NAS 14 Final

Iroquiois League

(Seneca, Cayuga, Onondaga, Oneida, Mohawk) The Iroquois saw their league as an extended longhouse: "Tree of Peace" (could add others seeking shelter), stretching from Mohawk valley to Lake Erie - Democracy - each tribe retains control over its own affairs (States), meet on issues that concern everyone, meet at central point once a year, equal # of chiefs per tribe - governed by consensus (not majority) • The league fostered peace, wanted people to follow its roots of peace • The Tuscaroras joined the league as the sixth nation around 1722 (but couldn't vote) Mourning Warfare -Beaver wars>mourning warfare>cycle of war>lower pop.> Great Peace 1700-1701: meet with French in Montreal -Make peace with french and allies (stop fighting for exchange of hunting territory) -Make peace with English in Albany for exchange of trade networks (shows power of Iroquois) Reduced war involvement allows population to recover - sold Shawnee/cherokee land to Brits at Treaty of Fort Stanwix 1768 - Have clan mothers • One of the oldest remaining political bodies in North America -Declared war on Germany month after US in WW2 to show they are allies, not subjects

Smallpox Epidemic 1779-1784

-Reaches New Mexico from Mexico city, goes up to Comanche -Arrives at Santa Fe trading post: center for Indian horse trade--> Spreads EVERYWHERE -Shoshones exposed and bring back to home because symptoms take 2 weeks to show Blackfeet take advantage and raid only to see dying or dead Shoshones -Now they are exposed and bring back home -Hudson bay Company realizes something is wrong when Indians aren't trading anymore because they are dead from smallpox: Happening at same time as American Revolution

Josiah Harmar

-US General in late 18th century -In 1790, invaded the Old Northwest Indian country with some 1,500 men. Was defeated by Indian forces led by the Miami war chief Little Turtle and the Shawnees' Blue Jacket. Killed by N.A. Treaty of Fort Harmar 1789 - called N.Americans to pay them for land. worked 50/50 - if not theres war

Comanches

-plains area -so many guns, people, and horses : build an indigenous empire Raiding other tribes (even into Mexico), trading, and becoming more powerful Came into conflict with the Apache bands who they pushed west off the Great Plains and into areas of Arizona and New Mexico Comanches and Utes advanced together on to the Southern Plain out of the foothills of the Rockies. They drove most of the Apache bands into the southwest desert and against the Spanish frontier. They captured and enslaved women and children from other tribes and developed raiding economies that preyed on Spanish societies Became the horse and buffalo indians on the rich grasslands of the Southern Plains Also, incorporated other peoples and built exchange networks with other tribes that enabled them to dominate trade between New Mexico and French Louisiana bY mid-century, Ute-comanche alliance dissolved and Comanches were dominant growing power on Southern Plains Treaty with in 1751 With Tomas Velez Cachupin

Sea Otter Trade

Before the end of the 1800s, ships from several European nations & New England were plying the coastline from Ohio to Alaska, trading for sea otter pelts that they then transported across the Pacific and sold at great profits in China The search for new sources of furs and new customers fueled continued European exploration and penetration of Indian country Indians → hunted the animals, guided the fur traders, paddled the canoes that carried the pelts, Indian women prepared the skins Various indian groups acted as middlemen - helping distant Indian tribes & Europeans trade Canada & Great Lakes area → Indian women who married French traders played a central role in fur trade Brokeers between Indian & European society In return for their services, Indians got steel knives, axes, firearms, metal cooking vessels, linen shirts, etc. Costs of fur trade Contagious diseases spread from tribe to tribe Overhunting depleted animal populations to the point of extinction in some areas Undermined traditional hunting rituals Competition for new weapons made warfare more common/lethal Some tribes became heavily dependent on European goods Alcohol given to indians causing many Indians to get addicted to "drunkenness" Sea otter fur= super valuable in asia Asia (silk, spices, tease) America (beaver pelts, fur) Europe (guns, metal, alcohol) Huge trade network: middlemen making HUGE profit → also leads to spread of small pox

Miamis

From Ohio (tested ground for US Policy) In the book "Victory with No Name" -Center of the northwestern confederacy that resists american expansion -Miami villages in northwestern ohio centered around ---Kekionga → the headquarter for the confederacy -Huge refugee area for Indians -Surrounded by HUGE cornfields - farmers (Indian women) ---Chief is Little Turtle - mastermind behind defeat of St. Clair also PR agent (model Indian)

Henry Knox

Henry Knox was a military officer of the Continental Army and later the United States Army, who also served as the first United States Secretary of War from 1789 to 1794 George Washington + Henry Knox: create national Indian policy to get land North of Ohio River Only area where they can expand because states already claimed land in the south

Shoshones

Shoshone spread horses: at first very powerful because they get their hands on horses first: movement from south→ north of horse In conflict with northern plains Black feet get horses in 1730s and level playing field: then they get guns and stop Shoshones from getting guns Movement of North→ south of gun so shoshones lose power because all of their enemies get guns before them

Chinooks

they lived at the mouth of the Columbia River. Chinook villages were made up of rows of long wooden houses. The houses were large and made of wooden planks.

