.

Red Shirts

Garibaldi's army of 1000 red-shirted volunteers

Leipzig

German city outside of which Napoleon faced the allied armies of the European powers; they defeated him

William I

German emperor who forced Bismarck to resign in 1890 and refused to renew the Russian-German Reinsurance Treaty, prompting republican France to court absolutist Russia with loans, arms, and friendship and in 1894 become military allies, creating two rival blocs in Europe

What were Napoleon's policies? Was he a "son of the revolution"? Positive or negative?

He made peace with a earlier enemy of the revolution in the Church. Napoleon's most famous domestic achievement was to codify the laws. Before the revolution, France had almost 300 different legal systems. During the revolution, efforts were made to prepare a single law code for the entire nation. However, the work was not completed until Napoleon's reign. Seven law codes were created, but the most important was the Civil Code, or Napoleonic Code, introduced in 1804. It preserved many of the principles that the revolutionaries had fought for: equality of all citizens before the law; the right of the individual to choose a profession; religious toleration; and the abolition of serfdom and all feudal obligations. For women and children, the Civil Code was a step back. During the radical stage of the revolution, new laws had made divorce easier and allowed children, even daughters, to inherit property on an equal basis. The Civil Code undid these laws. Women were now "less equal than men. Napoleon also created a new aristocracy based on meritorious service to the nation. On the other hand, Napoleon destroyed some revolutionary ideals. Liberty was replaced by a despotism that grew increasingly arbitrary, in spite of protests by such citizens as the prominent writer AnneLouise-Germaine de Staël. Napoleon shut down 60 of France's 73 newspapers and banned books, including de Staël's. He insisted that all manuscripts be subjected to government scrutiny before they were published. Even the mail was opened by government polic

How did Napoleon rise to power?

He was a popular general;won many battles, coup d'etat, became emperor and dominated most of Europe. Napoleon became emperor and brought the end to the French Revolution, however, he did involve many French revolution ideas in his rule. Napoleon started as a lieutenant in the French army, but quickly grew up the ranks. In 1796 he became commander of French armies in Italy, and he defeated many papal and austrian armies. He was able to gain control of northern France and get the loyalty of his troops. He came back to France as a hero, but lost against Britain and fled his army. He joined the coup d'etat and set up the consulate, essentially a republic. However, he had absolute power and named himself the emperor.

Ferdinand VII of Spain

He was the Bourbon king of Spain. During his reign, he had a very inefficient government and poverty. Revolts were lead in the Spanish colones and his army mutinied and marched on Madrid. He granted a constitution. The Church opposed their religious restrictions, freedom of press produced more criticism, and Spain was not able to conquer its colonies.

Charles X

In 1830, there were forces of change- liberalism and nationalism, which began to break through the conservative domination of Europe. In France, liberals overthrew the Bourbon monarch Charles X in 1830 and established a constitutional monarchy.

Belgium/Poland

In the same year, 1830, three more revo- lutions occurred. Nationalism was the chief force in all three of them. Belgium, which had been annexed to the former Dutch Republic in 1815, rebelled and cre- ated an independent state. In Poland and Italy, which were both ruled by foreign powers, efforts to break free were less suc- cessful. Russians crushed the Polish attempt to establish an independent Polish nation. Meanwhile Austrian troops marched south and put down revolts in a number of Italian states.

Piedmont-Sardinia

Italian nationalists looked for leadership from this kingdom. it was the largest and most powerful of the Italian states. Victor Emmanuel

Garibaldi

Italian patriot whose conquest of Sicily and Naples led to the formation of the Italian state (1807-1882). Known as the sword of the revolution. Upset that Nice was granted to France, but Cavour convinced Garibaldi to conquer Southern Italy. Lands in Sicily to conquer. Uses gorilla tactics and the local people support to conquer the south. Garibaldi goes to Rome against France who was defending Rome, and hands over territory to Cavour, unifying Italy.

The Napoleonic Wars and Napoleon's impact on Europe. How did Napoleon fall from power?

