Native American FINAL

Treaty of Fort Laramie (1868)

This treaty created two large reservations for Plains Indian Territory (Oklahoma) and Dakotas

treaty of paris (1783) and conquered nation theory

This treaty ended the Revolutionary War, recognized the independence of the American colonies, and granted the colonies the territory from the southern border of Canada to the northern border of Florida, and from the Atlantic coast to the Mississippi River. west was NA land. The treaty of paris was the key to solving indian land views in the west. Any person who fought for the BR was considered a conquered nation and their land went to the Americans.

san ildefonso pueblo 1920s

Tourism, fishing, ranching all became economic opportunities for tribes beginning in late 18th century. Pottery of San Ildefonso Pueblo: Most pueblos were not even using pottery at this time, but with excavating, people discovered old pots and loved it. Maria Martinez tried to recreate them and pueblo poverty was revitalized. Invented new tribal style. Santa Fe Indian Market showcased these pots. Prices skyrocketed

Bozeman Trail (1866)

Trail that ran through the Sioux hunting grounds to the Bighorn Mountains. In attempts to block the construction of road to MT, Sioux massacred and mutilated 81 soldiers under Capt. Fetterman's command (Fetterman Massacre)

treaty of fort stanwix (1784)

Treaty signed by the United States and the pro-British Iroquois granting Ohio country to the Americans. unfair treaty that made iroquois give up most of their land

Tenskwatawa

"The Prophet", brother of tecumseh. fell into a trance and awoke and told villagers he had died and his soul was carried to spirit world and shown paradise and hell. Master/Great Spirit told him to steer his people to parade. Told natives to return to ways of the past and sworn off white. Called to end of violence and respect elders, concern for women and children. No guns, no alcohol. Condemnation of whites because master told him that natives were made by master and white people made from dark spirit. made Prophet's Town, and growing followers scared officials. Governor Harrison challenged natives to demand proof of power. Summer of 1811- tensakawa headed south to spread confederacy- single united indian confederacy with express goal of preventing white expansion. while Tensakawa was gone, Harrison invaded prophet's town--> angered his followers even more, became violent towards whites. He inspired a religious revival that spread through many tribes and united them.

long walk 1864

(1864) a 300-mile march made by Navajo captives to a reservation in Bosque Redondo, New Mexico, that led to the deaths of hundreds of Navajo

The Great Sioux Uprising (1862)

-Challenged white encroachment onto their lands. -Sioux killed more than a thousand before being defeated by military. -cost them their lands and forced off their land into reservations

battle of fallen timbers 1794

1794 battle in which federal troops defeated the Miami Confederacy of Native Americans. burning every native village.

friends of the indian

1883 - committee aimed to assimilate Native Americans to White Americans. came to lake mohawk each year to discuss what was best for natives (complete assimilation). get rid of tribe, promote commitment to family, hard work, end communal land holdings. Replace with private land ownership. Did not believe in deficiency theory, did not believe they would eventually be extinct. Called for honest Indian affairs. WANTED TO SAVE NATIVE LIVES, BUT NOT NATIVE CULTURE

william henry harrison

9th President. said Indian always suffers and white man never during 1790s when US government was allowed to manage unruly behavior. he started to push for more land seizures- bribing them. Got 110 million acres with the smallest amount of gifts and trade. defeated Native tribes led by Tecumseh at battle of Tipacanoe.

Handsome Lake (1735-1815)

A Seneca Iroquois prophet. Preached against alcoholism by appealing to religious traditions. Had Quaker missionaries teach agricultural methods to the Iroquois men. founded longhouse religion--> called for peace with the U.S, emphasized farming, but prohibited land sales

Tecumseh (1763-1813)

A Shawnee chief, brother of Tenskwatawa, who worked to unite the Northwestern Indian tribes. warrior, responded to governor to sign more treaties by saying treaties were illegitimate; plead for unity and resistance. killed at Battle of Thames, confederacy collapsed.

wounded knee (1890)

A battle between the U.S. Army and the Dakota Sioux, in which several hundred Native Americans and 29 U.S. soldiers died. Tensions erupted violently over two major issues: the Sioux practice of the "Ghost Dance," which the U.S. government had outlawed, and the dispute over whether Sioux reservation land would be broken up because of the Dawes Act.