Deerfield Raid 1704

• 1704, party of Abenakis, Mohawks, and Hurons gathered with their French allies and sacked the town of Deerfield Mass. • Carried off 112 people including the minister and his family • Fled north along the Connecticut River, killed adults if slowing the pace of the trek but carried children on sleds • Eunice, the daughter of the minister, stayed with the Indians and converted to Catholicism and married a Mohawk. Refused to return home. She was naturalized to the Indian way of life - Bloodies event of Queen Anne's war

Treaty of Fort Stanwix 1768

• 2000 Iroquois come to NY • Agree to a new boundary line that follows Ohio River • Iroquois sell land south of the Ohio river (land that wasn't theirs) to avoid conflicts of British trying to settle on their land -different boundaries than Proc of 1763 • Western tribes viewed this as an act of betrayal • The treaty allowed Iroquois delegates along with Sir William Johnson to hand away Cherokee hunting land north of the Tennessee river, Cherokee lose land • Kentucky becomes a blood bath between colonists and Shawnee/Cherokee warriors determined to defend their hunting grounds. Sir William Johnson exceed his authority by purchasing this land

Deganawidah

• After his daughters died, Hiawatha met Deganawidah (A Huron or Mohawk or healing spirit in human form) • Known as the Peacemaker, eased Hiawatha's grief with words of condolence and beads of wampum • Helped Hiawatha compose the great law of peace • Traveled from village to village, teaching laws of peace, he placed deer antlers on the heads of the chiefs of the Five nations as symbols of their authority • The great law of the League, given to the Iroquois by Deganawidah, was preserved for generations through oral tradition and then was eventually written down in the 19th century

Treaty of Fort Finney 1786

• Between United States and Shawnee leaders • Ceded parts of the Ohio country to the United States • Reluctantly signed by Shawnees and later renounced by other Shawnee leaders - Showed change in US policy bc they went right in and took the lands, no mercy - US was handed over the land south of Canada North of Florida and east of the Mississippi -US started meeting with Natives saying they get more land by conquest - US disrespected Shawnee Wampum and threw it on the ground

Treaty of Fort Stanwix 1784

• Between United States and the six nations of the Iroquois League • First treaty after America won the Revolutionary War • Intended to serve as a peace treaty between U.S. and Iroquois after Treaty of Paris • United States demanded huge cessions of Iroquois country as the price of peace, since they could "dispose of the lands as [Americans] think proper or most convenient to [themselves]" • Iroquois tried to argue for the Ohio River as a boundary but the Americans would have none of it since they were divided by the war and abandoned by their British allies • Iroquois delegates agreed to cede much of the Seneca land in western New York and Pennsylvania as well as their territory west of Pennsylvania • 6 hostages were given to guarantee their compliance. • When they returned home, they were met with scorn, and the six nations in council refused to ratify the treaty but the U.S. proceeded as if the treaty were valid.

Battle of Fallen Timbers 1794

• Britain concerned with France now more than North America • Wayne defeats the Indians -Real Result is what happened after -Indian Confederacy had been supported and supplied by the British o After the battle they retreat to nearby British fort British commander keeps the gates closed because Britain is now concerned with revolutionary France o Last thing they want is a renewed shooting war with the the US o Severs British Indian alliance -Leads to Treaty of Greenville

Sir William Johnson

• British superintendent of Indian affairs in the North during the mid 18th century (intermediaries between the crown and tribes) • Set the tone of the British Indian Department for more than a generation, desired to keep the Iroquois neutral • Married Mohawk woman Molly Brant, disregarded role that Iroquoian women played in politics (despite the fact that he married one) -gave him access to power -Helped negotiate Treaty of Fort Stanwix 1768