Military - Gradually, Britain was joined by Austria, Russia, Sweden, and Prussia. In a series of battles at Ulm, Austerlitz, Jena, and Eylau from 1805 to 1807, Napoleon's Grand Army defeated the Austrian, Prussian, and Russian armies. From 1807 to 1812, Napoleon was the master of Europe. His Grand Empire was composed of three major parts: the French Empire, dependent states, and allied states. The French Empire was the inner core of the Grand Empire. It consisted of an enlarged France extending to the Rhine in the east and including the western half of Italy north of Rome. Dependent states were kingdoms ruled by relatives of Napoleon. Eventually these included Spain, Holland, the kingdom of Italy, the Swiss Republic, the Grand Duchy of Warsaw, and the Confederation of the Rhine—a union of all German states except Austria and Prussia. Allied states were countries defeated by Napoleon and then forced to join his struggle against Britain. These states included Prussia, Austria, Russia, and Sweden Britain Struggles- Napoleon was never able to conquer Great Britain because of its sea power, which made it almost invulnerable. Napoleon hoped to invade Britain, but the British defeated the combined French-Spanish fleet at Trafalgar in 1805. This battle ended Napoleon's plans for invasion. Napoleon then turned to his Continental System to defeat Britain. The aim of the Continental System was to stop British goods from reaching the European continent to be sold there. By weakening Britain economically, Napoleon would destroy its ability to wage war. The Continental System also failed. Allied states resented being told by Napoleon that they could not trade with the British. Some began to cheat. Russia Struggles-In June 1812, a Grand Army of more than 600,000 men entered Russia. Napoleon's hopes depended on a quick victory over the Russians. The Russian forces, however, refused to do battle. Instead they retreated for hundreds of miles. As they retreated, they burned their own villages and countryside to keep Napoleon's army from finding food. When the Russians did fight at Borodino, Napoleon's forces won an indecisive victory, which cost many lives. When the Grand Army finally reached Moscow, they found the city ablaze. Lacking food and supplies for his army, Napoleon abandoned the Russian capital in late October. As the winter snows began, Napoleon led the "Great Retreat" west across Russia. Thousands of soldiers starved and froze along the way. Fewer than 40,000 of the original 600,000 soldiers arrived back in Poland in January 1813. This military disaster led other European states to rise up and attack the crippled French army. Paris was captured in March 1814. Napoleon was soon sent into exile on the island of Elba, off the northwest coast of Italy. The victorious powers restored monarchy to France in the person of Louis XVIII, brother of the executed king, Louis XVI Fall-Russia, Great Britain, Austria, and Prussia responded to Napoleon's return. Slipped back to France and gained control of army He then readied an attack on the allied troops stationed across the border in Belgium. At Waterloo in Belgium on June 18, 1815, Napoleon met a combined British and Prussian army under the Duke of Wellington and suffered a bloody defeat. This time, the victorious allies exiled him to St. Helena, a small island in the south Atlantic

Continental System

Napoleon's policy of preventing trade between Great Britain and continental Europe, intended to destroy Great Britain's economy.

Bank of France

National Bank created by Napoleon that required every citizen pay taxes, Money used to make loans to businesses, controls money supply (inflation, recession)

100 days

Period of time when Napoleon returned to France a year after his exile to Elba and restored himself as emperor for a few months. He was defeated at the Battle of Waterloo

Grand Duchy of Warsaw

Polish state created by Napoleon Bonaparte in 1807 from the lands he took from Prussia. The Duchy was divided between Prussia and Russia at the Congress of Vienna. An example of Metternich's desire to return to a Pre-1789 Europe. An independent Poland technically existed but was given a Romanov dynasty.

Metternich

Prince Klemens Von Metternich was the most influential leader at the meeting in Vienna(congress of Vienna). Metternich claimed that the principle of legitimacy guided him. He meant that lawful monarchs from the royal families who had ruled before Napoleon would be restored to their position of power. This, they believed, would ensure peace and stability in Europe. Believed in conservatism. - based on a tradition and a belief in the value of social stability.

Nationalism

Recognition of shared common language, culture and history. This recognition leads movements of nationalists to seek self-rule in a nation-state.

What is the Congress of Vienna and what course was set for Europe there? (Metternich, Concert of Europe) Was it successful?

Set up to put Louis XVIII on the throne of France. led by metternich, Austria. Goals:Peace and to restore the balance of power Dominated by Converatist-want to restore Europe Metternich-Austria-middle class is infected with moral gangrene, determent to Europe Britain- Lord Castlereagh Prussia- von Hardenburg Russia-Alexander I France- Louis XVIII/Talleyrand/Bourbon 1. Balance of Power- to create peace and make bug powers smaller for more balance of power. Encircle France with strong countries -- set up GC. 2. underestimating Liberalism and Nationalism ---- If there is a revolution, all major powers will come together to put it down, principle of intervention 3. monarchs tried to restore power -- born to rule, rightful leaders and we are gonna get put back 4. BOURBON is back, LOUIS XVIII!!! 5. territory granted to victors- Prussia gets half of poland and the Rhineland, Russia gets the other half of poland, Britain gets Cape Colony, Austria gets Lombardy and Venetia 6. conservatism 7. principle of intervention and legitimacy 8. Concert of Europe to make sure balance of power and peace is good. It was not successful because it led to rebellions and conflicts and balance of powers did not help.