Wovoka and the Ghost Dance 1890s

A peaceful form of resistance. A dance that was meant to communicate to with their ancestors. Wovoka was a Native American religious leader who spawned the reemergence of the Ghost Dance, which spread rapidly through reservation communities about 1890.

war of 1812

A war (1812-1814) between the United States and England which was trying to interfere with American trade with France. ended in a "draw" (only for settlers/euros). losers were natives north and south of ohio river. natives and BR captured Detroit.

northwest passage

A water route from the Atlantic to the Pacific through northern Canada and along the northern coast of Alaska. Sought by navigators since the 16th century.

Removal Act of 1830

An act that forced all Indians to accept an exchange for their land in the East for land in Indian Territory (further west). agents were sent out and negotiated removal with natives (Andrew Jackson instigated this)

comte de buffon and deficiency theory (1700s)

Argued that humans originated with one species that then developed into distinct races due largely to climatic conditions. presented deficiency theory: a very tainted view of NA and focused on the savagery aspect with how they treated women, children, and their morality a lot of comparisons to animals. no passion or feelings. lazy. They are smaller genetically, so everything they do and everything they are is deficient Not that NA men are deficient or humans in the new world are deficient, it's the fact that EVERYTHING is deficient because of warmth and wetness- everything is smaller. Sexual drive is smaller and ruins everthing.

John Ross and William Wirt 1830s

Cherokees responded to new laws by calling to federal courts to protect their policy rights Were lead by John Ross and lawyer was William Wirt. presented Worcester v. Georgia

five civilized tribes and curtis act (1890s)

Cherokees, Choctaws, Creeks, Chickasaws, and Seminoles; "civilized" due to their intermarriage with whites. Last to fall to transformations (even Dawes Act). But the sovereignty they were promised came under attacks. Reformers put pressure on government to dissolve tribal council. Oklahoma land rushes forced creeks and seminoles to give up land. 1890s- forced them to accept Allotment and resulted in another land rush. demanded end to tribal government with the Curtis Act of 1898

Lone Wolf v Hitchcock 1903

Congress confirmed allotments of tribe lands in 1900. Lone wolf sued because of treaty in 1860s. Gave congress right to ignore any treaty.

crazy snake rebellion 1909

Crazy snake was the leader of revitalization movement against reformers. Anyone who accepted allotment was seen as traitor and was harassed by crazy snake's movement. Government captured crazy snake and arrested him

Sequoyah 1821

Created written language for the Cherokee...the Syllabary.

red stick war/ creek war 1813

Divided between red sticks (opposed civilization and land sales) and friendly creeks (prefered peace and trade). War spilled over to white settlers in Alabama. Many joined with friendly creeks to crush red sticks in battle of horseshoe bend. In peace negotiations, a lot of land was given up (even by friendly creeks).

Dawes General Allotment Act of 1887

Each native individual would received land up to 160 acres if you were a head of a family, trustee was the government. In 25 years, it could not be sold or taxed. In these 25 years, it would bring these family farmers into a position where they could succeed. Any left over land, it could be sold. Had huge advantages to people who cared little to native assimilation because it promised an immense windfall of new land (the sold left over land). 13 years after allotment, almost half of native land was sold

Elk v. Wilkins (1884)

Elk was wampogengo. Tried to vote but said he was not a citizen so he sued. Said he must be naturalized, had to do more than just abandon nativeness. Supreme court case that ruled that indians that did not give up their tribes were not entitled to the 14th and 15th amendment rights of Citizenship. Questioned whether Indians had achieved the degree of 'Civilization' required of American Citizens.

Treaty of Greenville (1795)

FORCED treaty between miami and americans. Under the terms of the treaty, the Miami Confederacy agreed to cede territory in the Old Northwest to the United States in exchange for cash payment, hunting rights, and formal recognition of their sovereign status.