Treaty of Fort Pitt 1778

• Brits and Americans fighting over delaware support First written treaty between the United States of America and American Indians (Delaware in this case) • The treaty gave the United States permission to travel through Delaware territory and called for the Delawares to afford American troops whatever aid they might require in their war against Britain, including the use of their own warriors. The United States was planning to attack the British fort at Detroit, and Delaware friendship was essential for success. • Within a year, Delawares were annoyed with this treaty and ultimately became allies with Britain -Term in the treaty=once U.S gains independence, Indians will be recognized as own states + have representation in congress: clearly this didn't happen

William Wells

• Captured as a child by Miami Indians • Adopted and raised by them, thought of himself as Indian • Married to Chief Little Turtle's daughter • Acted as a decoy, would yell help to white people • White people would come to help, Indians would ambush and kill them • Goes back to American society and decides to help the Americans • Acts as interpreter for Americans • War of 1812 breaks out, most Indians side with the British o Wells is in Fort Dearborn o Potawatomi Indians attack -Captive of Indians who was then adopted and fought against the Americans in St. Clair's 1791 defeat. -Later switched sides and served as a scout and interpreter for Anthony Wayne nearing 1794

Eunice Williams

• Captured as a child in famous raid in Deerfield, MA, an English town built on top of Native American sight Pocumtuck • Her and mom get along with Mohawk Indians, the people that killed her grandmother (John Williams mom) • John Williams, Puritan minister, not having it, considers Indians savages • Adopted by Catholic Mohawk family in Kahnawake tribe • Marries a Mohawk man • John Williams continuously tries to get her back, but she doesn't want to

Attakullakulla (Little Carpenter)

• Cherokee Leader • Father of Dragging Canoe • Known for his diplomatic ability to fashion agreements, made peace with Colonel James Grant's army in the fall to prevent further destruction of Cherokee towns and crops -Sold land to obtain peace and avoid war -Seen as problem by younger warriors who want to go to war to establish themselves as honorable

Chickamaugas

• Cherokee people living near the present location of Chattanooga, Tennessee • Emergence of a New Cherokee group -- fled the wars that engulfed the Cherokee and Americans during American Revolution o These guys continue to fight against the Americans • These guys continue raiding American settlements o American expeditions in retaliation end up attacking the First Cherokee settlements they see • Followed Dragging Canoe, down Tennessee River away from historic Overhill Cherokee towns in the winter of 1776-1777 (relocated away from colonists) • Relocated on the Chickamauga Creek, and were referred to as the Chickamaugas

Chota

• Cherokee town in southeastern US • War negotiations occurred here during the outbreak of the American Revolution, delegated assembled here

Dragging Canoe

• Cherokee war chief - Less wars/hunting so the young chiefs cant make a name for themselves • Commits the Cherokee Nation to war • Stormed out of negotiations at Sycamore Shoals and said he would make the lands "dark and bloody" • Was mad that older men were selling his land • Believed the outbreak of the revolution to be an opportunity to drive invaders off their homelands, but that would require challenging the authority of the older chiefs and gaining the upper hand in the councils of the Cherokee nation - Many Cherokee migrated with him to new town of chickamauga

White Eyes

• Delaware Chief • One of the Key signatures to the Treaty of Fort Pitt • more pro-American than neutral-- helps them orchestrate Treaty of Fort Pitt • Through this treaty, he intended to secure the Ohio Country as a state to be inhibited exclusively by Native Americans, as part of the new United States • murdered by Americans (died in mysterious circumstances) • soon after death, Delawares join Britain in the war against the U.S

Treaty of Paris 1783

• Ended American Revolution Britain recognized the Independence of the United States and acknowledged American sovereignty over all territory south of the Great Lakes, east of the Mississippi, and north of Florida. • Britain abandoned its Indian allies to the mercy of the Americans • Indians felt no peace with these new terms - for them, the American victory meant continued warfare and hunger, and the Americans "extended themselves like a plague of locusts in the territories of the Ohio River".

John Webber

• English artist who accompanied Caption Cook on his third Pacific expedition, painted pictures of Indians

Stephen Williams

• Eunice's brother • Continues to persuade Eunice to rejoin New England family after father dies • Stays with Abenaki • Becomes priest, but different one than his father (John)

Odanak (St. Francis)

• Founded by the Abenaki in 1670 • The village was situated by the Saint Francis River after St Frances de Salle's mission was set up at this spot in the early 17th century • Village is called Odanak by the Abenaki people - French mission village, indians from maine,vermont, and new hampshire settled here - With assistance of the french, they raided english colonists - In october 1759, during french and english war, robert rodgers and his new hampshire rangers attacked and burned odanak