How was Germany unified?

Since the Frankfurt Assembly did not achieve German unification, Germans looked towards Prussia for leadership. Prussia had become a strong and authoritarian state. The Prussian king had full control of government and the strong army, due to its militarism. However, when the Prussian assembly refused King William I's proposal for enlarging the army through taxes, he appointed Otto on Bismarck. He was a practitioner of realpolitik, where he focused on politics on practical matters instead of theory. Bismarck collected taxes to strengthen the military and operated without approval of parliament. After gaining control of Schleswig and Holstein, Bismarck forced Austria into war, who were defeated in 1866 in july. Prussia organized the German states north of the Main River into the North German confederation, but southern Germany was afraid of Protestant Russia. However, they agreed to sign an alliance with Prussia to protect against France. In 1870, Prussia and France had a dispute on the candidacy for a Prussian king on the throne of Spain. Bismarck then declared war on France, on July 19th 1870, leading to the Franco-Prussian war. Prussians beat France in Sep 1870, and the entire french army captured. An official treaty was signed and France had to give money and Alsace and Lorraine to the new german state. German states all joined the North German confederation, making Wiliam I of Prussia the kaiser of the Second German Empire. This unified the Germans and made Prussia very very powerful.

Alexander I

the czar of Russia whose plans to liberalize the government of Russia were unrealized because of the wars with Napoleon (1777-1825)

Louis-Philippe

The government of Louis Philippe refused to make changes to the government and the opposition grew. After this, the monarchy was overthrown in 1848 and a group of moderate and radical republicans set up a provisional or temporary government. Republicans- People who wished France to be a republic- government where rulers are elected.

2nd Empire France

The new constitution, ratified on November 4, 1848, set up a republic called the Second Republic. It had a single legislature elected by universal male suffrage. Elected Louis Napoleon.

Waterloo

The site of Napoleon's defeat by British and Prussian armies in 1815, which ended his last bid for power

Plebiscite/Referendum

This was a vote on whether Napoleon should be made consul for life, a powerful position in the french government. The vote made Napoleon emperor for life

Sick Man of Europe

Western Europe's unkind nickname for the Ottoman Empire in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, a name based on the sultans' inability to prevent Western takeover of many regions and to deal with internal problems; it fails to recognize serious reform efforts in the Ottoman state during this period.

Concert of Europe

a series of alliances among European nations in the 19th century, devised by Prince Klemens von Metternich to prevent the outbreak of revolutions. Also to keep balance of powers and keep peace

Meritocracy

a system in which promotion is based on individual ability or achievement. Napoleon's new form of aristocracy instead of rank and birth

St. Helena

place of napoleons second/last exile and death

Battle of Trafalgar

an 1805 naval battle in which Napoleon's forces were defeated by a British fleet under the command of Horatio Nelson.

Consulate

government established in France after the overthrow of the Directory in 1799, with Napoleon as first consul in control of the entire government. In theory, it was a republic, but, in fact, Napoleon held absolute power. Napoleon was called first consul, a title borrowed from ancient Rome. He appointed officials, controlled the army, conducted foreign affairs, and influenced the legislature. In 1802 Napoleon was made consul for life. Two years later, he crowned himself Emperor Napoleon

Principle of Intervention

idea that great powers have the right to send armies into countries where there are revolutions to restore legitimate governments

Victor Emanuel II

king of Italy who completed the unification of Italy by acquiring Venice and Rome (1820-1878). King of Piedmont who made Cavour prime minister

Principle of Legitimacy

meant that lawful monarchs from the royal families that had ruled before Napoleon would be restored to their positions of power in order to keep peace and stability in Europe

Napoleon III

nephew of Napoleon I and emperor of the French from 1852 to 1871 (1808-1873). Captured by Bismark and Prussian Army in Franco Prussian war, 1870.

coup d'etat

overthrow of government. Napoleon led one of these against the Directory and seized control.