Seminole War (1835-1842)

For seven years the Seminole Indians, joined by runaway black slaves, waged a bitter guerrilla war that took the lives of some fifteen hundred. (resisted US control) Their spirit was broken in 1837, when the American field commander treacherously seized their leader, Osceola, under the flag of truce. The war dragged on for 5 more years, but the Seminole were defeated.

Trail of Tears (1838-1839)

Forced march of 15,000 Cherokee Indians from their Georgia and Alabama homes to Indian Territory. Some 4,000 Cherokee died on the arduous journey. The people on the trail of tears were the last strain of people who resisted removal. Given two years to leave but had stayed and hoped their protests would allow them to stay. New president- martin van buren- placed indian removal in hands of army and forced them out. Hundreds died because of disease and starvation General Scott, tired of death, agreed to led cherokees to manage their own removal - claimed they'd take care of them (make trails, provided provisions). Exposure and exhaustion took 1000 more cherokees. Another 1200 died in first winter of settlement. 4000 of the 15000 died as direct result of removal process

corn tassel 1830

George "Corn" Tassel (Cherokee) was known for being illegally tried, convicted, and executed for murder on December 24, 1830, by the State of Georgia. in past, murder was a cherokee issue but GA acted based on new laws and killed him before cherokees could do anything. sparked cherokee nation v georgia

Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA) (1824)

Government agency that manages and finances many of the schools on Native American Reservations. negotiate trade and treaties and ultimately assimilate Native Americans into the dominant white culture. riddled with corruption.

james McLaughlin 1890

Head of the Standing Rock Agency. Indian agent and inspector. ordered for the arrest of sitting bull in 1890, leading to the chief's death. initially know for peaceful/good relations with tribe

nez perce war

In this armed conflict between the Nez Perce and the US Gov. fought in 1877, the Indians refused to give up their lands to the US government and move to an Indian reservation when gold was discovered and they were ordered to leave. The Indians launched a valiant effort to maintain their land, but were ultimately defeated by the US Army when Chief Joseph surrender.

Lewis and Clark expedition (1804-1806)

Jefferson sent Merriwether Lewis and William Clark to investigate the resources the U.S. had acquired with the Louisiana Purchase on "Voyage of Discovery". They crossed the Rockies and reached the Pacific Ocean by way of the Columbia River. They recorded the types of wildlife, plants, and number of Indian tribes. They mapped the region and promoted fur trading. proved no fast route across the pacific.

noble savage

John Locke agreed that you could find the state of nature if you cross the atlantic A bit more positive, "noble savages". He said the state of nature is not SO bad, and can actually teach us how to live better. Use NA to show what's wrong with Europeans.

chief joseph 1877

Leader of Nez Perce. Fled with his tribe to Canada instead of reservations. However, US troops came and fought and brought them back down to reservations

Worcester v. Georgia (1832)

Missionaries and other were arrested on Cherokee land after refusing to take oath and allegiance to GA. Declared all GA laws were not valid on Cherokee nation, and nation was under control of federal government, not individual state. Governor Wilson Lumpkin and President Andrew Jackson did not support this and put no pressure on GA to follow this ruling. Georgia never got backlash because president was on their side

arthur parker

Native American rights activist. in SAI.

extraterritoriality

Natives laws only apply to natives on native land. Natives committing crimes on white land was tried in white court

Sioux (lakota)

New masters of the plains were NOT europeans. Late 1600s/early 1700s, left midwest and pushed into plains for beaver hunt. For subsistence needs, hunted bison in summer and beaver in the winter. Had guns, but only got them so far. Big tribes on the plains were somewhat able to defend themselves. Later 18th century changed power dynamics greatly on the plains because of new European diseases → with tribes defeated, Sioux moved in. Shift focus from beaver to bison as european demand was shifting from beaver to bison too. By end of 18th century, technological and cultural adaptations allowed sioux to capitalize on plentiful resources of great plains. As most native populations were decreasing, sioux population was increasing. Similar to Europeans