Royal Proclamation of 1763 (Product of Treaty of Paris 1763)

• France gets kicked out of N. America o Appalachian trail splits land West of trail is native land, East is British colonies British still own the land, but it is off limits to sell and trade land there -Infuriates rich colonists w western land speculations -Difficult to enforce Pontiacs War -British almost lose land they just won. - Britains first measure to affect all 13 colonies

Mandans

• Good to each other, ruthless to outsiders -Live alongside the Missouri River -Had rankings inside their society Mandan + Hidasta: northern limit of corn production People to the north look at these people as food providers--> they trade fur + tools for food Manufactured goods + horses get thrown into the mix Horses get traded from South to North, while guns get traded from North to south Mandan/Hidasta makes profit from these exchanges Impossible for Spaniards to keep guns out of hand of Indians • British, French, Canadian, and Spanish merchants traded in their villages • Lewis and Clark wintered with them on their way west • Same location and circumstances that made the villages a gathering place of the nations guaranteed that they would be transformed into death traps when epidemic diseases raced along the trade routes • Smallpox epidemic of 1837 virtually destroyed the Mandans

Peace of Montreal 1701

• Huron and Algonquins ally w French for guns bc of beaver wars and arms race (Champlain) -Iroquois need guns to survive Mourning warfare causing a cycle of war that leads to decrease in pop. Huge meeting in Montreal • More Indians than French • Iroquois adopt a formal neutrality • Threaten to join the other side if someone attacked them • They don't have to go to war to protect their land -After French campaigns struck Iroquois villages and forced starvation... half of their population was cut in half by 1700. -All in all, nearly forty First Nations and the French signed the peace treaty. -Freed up trading for everyone after it was signed -Great Tree of Peace- symbolizes that there was a common ground that was reached between two sides Would literally "bury hatchets" around the tree to symbolize that they were peaceful now] -Instead of fighting, they give access to hunting grounds and trade Iroquois very powerful in 18th century so Europeans respect this agreement

Albany Congress (1754)

• Important step in forging unity among British colonies • Cultural encounter where colonial officials met with Iroquois men who spoke on wampum belts and Indian women strung belts for use in council • Benjamin Franklin's attempt at uniting the colonies

Little Turtle

• Individual who inflicted the largest military defeat on the United States ever (Will be on Midterm) • In 1791, Miami War Chief, and a host of other native leaders orchestrated a united Indian resistance movement that when a united states army was sent to quell them army was soundly defeated • The united states army ceased to exist in the wake of this battle • Was a massive national crisis o He met four American Presidents Met with Thomas Jefferson in one of his visits (Was with a host of Scientists) - were talking about Indians Scientists explain to Little Turtle that his people came from Asia Little Turtle said that's interesting - I don't dispute this. You've drawn the wrong conclusion however Doesn't mean we came from there - means Asians actually came from us

French and Indian War

• Involved Indians fighting on both sides alongside European armies and against European armies that were invading Indian country • Also known as the 7 years war • 1756 war was declared by British - 1763 • France's expansion into the Ohio River valley brought conflict with the British colonies -Fort Duquesne = British Defeat, Ohio valley indians join the French -George Washington who had gone to the Ohio Country the year before to see what the French were up to now returned with a small force of soldiers -Captured and killed the French officer and 10 of his men but was compelled to surrender to superior French and Indian force -War spread all over the world -English started winning when German allies kept French and Austrian forces tied down in europe -Fort Ticonderoga 1758 → disastrous result for the British -English cut off French supply lines and their Indian relations began to unravel, Indians turned back to relations with the English -July 1759 - British took Fort Niagara Cherokees and British went to war -Women in Cherokee Society showed clan vengeance when they were feeding their British husband's food while the Cherokees tried to starve them - "assisting the enemy" Smallpox hit Cherokee villages - the end for them in this war • At the peace conference in 1763, the British received Canada from France and Florida from Spain, but permitted France to keep its West Indian sugar islands and gave Louisiana to Spain. The treaty strengthened the American colonies significantly by removing their European rivals to the north and south and opening the Mississippi Valley to westward expansion

Covenant Chain

• Iroquois (5 or 6 tribes), make an alliance with the GW and Americans, call it a chain that "linked" them together -6 foot belt depicts 13 states and 2 Iroquois (Seneca and Mohawk, ends of longhouse) • Chain can be extended, Shawnee and Miami Indians join the chain • Incorporating other people by "adding" onto the belt. People discuss the chain of alliance going "rusty" - meaning it needs to be polished by strengthening the relations through giving gifts etc. - Washington Covenant belt: Wampum belt - Makes alliance betweeen Americans and Iroquois - 13 states and 2 Iroquois: represents the 2 ends of the longhouse (mohawk and seneca)