Severalty

Ownership of real property by one person only, also called sole ownership.

samuel george morton and crania americana (1839)

Philadelphia doctor in early-19th century. Viewed brain size as criteria for intelligence. wrote crania americana Collected over 6,000 skulls to measure cranial capacity to determine brain size. Concluded that Africans and Native Americans were inferior races. Results feed pro-slavery forces of 19th century. Worked to justify and naturalize inequality along racial and cultural lines

Edward Curtis 1904

Photographed Native Americans, documenting what he thought was a vanishing race--> "End of Trail". photographer, thirty year mission to capture on film the "vanishing race"- Supposed to communicate this vanishment

counting coups

Refers to the winning of prestige against an enemy by the Plains Indians of North America. involves intimidating him, and, it is hoped, persuading him to admit defeat, without having to kill him.

Red Cloud (1822-1909)

Sioux Chief. repeatedly surprised Americans by defeating them. who negotiated with the government. eventually signed treaty of fort laramie after government agreed to abandon bozeman trail.

Sitting Bull (1831-1890)

Sioux chief, he lead the victory of Little Bighorn after General George Custer moved into heart of Sioux land.

horse frontier

Spanish brought horses to their missions in New Mexico (1500s) → Horse Frontier. Some escaped/were stolen. Abandoned when Spanish was driven out. Horse frontier expanding with time. By 1750, eventually entirety of US had horses. Horses offered natives many opportunities to exploit. Drove people out of forests, mountains, etc. Revolutionized bison hunt. Permitted faster and further transportation. Helped trade

Red River War (1874-1875)

The Kiowa and Comanche were engaged in 6 years of raiding that led to war with the US. US army caught up with war and tribes and forced them to surrender By end of 1875, tribes assigned to reservations in indian territory (later oklahoma)

Cherokee Nation v. Georgia (1831)

The Supreme Court ruled that Indians were not independent nations but dependent domestic nations which could be regulated by the federal government. From then until 1871, treaties were formalities with the terms dictated by the federal government.

Ishi (1911)

The last surviving member of a gathering and hunting group known as the Yahi who lived in northern California. His people were driven into extinction during the second half of the nineteenth century by the intrusion of farming and herding "civilized" societies. lived in a museum, died in 1916.

Battle of Tippecanoe (1811)

U.S. forces - led by William Henry Harrison - invaded prophet's town. defeated Tecumseh's confederacy then burned its headquarters at Prophet's town. Harrison emerged as a war hero. survivors were even angrier and spread prophet's word. white settlers began dying at the hands of angry natives. start of war of 1812.

general custer 1874

United States general who was killed along with all his command by the Sioux at the battle of Little Bighorn (1839-1876) after invading the heart of Sioux land and discovering gold.

Winters v. US (1908)

Water rights If you were there first, you have best claim on water (water law in this west). In view of court, native had command of waters. Even if natives gave up some of these lands, they still have claims! Many native developed a market and combined allotments to form large ranches- NA cowboys and shepherds. with cattle ranching, NA can stay on land and preserve cultural practices. Ranching associations Work for men, women, and children

Battle of the Thames (1813)

William Henry Harrison pushed up the river Thames into Upper Canada and on October 4, 1813, won a victory notable for the death of Tecumseh, who was serving as a brigadier general in the British army. This battle resulted in no lasting occupation of Canada, but weakened and disheartened the Indians of the Northwest. With tecumseh dead, indian confederacy collapsed. Whites suggested creating a state of natives (great lakes region, including MI). Some refused to even consider it, BR abandoned idea. BR abandoned Native allies during negotiations.

seven major crimes act 1884

With release of Crow Dog, it gave BIA a very public issue to try to convince congress of the "state of lawlessness" of the tribes. Congress enacted a law that made seven major crimes act (Murder, Manslaughter, Rape, Assault with intent to kill, Arson, Burglary, Larceny.) federal crimes- no matter where they were committed, they would be tried in a federal court

Carlisle School 1879

a Pennsylvania school for Indians funded by the government... children were separated from their tribe and were taught American/ white values and customs. most important school. opened by richard henry prat.

Battle at horshoe bend 1814

a U.S. victory in central Alabama over Native Americans opposed to white expansion into their terroritories and which largely brought an end to the Creek War (1813-14).

Native American Church 1918

a church founded in early twentieth century based on peyote religion. This religion and peyote (Peyote buttons of the cactus to produce hallucinations) spread everywhere. Used ceremonially but could be used indulgently (thus controversial). Use of peyote was a sacrament. Served as a replacement of past rituals that were banned. Revived traditional symbols. Brought natives together. Preached strongly against alcohol. Came under attack by christians AND natives but people fought to keep it

Treaty of New Echota (1835)

a treaty that let the Cherokee stay in the Cherokee nation until 1838; most Cherokee did not think that they would get thrown out

state of nature

according to Thomas Hobbs (english philosopher of 17 century, Leviathan)- in such conditions, there are no areas for industry or agriculture, impurities, industry, arts, societies, continual fear and danger of violent death. He said just to look at the savage people for proof since they had no proof. Important for imaginative role and explaining why governments exist. John Locke agreed that you could find the state of nature if you cross the atlantic. A bit more positive, "noble savages". He said the state of nature is not SO bad, and can actually teach us how to live better. Use NA to show what's wrong with Europeans. Joseph Brant

hidatsas/mandans/arikaras

agriculture sedentary tribes. grew corn beans and squash. huge bison hunts. active traders. by mid 18th century, driven out by new settlers (Sioux/Lakota)

miami confederacy and little turtle 1790s

americans were sent out on expeditions to put down Miami confederacy to maintain peace. but confederacy, led by little turtle, blocked settlement north of the ohio. disastrous expeditions. little turtle lured general and brutally hurt them. did it again with an even bigger force (St. Claire's disaster)

agents and factories 1790s

another way to maintain peace and accomplish three goals. Each tribe was assigned an indian agent--> Heard what their complaints were, and also in contact with federal government. Factories, trading houses, were set up: Based on "factors" → traders; Trading agents. Places where things were bought and sold; Government run; Prevents frauds and ensures there is enough goods for natives

charles caldwell 1850s

argued that racial hierarchies could justify political actions- scientific racism. valid form of thinking during this time. eventually believed in polygenesis. highlighted physical differences. described dozens of different races and showed that anglo-saxons were the highest

helen hunt jackson 1880s

author of A Century of Dishonor. Detailed past and ongoing corruption towards Native Americans

thomas hobbes

believed that people are born selfish and need a strong central authority

ridge faction

believed that removal was the only way to preserve their nation

richard henry pratt 1840-1924

captain in the US army who worked with the education of American Indians in the late 1800s. He viewed them as "human beings," but his aim was to reform them; making him in every other way except skin color, a Anglo-Saxon Protestant. He thought the Indian must die to become a civilized man. His education was based on imitating the white man. Asked government for support to open school for children. For Pratt, boarding school became centerpiece for civilization project. Learned customs, practices, and values of civilized life- could prove to skeptible whites that they are possible of civilization. Kill the indian, save the man

John Marshall

chief justice of supreme court during cherokee v GA. described cherokee nation as domestic dependant nation- not independent; was very clear cherokees were wards of united states, not individual states

Sand Creek Massacre (1864)

colorado. Settlers wanted war with western sioux and their allies because of political motivations and prevent what happened in minnesota (make sure they defeated the threat before they became vulnerable with their men going to war). Didn't care who they killed to make sure this happened. Knew the Cheyenne Natives were friendly but they didn't care. Gives them political status and reason to not let any other Colorado men not to be called off to civil war. Killed and mutilated hundreds of Cheyennes. horrific.