Caughnawaga (Kahnawake)

• Iroquois Indians who converted to Roman Catholicism, who were removed from upstate New York and resettled in Canada • Name of the eastern most town of the Mohawks and a source of many of the original Canadian Iroquois • They were the Canadian Iroquois most directly affected by the American Revolution, they struggled to maintain neutrality and were lobbied by both the British and the Americans] - People that took Eunice

Treaty of Greenville 1795

• Leaders of Indian Confederation cede most (2/3) of Ohio to the US • End of a generation of warfare - Tecumseh (Shawnee Chief) refuses to attend meeting and retreats to Indiana -all because the Battle of Fallen Timbers 1794

Tuscarora

• Leaned towards the colonists during the American Revolution because of missionary Samuel Kirkland • Joined the league as the sixth nation around 1722 after moving north from the Carolinas; represents the idea of longhouse that extends to allow in new members who desire to foster peace • Tuscarora War in North Carolina (1711-1713); due to unfair trading practices and encroachment on their lands the Tuscarora's went to war with settlers. Europeans enlisted the Yamasee and Cherokee as Indian allies against the Tuscarora. Bloodiest colonial war in NC history. Defeated the Tuscarora signed a treaty and settles on a reserved tract of land in Bertie County.

Northwest Indian Confederacy

• Loose confederacy of North American Natives in the Great Lakes region following the American Revolutionary War. -Came together in an attempt to resist the expansion of the United States into the Northwest Territory after Great Britain ceded the region to the United States in the Peace of Paris (1783). -Experience military success initially, obliterating Arthur St. Clair's army in 1791 -The resistance resulted in the Northwest Indian War (1785-1795), which ended with the U.S. victory at the Battle of Fallen Timbers. - ceded 2/3 of Ohio

Clan Mothers

• Men appointed by clan mothers • Women not directly involved in decision making progress, but have power to appoint and remove • The oldest woman of a clan is called the clan mother • Position is hereditary, responsible for welfare of clan • Supervises the procedures of the ceremonies and the food etc. • Role in both the political and social world (raise children, sought for guidance • Names all of the people in the clan - men go to war, women give life= opposites create harmony

Joseph Brant

• Mohawk War Chief • Educated at Indian charity school in Connecticut • Translated some gospels into Mohawk • Got his portrait painted by English artist • Went to London twice, met aristocrats and the Queen and King • Became a war leader on the British side during the revolution, led his people to the grand river after the war • Disappointed by Britain's abandonment of its Indian allies in 1783, he continued to play a role in relations between Northeastern Indians, the British, and the new US Says he is willing to get the US to compromise -Starts to lose his influence in the community after saying his opinion Kept getting invites from George Washington to go and visit him in Philadelphia -Was not impressed when he visited since he came from a lavish life -Sir William Johnson marries sister Molly

Treaty of Paris 1763

• More American land changed hands than at any other treaty before or since. • France withdrew from North America, handing its territory east of the Mississippi to Britain and west of the Mississippi to Spain. -Ended the French-Indian Wars/Seven year war -The port of New Orleans and the Louisiana Territory west of the Mississippi were ceded to Spain for their efforts as a British ally. -The Indians were mad though because after the loss, the land was granted to the Colonists, not the Indians on the land. • Leads to the Royal Proclamation of 1763 and Pontiac's War

Calumet

• Native American ceremony • passport of sorts --- signifying to people that you were on a peace mission • Also smoking calumet pipes before meetings/negotiations --- imbued with spiritual overtones • Smoke is going up as words go up, sacred words are being spoken... you don't break words (meaning that in history it has been the US breaking treaties not the Indians)

Cheyennes

• Nomadic buffalo-hunting Indians of the Plains • Bad massacre during the wars for the West, during the Civil War • 1858, gold was discovered in Colorado, thousands of settlers poured into this area, transforming the front range of the Rockies and the Plains, destroying the Cheyenne's way of life • Black Kettle's band of Cheyennes were attacked at Sand Creek by Colonel J.M. Chivington and the third Colorado Cavalry • Black Kettle raised an American flag and a white flag, but the soldiers butchered some 270 Indians, mostly women and children. Prophet "Sweet Medicine" foretold the coming of horses and how they would change peoples lives