Board of Indian Commissioners (1869)

created to oversee BIA and try to clean it up. Distinct from government bc it was filled with people who actually knew something about this- Composed of church officials, reformers, and people who cared about agencies and conditions of reservations. They blamed settlers and whites for Native's problems and offered solutions. All of these solutions suggested changing the lives of Natives (schools, breaking up tribes, etc.). Violence of the mid 70s helped these reformer groups to get more traction. Was a committee that advised the federal government of the United States on Native American policy and it inspected supplies delivered to Indian agencies to ensure the fulfillment of government treaty obligations to tribes

Ex Parte Crow Dog (1883)

crow dog shot and killed spotted dog, Sioux law came to repair damage done. But federal agent told government and arrested crow dog and try him in federal court. Found guilty and sentenced to death. Crow dog won the case and said territorial court had been an error and no US court could hear this case- this was a matter for tribal justice. Crow dog was free. eventually overturned in 1886

1740 carl linneaus and systema naturae

deemed natives as red for no reason and wrote "Systema Naturae" - four skin colors/four races

stadial theory of social development (1700s)

distinguished cultural differences in culture and race. all societies, they believed, passed through these four stages. hunters and gatherers, pastorate, agriculture, commerce/manufacturing- natives were at first stage. unlike deficiency theory, believe natives could improve and move forward, become civilized. TJ embraced this.

preemption rights

during constitution times. natives did not have the ability to dispose of their land as how they would like to--> had to sell their lands to US; not any other nation. native affairs were under control of war department.

Johnson v. McIntosh (1823)

established indian land rights extended only to occupancy, reestablished preemption- natives to own the land, they occupy the land. Can only sell rights to the U.S. Natives could not sell their lands because US already owned it. Could only sell/buy occupancy rights

Long Expedition - 1819

explored the plains. Mistook river as wrong river so ended where they started. Steven Long published what he saw Included a map that had huge impact of map making of the plains or the "Great American Desert". Reported that their was no water or timber. Lewis and Clark expedition did the same- labeled this land as uninhabitable. All these reports solidified this notion. But no one cared! - proved by louisiana purchase (bought all of this land in the great plains despite "uselessness"). Jefferson planned on using this land for Eastern tribes. All saw the plains as a way to control population

trade and intercourse acts 1790s

federal indian policy tried to accomplish consensual land grabs, peace, and acquisition of land. to meet these goals, these acts were put into place. Ambiguous commentary on tribal sovereignty → recognized within Indian country, acts of indian were covered by tribal laws. Claimed the right for US to regulate the acts of people within native land (regulated fur trade, licenses, post bond, banning sale of liquor, provided authority that white people needed to leave native land). were enforced but ignored the most important part (right to drive white people off native land) Rather than drive off white settlers, they put pressure on natives to sell more land and put pressure on natives to allow roads to be made through native land

Indian Citizenship Act of 1924

fought by SAI. few benefits. Required voters to be "civilized" → VERY vague. Some required voters to be tax payers. Some declared residents of reservations not able to vote

John Slocum and Indian Shaker Church 1881

founder of Indian Shaker Church. clear example of syncretism of native religion and christianity. Slocum survived to fatal diseases and told other people he had died and came back to save them from drinking, smoking, and natural healings Traditional beliefs with christian practices Still around with 20 congregations. Rituals combine aspects of Protestant and Catholic faith traditions, as well as indigenous practices

Battle of Greasy Grass/Little Bighorn 1874

general george custer moved into heart of sioux land and discovered gold. Demanded sioux ceded this land. Red cloud counseled peace but sitting bull and crazy horse called for defense of land. Sioux won a series of victories against Americans: Battle of greasy grass/ Little Bighorn - custer's last stand

northwest ordinance 1787

governing document of ohio river and areas, specified how many states there will be and a clause about Indian affairs → said they would never take land away from them without consent; native land would only be acquired through mutual consent; Americans could not enter into treaty/alliance with natives

Peace Policy (1868)

government agreed to abandon bozeman trail. happened when these tribes had to accept that their ways of being were failing

tall grass prairie

great plains where natives were relocated. central north america. started where forests ended. Dominated by tall grasses, Rich soil and humidity, Most endangered biome of North America

bison

huge population until the 1800s. Bison provided a lure to humans → food, tools, shelter, clothing Met most needs of people of these plains. After 150 years (mid 18th century), new settlers drove these plain people and bison out. population was hurt when settlers changed from beaver to bison. horses and guns revolutionized hunt. settlers began to kill bison population to disable natives. by the end of 1870s, surprising to see 50 alive bison.

Geronimo and the Apache (late 1800s)

led the last band that continued to fight. never captured but surrendered in 1886. confined to reservations in arizona and oklahoma.

society of american indians (SAI) 1911

many revitalization leaders were boarding school graduates and thought they needed to adjust to a new world- SAI formed. wanted to advance interest of NA. had newspaper and conventions. did not last very long (15-20 years)- plagued by internal divisions: some thought it was possible to reform BIA, but others thought not natives should work for BIA and it should be dissolved. Some condemned peyote, some did not. Never a grassroots movement - small and elite. Most people involved were fairly elite. Was significant though- challenged basic assumptions of white reformers. Presented a native voice, brought people together of all tribes

polygenesis

multiple human origins

Charles Darwin (1809-1882)

new wave of thinking. Did not need polygenesis or divine intervention. Intensified racial hierarchy because of this "struggle for survival". Darwinsim helped scientific racism. Some details were modified but core ideas were even better grounded

zebulon pike

predicted plains would be eventually celebrated as the deserts of africa are

Black Hawk War (1831-1832)

removed to lands they were assigned, saw how shitty it was and already occupied and went to back to homelands; federal troops moved in and chased black hawk back to and and fought battle of badillac. Many killed and driven out

Plenary Power Doctrine (late 1800s)

says that congress can act for native individuals in whatever ways it considers necessary. Same power congress has over whites, they have over natives (regardless of tribe status). Difference was whites were citizens, whereas natives were NOT citizens and could NOT vote

ethnology 1849

scientific study of humanity caught on in 1849. enlightenment idea that natives were improvable and just at a different stage of development had been displaced by new idea of differences as a matter of race. most of it was driven by experiences with natives and africans. also by elightenment thinking. Charles Caldwell attacked these ideas- argued that races god created can and will be ranked (he doesn't justify slavery/abuse but says it was inevitable). said that civilizing people was a characteristic of being white, and it was an instinct to carry out a mission of civilizing the earth.

gun frontier

spreading west and south. spanish did not sell guns to natives for their own safety. British and french did → allies, control of beaver trade 1675, gun frontier was just west of lake michigan. By 1750, crossed horse frontier and in deep great plains. Not good for hunting, but helped a lot in war. Some natives were not armed

compact of 1802

state of GA surrendered western land with this compact but federal government promised to get this land back through peaceful means (treaties)

US v. Kagama 1886

test case. another murder and Kagama was freed on a technicality- reinforced seven major crimes act. over turned ex parte crow dog

permanent indian frontier

the area of natives forever. After war of 1812, forts were built along this indian frontier to protect area. Behind this line, the tribes in this plain area, these people were theoretically promised this land. 1830s, this changed: Mid 30s- texas won its independence. Did not like indian frontier because this included all of texas- had no respect for natives or their sovereignty. More and more settlers were passing through the plains 1846, troops were passing through plains because of mexican american war. Government did not doing anything about the white intrusions in native lands. Natives retaliated by raiding white wagons on the plains

Treaty of Fort Atkinson 1853

the treaty was to allow for roads to be used and for military posts and such like settlements to be constructed on Indian lands.

Treaty of Dancing Rabbit Creek (1830)

this treaty ceded all the remaining Choctaw land to the U.S. Government, over 10 million acres and the Choctaw were to be removed to the Oklahoma Territory. Andrew Jackson was the President. The Choctaw thought he would help them, Jackson refused to help. Received transportation to the west, monetary support for a year, etc. Individual choctaws could stay, but had to be citizens of state. Choctaws could not leave for the west if they were in debt. 7000 stayed behind - preyed to white Mississippians