Hiawatha

• Onandaga or mohawk chief -Founder of Iroquois Confederacy • Grieves death of his three daughters • Some Iroquoian traditions attributed the deaths to evil powers... and the "mourning war" traditions demanded that Hiawatha avenge the grief by taking the life of an enemy - received help from Deganawidah • He decided to break the cycle of violence and foster a new culture of "healing worlds and not bloody deeds" • Composed laws of great peace that restored order and preserved harmony in Iroquois country (recording each law on strings of wampum)

Mohawk

• One of the five Iroquoian nations • Defended eastern borders of Iroquois homeland; designated keepers of the Eastern door • First of the Iroquoian tribes to be introduced to American Indian warfare. Faced Champlain + Algonquins/Hurons at Southern end of Lake Champlain. >arms race>beaver wars>etc. • Beginning of the time period in which Natives became dependent on European warfare • When Iroquois abandoned neutrality, the Mohawks tended to side with the British -Molly and Joseph Brant

Cayuga

• One of the five Iroquoian nations • During the American Revolution, most Cayuga's supported the crown

Onondaga

• One of the five Iroquoian nations • Homeland in and around present day Onondaga County, New York, south of Lake Ontario • Keepers of the council of fire • Became the site of the leagues central fire council fire and Tadodaho the fire's guardian • Onondaga chieftain (Hayenwatha/Hiawatha) lost three daughters. >met with Deganawidah>Chose to break the cycle of the "mourning war" > great peace w French and English that would restore order and preserve harmony in Iroquois country... recording all of this on a wampum belt to be passed down for future generations • During American Revolution, most Onondagas supported British -Canasatego= orator at Treaty of Lancaster -Disease kills chiefs in 1777>extinguish Iroquois League flame (divides league)

Seneca

• One of the five Iroquoian nations • Keepers of the western door • Agreed to replace war and weapons with words and wampum (along with four other Iroquoian nations) • When the Iroquoians ended their neutrality, the Seneca's occasionally fought with the French • Sided with the British during the Revolution - Captured Mary Jemison -Red Jacket- "Cow killer", pushed for peace deal but other NA rejected him, received peace medal from US -Cornplanter= seneca chief who leads war party against americans and captures own dad, landowner who was ridiculed for hanging w GW and making deals.

Oneida

• One of the five Iroquoian nations • Oneida declaration of neutrality (1775): first declaration of neutrality made on the North American continent. Oneida nation declares its neutrality, recognizing past patronage of the English but will not fight against the New Englanders (interpreted and wrote by Samuel Kirkland) • Contributed during the American Revolution by supporting the American cause (alliance between Americans and Oneidas was due to Reverend Samuel Kirkland) • During American revolution side with colonists due to influence of missionary Kirkland who desired to break away from the Church of England • At battle of Oriskany in 1777, Oneidas fought alongside the Americans while Mohawks and Seneca's fought with the British; devastating to Iroquoian society because the society was founded on peace and kinship ties

Canasatego

• Onondaga orator Iroquois give a huge chunk of land to English • Wasn't Iroquois land to give • Governors of Virginia offer Iroquois to send children to school (William and Mary College) • Iroquois decline because they say people who went to schools couldn't live in the woods or speak native languages properly, essentially useless for the tribe • Iroquois offer to take English children and teach them (basically says f off) -at Treaty of Lancaster 1744 - Says MD, PA, VA should unite like Iroquois -Framework for American Constitution?

Pontiac

• Ottawa chief • Intertribal leader who organized Pontiac's War (1763-1764), resistance to British power/control in the Great Lakes area • Pontiacs War: tribes in Great Lakes and Ohio Valley region rallied against the British. Pontiac calls for the expulsion of redcoats from Indian country. Indian drove redcoats back on several fronts but disease combined with military inferiority placed them at a disadvantage. This was considered a continuation of the seven years' war, Indians who had not been defeated refused to accept the conditions of peace that Britain imposed and France accepted.

John Williams

• Puritan minister in Deerfield • Liberated after 2.5 years of captivity • Wrote an account of his experiences called "The Redeemed Captive Returning to Zion," in the account he expounded the Puritan view of captivity as a testing of good protestants and that they survived by resisting the savages and Jesuits who tried to turn them into Catholics • Father of Eunice Williams who was captured in Deerfield raid • Continuously tries to convince her to return home, but she wants to stay with Mohawks

Sullivans Expedition 1779

• Responding to raids on the frontiers of New York and Pennsylvania, George Washington dispatched an American expedition to burn out the Iroquois. • General John Sullivan's army marched through the heart of the Iroquios country, burned some forty towns, cut down or chards, destroyed crops, 'and left nothing but the bare soil and timber." • The Indians pulled back as Sullivan advanced but returned to find their homes laid waste. -Records of Americans being shocked by the extensiveness of Iroquois Villages Leaves Iroquois with no food, shelter, or protection: They flee to Fort Niagara + ask British for food British can't feed them and causes Indians to raid Americans even more for food + cattle

Mary Jemison

• Scots Irish pioneer girl who was taken captive in the Ohio valley by Seneca Indians who killed her parents in front of her • Ultimately adopted by Seneca -- Married a Seneca and had Children • She too refused to come back as did many others • Maybe they were kept against their will until they gave up or until they came to identify with the Natives • As a captive she had to adjust to new situation but also brought new ideas and technologies to captors' societies • Her account is very valuable because it is very rare to hear accurate information and viewpoints of Native American women during this time period - she refused to return home

Red Jacket

• Seneca Orator • Carried a message to the Western tribes, saying the Americans would be willing to compromise and might be accept the Muskingum River as the boundary line • He was rejected by the Shawnees and their allies, "speak from your heart and not your mouth" - saw no need to compromise since they had just defeated St. Clair's army (the Shawnee picked up the strings on which red jacket spoke and threw them at the feet of the Seneca delegation). -Joseph brant was his rival and abused red jacket for being a coward - Also known as cowkiller since he would hide from the fights and supposedly killed a cow and then wiped the blood on him - Known as a "white mans indian" - Pushed for a deal during the Northwestern Indian confederacy - Made a deal with GW and was given a peace medal in 1792, just before the writing from the paper in 1793 - Judges the white people by saying it does not look like they are living as christians and thinks the Indians are living a better life than most christians

Treaty of Lancaster 1744

• Sets up 7 Years War -Iroquois thought treaty recognized Brits claim to Blueridge Mtns in VA, Brits think their western boundary is the Pacific - led Brit traders to go into Ohio country and spark issues w French, who also invaded the territory Canasatego turns down offer for native American kids to learn in English colonies • says to colonial officials if you want to develop strength, form a league • commissioners from VA invited the Iroquois delegates to send their children to William and Mary, where they could receive benefits of an English education • They were thanked but the Onondaga orator Canasatego declines, believed that the children would come back and be "good for nothing" and that if they wanted to become real men they should be sent to Iroquois country -disagreement over the land title continued until Iroquois formally relinquished all ownership rights to the disputed territory during the Treaty of Fort Stanwix in 1768.

Blue Jacket

• Shawnee War Chief, predecessor of Tecumseh • At the treaty of Greenville o Blue Jacket turns up to negotiate A lot of Indian people say he should defer to the peace chiefs -- let them mediate peace Checks and balances in Shawnee society have begun to fall apart by this time o Those divisions worked at time when war was limited and society was relatively stable o War Chiefs gained far more responsibility than they would have traditionally had Ceded most of Ohio to the US -- Treaty of Greenville 1795 - Led NW Indian Confederacy until Battle of Fallen Timbers 1794

Shawnees ***

• Signed Treaty of Fort Finney, 1786 Treaty of Fort Stanwix (1768) 1768, between the Iroquois and Sir William Johnson Boundary line keeps getting pushed back, Iroquois sell all land to the south of Ohio River which isn't even their land: it's the Shawnees Shawnees left high and dry: begin to create a coalition against Iroquois and British - Blue Jacket war chief -Migrated from their Ohio homelands in the late seventeenth century in the wake of the Iroquois wars. -Many of them relocated to the Southeast, where they developed close contacts with the Creeks and encountered the English. -By the mid-eighteenth century most of them were back in Ohio, where they were joined by Mingoes (Iroquois people who had moved west), Delawares, and other displaced peoples in a zone of escalating imperial friction.

Delawares

• Signed Treaty of Fort Pitt, 1778 -"Walking Purchase" 1737- lost a lot of land Pennsylvanian's got a team of runners to measure out a deed that was supposedly given to William Penn and his heirs The deed gave them land "as far as a man can go in a day and a half" Pennsylvania became violent and delawares continued to retreat west

Samson Occom

• Star pupil of Moor's Charity School • Had health issues, but was literate in English, Greek, Latin, Hebrew along with native languages • Became an ordained minister • Wrote the first autobiography by a native American • wrote diaries, letters, petitions, etc. to colonial assemblies, used literacy as a means of resistance • Preached Christianity to Indian people and traveled to Britain to raise money for the Indian school at Dartmouth college

Wampum

• Wampum belts represent treaties for Native Americans (no words or written language) • Language of diplomacy • Indian people have to get used to writing and learning how to read European languages but Europeans had to get used to using Wampum that was associated with rituals and ceremonies (both struggled to understand) • Wampum records what was said at a treaty, read from the belt, words don't mean anything without a belt, belts represent seriousness, treaty councils often lasted weeks • Washington covenant belt = made when GW was president, more than 6 feet long, longest wampum belt known to exist today

Anthony Wayne

• builds and leads army that defeats NW Indians in 1794 at Battle of Fallen Timbers • NW confederacy starts to fragment, divisions emerged after immediate outside threats subsided • this is 3 years after Harmar and St. Clair fail • burns Indian corn fields

Cherokees

• champlain>arms race>beaver wars>Homeland was the Appalachian highlands into the 18th century (Western Carolinas, eastern Georgia, Tennessee) • Introduction of firearms played an important role in their formation • Moved south sometime after the 1640's • Called themselves the "real people" • Men hunted, women farmed • Five nations had forced them to abandon previous homeland when norther Iroquoians has guns and they did not • Traded with the Virginians • Allied with the English -1759 went to war against British -Resentment between civil chiefs and war chiefs as civil chiefs try to maintain peace so that they don't lose more of their population • Staged a coup during the outbreak of the Revolutionary war at Chota in May 1776 o Desired to drive trespassers off their lands o Resistance against revolutionary colonists o Attacked frontier settlements with help from British o American forces retaliated burning down their towns and making chiefs sue for peace, which they did at the cost of giving up even more land • Many Cherokee's refused to make peace and were led by Dragging Canoe, migrated rather than making peace • Revolution left Cherokee nation devastated and divided -Sequoyah (Cherokee) --> individually created the Cherokee language -Cherokees adopt some U.S culture (Constitution, written language, schools, kids of slaves get put into slavery) -Have clan mothers - Court Cases: - Cherokee Nation versus Georgia 1831= Cherokee is a sovereign nation. Georgia can't pass was against them. -Worcester vs. Georgia 1832= people can't work in Cherokee country with out a permit. - Conclusion: States don't have authority over NA tribes, Fed. Government does.

Arthur St. Clair

• governor of northwest territory • Has money tied up in Ohio company • St. Clair is to organize and train and army -- march into NW Ohio and take care of business and build a fort right in the center of Indian country • Things go bad from the start -- has to feed, arm, and train army o Gov does not have the money nor the resources -wants to destroy kekionga (center of resistance) • First thing in the Morning -- Indian army attacks -- sends Kentucky militia going back -- circles the army entirely and fires on the army from behind trees • After about 3 hours --St. Clair orders a retreat -- army almost entirely destroyed -- return to Fort Washington -- news takes a while to get back to Philadelphia (nation's capital) -Over 900 casualties, with some 600 dead, the young republic was unable to sustain such losses, and for the time it appeared that American claims on the land of the Old Northwest looked empty.

Indian Trade and Non-Intercourse Act, 1790

• passed by congress to set American boundaries of reservations • The prohibition on purchases of Indian lands without the approval of the federal government has its origins in the Royal Proclamation of 1763 -Plan A = acquire land by purchase → peaceful -Native population was declining -American population increasing and driving away the animals, therefore natives will happily move west -Offer a good deal keep a good name/ reputation for himself and the country Plan B= if they refuse, they refuse to listen to reason and are savage -Extirpate (mass murder) Plan C = civilize -Teach them to farm, take their land so they can't hunt and have to learn - prevented citizens in US from doing business with Indians w/o talking to Congress - very similar to Proclamation of 1763

Gnadenhutten Massacre 1781

• the killing of 96 Christian/pacifist Delawares by colonial American militia from Pennsylvania in 1781 at the Moravian missionary village of Gnadenhutten, Ohio during the American Revolutionary War

Northwest Ordinance 1787

• what it does -- lays out blueprint for how the US will expand all across the nation -- people often say founding fathers were brilliant o 11 years before this -- British colonies have declared Independence from Britain Justify this by saying we've grown up -- natural what we are doing --- maturing -Purpose of expanding into Northwest Territory -Founding fathers entice expansion: Once territory grows to 60,000 people it can become a state -People rush into land -Ordinance divides up land and creates towns + center in square sections: super organized Indians are in Northwest Territory -take their land "justly" by making treaties -Leads to Indian trade and non-intercourse act